D1 Values Research Articles

Nanoscale pore structure and fractal characteristics of lacustrine shale: A case study of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou shales, Southern Songliao Basin, China.

The Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation's lacustrine shales in the Songliao Basin are among China's most promising shale oil reservoirs. To elucidate their pore and fractal characteristics, a comprehensive set of analyses encompassing total organic carbon (TOC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and low-temperature N2 adsorption (LTNA), Rock-Eval pyrolysis experiments and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) were conducted. Using the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) method, fractal dimensions (D) were calculated, and their relationship with pore metrics and shale compositions were explored. Two distinct fractal dimensions, D1 (0 < P/P0 < 0.5) and D2 (0.5 <P/P0 <1.0), were derived from LTNA isotherms via the FHH approach. D1 values fluctuated between 2.5715 and 2.7551 (mean 2.6564), while D2 spanned from 2.3247 to 2.4209 (mean 2.3653). Notably, D1 consistently surpassed D2, signifying that smaller pores exhibit greater homogeneity compared to their larger counterparts. D1 gradually increases with the increase of clay content. A direct correlation was observed between pore volume (PV), specific surface area (SSA), and D (both D1 and D2), whereas the association between average pore diameter (APD) and D was inverse. Both D1 and D2 escalated with diminishing TOC, 2D-NMR solid organic matter (OM), S1 content and 2D-NMR light oil. Intriguingly, D1 showed a stronger association with key pore and "sweet spot" parameters, highlighting its utility in assessing pore structural complexity and shale oil potential. This study illustrates how fractal theory enhances our understanding of pore structures and the shale oil enrichment process for the lacustrine shale.

Effects of D3K2 With Periodontal Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus and Stage I-II Periodontitis Patients.

The aim of this study is to look into the clinical and biochemical outcomes of D3K2 supplementation in addition to nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) for patients suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontitis. Thirty-eight participants with DM and periodontitis were randomized into two different groups. The test group provided NSPT with D3K2 whereas the control group received NSPT with placebo. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded and serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were sampled at baseline and at the third and the sixth months after treatment. Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), 25(OH)D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) values were determined in blood samples. GCF and serum interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All clinical periodontal parameters were importantly decreased at the third and sixth months after treatment compared to baseline in both groups. At the sixth month, 25(OH)D3 levels in the test group were observed to be statistically significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.02). Serum IL-1β showed a statistically significant decrease at the sixth month compared to baseline and the third month in control group. According to this study, there is limited additional benefit of D3K2 given with NSPT in individuals with DM and periodontitis.

Comprehensive Characterization and Metamorphic Control Analysis of Full Apertures in Different Coal Ranks within Deep Coal Seams

The pore fracture structure of deep coal reservoirs is crucial for evaluating the potential of deep coalbed methane resources, conducting exploration and development, and controlling coal mine gas disasters. Mercury intrusion porosimetry, the liquid nitrogen method, and the low-temperature carbon dioxide adsorption method were used to study the full pore size structure and pore fractal characteristics of different coal grades in deep coal and comprehensively characterize the pore structure of kilometer-level coal mining. The sponge, Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH), and density function models were applied to comprehensively analyze the pore complexity of coal, and the influence of metamorphic degree on pore size structure was evaluated. The distribution relationship of pore volume in different stages of coal samples was macropore→mesopore→micropore, and macropores had the best connectivity. Micropores and mesopores had the largest specific surface area, and the development of micropores and microcracks controlled the deep gas adsorption performance. The micropore volume and specific surface area both revealed a nonlinear decreasing trend with the increase in volatile matter, and coal metamorphism promoted the development of micropores. The pore volume and specific surface area of mesopores and macropores decreased first and then increased in a “U” shape with increasing volatile matter. In contrast, the fractal dimension D1 revealed an inverted U shape with increasing volatile matter, followed by a decrease. The D2 value decreased nonlinearly with increasing volatile matter, whereas the D3 value increased nonlinearly with increasing volatile matter. The degree of metamorphism increased, and the microporous structure became more regular.

Delta Immature Platelet Fraction Is Associated With Mortality in Bacteremia Patients.

Immature platelet fraction (IPF) for differentiating bacteremia has been explored, whereas its prognostic correlation remains uncertain. This study aims to confirm the predictive capability of IPF for bacteremia and investigate its association with prognosis. Patients with complete blood count (CBC) on the blood culture day (D1) and the preceding day (D0) were retrospectively recruited and categorized into bacteremia and nonbacteremia groups. Immature platelet (IP) analysis, alongside CBC, was conducted. Delta IPF, defined by the absolute values of D1 minus D0 results was calculated. The ability to distinguish bacteremia from nonbacteremia patients, and the correlation with mortality were analyzed. From February to December 2020, a total of 150 patients were enrolled, with 75 having bacteremia. The specificity for delta IPF ≥3.4% to predict bacteremia was 97.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 90.7-99.7). When delta IPF ≥3.4% combined with procalcitonin ≥0.5 (ng/mL), the sensitivity was 90.5% (95% CI: 69.6%-98.8%). Within the bacteremia group, delta IPF and the proportion of patients with delta IPF ≥1.5% were significantly higher in nonsurvival, while delta platelet levels did not. Furthermore, delta IPF ≥1.5% was independently associated with 30-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 3.88, 95% CI: 1.2%-11.4%; p = 0.020). The 30-day survival curve demonstrated a significant difference between patients with delta IPF ≥1.5% and those without (p < 0.001). Delta IPF correlates with mortality in bacteremia patients. Our findings suggest IPF not only helps detect bacteremia but also predicts prognosis in the early stage.

Challenges in endoscopic third ventriculostomy for patients with achondroplasia: a focus on third ventricle floor anatomy.

Hydrocephalus is one of the neurological risks occurring in patients with achondroplasia. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) insertion is the most common treatment. However, reports of successful endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) suggest that ETV may be a good alternative to VPS insertion in achondroplasia. However, it has been stated that ETV in achondroplasia patients is technically demanding to perform. The current study examined the anatomical variations of the third ventricle and the brainstem in achondroplasia patients and correlated the findings with the difficulty of performing ETV. A retrospective analysis of 51 patients with achondroplasia and 138 hydrocephalus patients without achondroplasia (48 patients had tumor-related hydrocephalus and 90 patients had hydrocephalus of nontumorous origin) who have visited the authors' institution since 2012 was performed. Preoperative T2-weighted sagittal MR images were used to measure α (steepness of the third ventricle floor), β (endoscopic angle of incidence), d1 (vertical distance between the dorsum sellae and basilar bifurcation), and d2 (horizontal distance between the dorsum sellae and basilar artery). Each value was compared using the Tukey multicomparison test. Achondroplasia patients showed significantly smaller α (p < 0.001) and β (p < 0.001) angles, while there were no significant differences between the control groups (p = 0.947 for α, p = 0.836 for β). The d1 value was significantly larger in achondroplasia patients (p < 0.001), and d2 was smaller (p < 0.001). The control groups showed similar d1 and d2 values (p = 0.415 for d1, p = 0.154 for d2). Smaller α and β values meant that in achondroplasia patients the third ventricle floor stood more vertically than in other patients with hydrocephalus, and the endoscopic contact angles were small, increasing the risk of ventriculostomy devices slipping down into the infundibular recess. Additionally, a large d1 meant that the basilar artery was shifted upward and a small d2 indicated that the basilar artery was located closer to the dorsum sellae, potentially increasing the risk of basilar artery damage. Achondroplasia patients' skull and brain anatomies were significantly different from those of other hydrocephalus patients, with steeper third ventricle floors and basilar arteries closer to the dorsum sellae. Because these anatomical differences lead to difficulties in performing ETVs in achondroplasia patients, such differences should be considered when ETV is planned for the patients.

CT Anatomical Analysis of C4 Pedicle and Lateral Mass in Children Aged 0-14 in Southern China.

The C4 is the transition point between the upper and lower cervical vertebrae and plays a pivotal role in the middle of the cervical spine. Currently, there are limited reports on large-scale sample studies regarding C4 anatomy in children, and a scarcity of experience exists in pediatric cervical spine surgery. The current study addresses the dearth of anatomical measurements of the C4 vertebral arch and lateral mass in a substantial sample of children. This study aims to measure the imaging anatomy of the C4 vertebral arch and lateral mass in children under 14 years of age across various age groups, investigate the growth and development of these structures. We measured 12 indicators, including the size (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8) and angle (A, C, D, and E) of the C4 vertebral arch and lateral mass, in 513 children who underwent cervical CT examinations at our hospital. We employed the aggregate function for statistical analysis, conducted t-tests for difference statistics, and utilized the least squares method for regression analysis. Overall, as age increased, there was a gradual increase in the size of the vertebral arch and lateral mass. Additionally, the medial inclination angle of the vertebral arch decreased, and the lateral mass flattened gradually. The rate of change decreased gradually with age. The mean value of D1 increased from 2.31 mm to 3.88 mm, of D2 from 16.75 mm to 29.2 mm, of D3 from 2.21 mm to 4.92 mm, and of D4 from 7.34 mm to 11.84 mm. Meanwhile, the mean value of D5 increased from 5.2 mm to 9.71 mm, of D6 from 10.19 mm to 16.16 mm, of D7 from 2.53 mm to 5.67 mm, and of D8 from 6.11 mm to 11.45 mm. Angle A ranged from 49.12° to 54.97°, angle C from 15.28° to 19.83°, angle D from 39.91° to 53.7°, and angle E from 18.63° to 28.08°. Prior to cervical spine surgery in children, meticulous CT imaging anatomical measurements is essential. The imaging data serves as a reference for posterior C4 internal fixation, aids in designing posterior cervical screws for pediatric patients, and offer morphological anatomical references for posterior cervical spine surgery and screw design in pediatric patients.

The expression of c-MYC, Cyclin D1 and Ki-67/MIB-1 in benign and malignant thyroid tissues: is there any diagnostic value?

To investigate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression and the diagnostic value of c-MYC, Cyclin D1, and Ki-67∕MIB-1 in follicular adenomas (FAs), follicular carcinomas (FCs), and anaplastic carcinomas (ACs) of the thyroid gland, as well as in their corresponding adjacent, non-neoplastic thyroid tissue (NNTT). We conducted a retrospective study of patients who were pathologically diagnosed with FA, FC, or AC after total thyroidectomy. Tissue microarrays with cores taken from neoplastic and adjacent NNTT were constructed. Immunohistochemistry for anti-c-MYC, anti-Cyclin D1, and anti-Ki-67∕MIB-1 antibodies was performed, and the positivity was evaluated. Twenty-eight specimens were included. Nuclear c-MYC positivity was observed in 4∕11 FCs, and 3∕4 ACs, whereas cytoplasmic c-MYC positivity was found in 16∕24 NNTTs. Globally, there were statistically significant differences between neoplasms and NNTTs, with higher nuclear c-MYC and Cyclin D1 expression observed in neoplasms (p=0.017 and p=0.001, respectively). In contrast, cytoplasmic positivity was seen solely in NNTTs (p=0.001). Cyclin D1 positivity was noted in 11∕13 FAs, 7∕11 FCs, 2∕4 ATCs, and only in one NNTT. A statistically significant correlation was found between MIB1 and c-MYC nuclear positivity (p=0.040). Our findings exhibit a clear difference in the IHC expression of c-MYC and Cyclin D1 between different types of thyroid tumors, as well as between the neoplastic and NNTT. Nuclear c-MYC positivity excludes the benign nature of a thyroid lesion, in contrast to cytoplasmic positivity, which demonstrates normal or hyperplastic nature.

Diagnostic Value of Combined BCOR, Cyclin D1, and CD10 in Differentiating Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma From Other Uterine Spindle Cell Lesions.

Uterine spindle cell lesions share a dilemmatic overlapped features that needed to be addressed by the pathologist to reach a conclusive accurate diagnosis for its prognostic value and different management decisions. Usage of combined IHC panel can be an aiding guiding tool in this context. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of combined BCOR, Cyclin D1, and CD10 IHC panel in differentiating endometrial stromal sarcoma from other uterine spindle cell lesions. This study included 60 cases categorized into endometrial stromal sarcoma group (ESS) (12 cases high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma [HGESS] and 18 cases low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma [LGESS]), malignant uterine spindle cell lesions group (5 cases adenosarcoma [AS], 6 cases leiomyosarcoma [LS], 4 cases carcinosarcoma [CS]), and benign uterine lesions group (5 cases endometrial stromal nodule [ESN], 5 cases leiomyoma, and 5 cases adenomyosis). IHC staining procedure and evaluation for BCOR, Cyclin D1, and CD10 was performed on all studied cases. BCOR IHC staining was positive in all HGESS (12/12) of ESS group cases, with diffuse pattern in 75% of cases. BCOR-diffuse staining pattern was not recorded in any of LGESS (0/18), malignant mesenchymal lesions group (0/15), and also benign lesions group (0/15). Cyclin D1 positivity was observed only in HGESS cases, in parallel with positive-BCOR expression. On the contrary, CD10 was negatively expressed in all HGESS and positive in all LGESS, ESN, and adenomyosis cases. A specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 75% were recorded in differentiating HGESS from malignant mesenchymal lesions (including LMS, AS, and CS) and also HGESS from LGESS when using the combined panel BCOR +ve D /Cyclin D1 +ve / CD10 -ve , considering only the BCOR-diffuse staining pattern. In conclusion, BCOR +ve D /Cyclin D1 +ve /CD10 -ve as a combined panel is 100% specific and with lesser sensitivity in diagnosing HGESS as well as differentiating it from LGESS and other malignant uterine spindle cell lesions.

Study the functional nanophytosome based on tannic acid and vitamin D3

The main aim of this study was to entrap a fat-soluble vitamin (D3) and Tannic acid (TA) in nanophytosomes (NPHYs) to improve their stability and controlled release. The effects of phosphatidyl choline: TA ratio (P1:T2, P1:T1, and P2:T1) and the presence of D3 on the transmission electron microscope (TEM), particle size distribution and span, zeta potential, turbidity, stability, pH, total phenolic content (TPC), encapsulation efficiency (EE), particle size, antioxidant activity and in vitro release of TA and D3 were studied. A fine dispersion with particle size less than 100 nm was achieved for all NPHYs. Based on TEM, all samples had a smooth, spherical surface and formed small vesicles. The zeta potential varied from -65.2 to -55.26 mV. The P1:T2-D sample had the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activities. Based on the thermal stability results, all samples were stable up to 50 °C. The P2:T1-D sample had the highest EE values for both D3 and TA (93.70 and 92.22%, respectively) and the lowest release rate in gastric conditions. The presence of D3 did not affect the stability of NPHYs. Therefore, the incorporation of TA and D3 in NPHYs can be considered a promising strategy in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to the improved physical and biological stabilities.

Microscopic pore structure characteristics and controlling factors of marine shale: a case study of Lower Cambrian shales in the Southeastern Guizhou, Upper Yangtze Platform, South China

A systematic study of the pore structure characteristics of Lower Cambrian shales in the southeastern Upper Yangtze Platform, was conducted using organic geochemistry, mineralogy, nitrogen adsorption, physical property analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that: 1) The Total organic carbon (TOC) content shows a strong correlation with quartz and clay minerals. Shales with low TOC content and rich in clay minerals primarily exhibit slit-shaped and narrow slit-like inter-clay particle pores with pore size distribution is dominated by mesopores and macropores. Shales with high TOC content predominantly feature narrow slit-like and ink bottle-shaped pores with pore size distribution dominated by micropores and mesopores. 2) Shale pore structures vary significantly under different gas content and preservation conditions. Shales under favorable preservation conditions exhibit a relatively “high porosity, low permeability, and high gas content” pattern, with well-developed organic pores and a strong pore-permeability correlation. In contrast, shales under unfavorable preservation conditions appear dense, with excessively developed fractures increasing both average pore size and local permeability. The pore-permeability correlation is weak, presenting a relatively “low porosity, high permeability, and low gas content” pattern. 3) TOC content plays a crucial role in controlling pore structure, showing overall positive correlations with pore volume, specific surface area, and porosity, and negative correlations with pore size. High TOC content enhances shale plasticity, resulting in lower pore diameters. Factors such as compaction and unfavorable preservation conditions lead to the shrinkage, collapse, and closure of some narrow pore throats, negatively impacting pore volume, specific surface area, brittleness, and fractal dimension, exhibiting a negative correlation with TOC content. 4) The pore structure of Lower Cambrian shales is complex, with fractal dimensions D1 and D2 exhibiting negative correlations with average pore size and positive correlations with TOC, specific surface area, and total pore volume. A high D1 value indicates well-preserved nanoscale pore surface structures with low complexity, suggesting minimal alteration by external fluids and better shale gas preservation. D1 serves as an indicator for shale gas content and preservation conditions. D2 shows better correlations with various pore structure parameters, making it suitable for characterizing pore structures.

Diagenetic evolution and origin of cements of the Cretaceous carbonates in the Akal Block, southeast Gulf of Mexico

The Cretaceous succession of deep marine facies (580 m-thick) of the Akal Block, southeast of the Gulf of Mexico, is dominated by lime mudstones that have been extensively affected by dolomitization. Petrographic examination, including cathodoluminescence (CL), and microthermometry reveal three phases of dolomitization that occurred as replacement and pore-/fracture-filling cements. These are (1) an early replacement dolomicrite (D1, <50 μm) with dull orange CL, (2) eu-to subhedral dolomite (D2, 60 μm–150 μm) with distinctive cloudy cores (dull CL) and clean edges (non-luminescent to dull CL), and intercrystalline porosity (6 %), and (3) anhedral vug-/fracture-filling dolomite (D3, 200 μm–500 μm) exhibiting CL zonation. The mean δ18O values of those dolomites show a trend of slight decrease from D1 to D3 (D1 = 0.0 ± 1.3‰ VPDB, D2 = −0.2 ± 1.1‰ VPDB, D3 = −1.2 ± 1.6‰ VPDB), which reflects the influence of progressive burial. The low Sr contents (101 ± 29 ppm) of D1, along with its near-micritic grain size and estimated δ18OD1fluid of parent dolomitizing fluid (−3.6‰–1.9‰ SMOW), support early-stage dolomitization at low temperature of near-surface conditions from solutions of mixed meteoric and seawaters. The higher estimated δ18Ofluid values of D2 and D3 (3.0–13.9‰ SMOW) are expected for fluids in burial settings of high temperatures. The homogenization temperatures of the primary two-phase fluid inclusions of D2 (Th = 99.1 ± 7.9 °C) and D3 (Th = 89.5 ± 11.2 °C) suggest precipitation at deeper burial settings, which is also consistent with their lower Sr contents (80 ± 14 ppm and 98 ± 33 ppm, respectively). The lower mean Th value of D3 than that of D2 likely reflects the influence of tectonic uplift that affected the Akal Block. The shale-normalized (REESN) patterns of the dolomites mimic that of modern seawater and those of D1 and D2, in particular, coincide with that of the lime mudstones (C1), thus suggesting that C1 was their precursor and also D3 originated almost from the same parent fluid that its geochemical composition evolved with progressive burial. The latest fracture-filling calcite cement (C2) postdated D3. The investigation of the products of burial diagenesis, such as fracturing, dissolution, and dolomitization events and their relationship with the tectonic uplift of the Akal Block allows a better understanding of the factors controlling the quality of Cretaceous reservoir rocks.

Effect of antipsychotic drugs on group II metabotropic glutamate receptor expression and epigenetic control in postmortem brains of schizophrenia subjects

Antipsychotic-induced low availability of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (including mGlu2R and mGlu3R) in brains of schizophrenia patients may explain the limited efficacy of mGlu2/3R ligands in clinical trials. Studies evaluating mGlu2/3R levels in well-designed, large postmortem brain cohorts are needed to address this issue. Postmortem samples from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 96 schizophrenia subjects and matched controls were collected. Toxicological analyses identified cases who were (AP+) or were not (AP-) receiving antipsychotic treatment near the time of death. Protein and mRNA levels of mGlu2R and mGlu3R, as well as GRM2 and GRM3 promoter-attached histone posttranslational modifications, were quantified. Experimental animal models were used to compare with data obtained in human tissues. Compared to matched controls, schizophrenia cortical samples had lower mGlu2R protein amounts, regardless of antipsychotic medication. Downregulation of mGlu3R was observed in AP- schizophrenia subjects only. Greater predicted occupancy values of dopamine D2 and serotonin 5HT2A receptors correlated with higher density of mGlu3R, but not mGlu2R. Clozapine treatment and maternal immune activation in rodents mimicked the mGlu2R, but not mGlu3R regulation observed in schizophrenia brains. mGlu2R and mGlu3R mRNA levels, and the epigenetic control mechanisms did not parallel the alterations at the protein level, and in some groups correlated inversely. Insufficient cortical availability of mGlu2R and mGlu3R may be associated with schizophrenia. Antipsychotic treatment may normalize mGlu3R, but not mGlu2R protein levels. A model in which epigenetic feedback mechanisms controlling mGlu3R expression are activated to counterbalance mGluR loss of function is described.

Research on the Path of Integrating Curriculum Civics into Physical Education Teaching and Training in Colleges and Universities in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract Colleges and universities have a singular and one-sided understanding of physical education teaching, and teachers, staff, and students remain in the simple teaching activities of improving students’ physical fitness and learning sports skills. Aiming at such problems, according to the feasibility of integrating curriculum ideology into physical education teaching in colleges and universities, the physical education teaching based on curriculum ideology in the field of artificial intelligence is designed, and the implementation and training path of this teaching mode is pointed out in detail. On the basis of the principle of the construction of the evaluation index system, the evaluation indexes are screened and corrected through the combination of searching for literature and expert guidance, and the evaluation index system of physical education teaching effect based on the course of thinking and politics is finally determined. Substitute the evaluation index data into the corresponding judgment matrix, use the hierarchical analysis algorithm to conduct a consistency test on the judgment matrix, derive the evaluation index weight value, and complete the construction of the teaching evaluation model. The constructed evaluation model is used to evaluate and analyze the physical education teaching effect of the pooled course Civics. The data show that the weight of C1 is 0.351, while the weight value of D1 is 0.120, and the other is the same. The final result of the comprehensive evaluation and analysis of physical education teaching by integrating curriculum ideology and politics is 3.3573, which indicates that the path of integrating curriculum ideology and politics into physical education teaching in colleges and universities mentioned above can effectively promote the overall development of students’ morality, intelligence, physical fitness, aesthetics, and labor. This study not only provides direction for ideological and political work but also provides theoretical support for physical education in schools.

Clinical value of Cyclin D1 and P21 in the differential diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma

BackgroundWith the continuous discovery of new borderline thyroid lesions and benign and malignant “gray areas”, coupled with the limitations of traditional immune indicators, the differential diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has become more difficult. Cyclin D1 and P21 are cell cycle regulators involved in the occurrence and metastasis of multiple tumors, including PTC, but their specific functions are unclear.MethodsIn our study, immunohistochemical staining was used to explore the expression of Cyclin D1 and P21 in PTC, paracancerous tissue, follicular adenoma (FA) and papillary thyroid hyperplasia. In addition, their relationship with the clinicopathological features of PTC and their differential diagnostic value in distinguishing between intralymph node PTC metastases and intralymph node ectopic thyroid tissue were studied.ResultsAmong 200 primary PTC lesions, Cyclin D1 and P21 were found to be expressed in 186 (93.00%) and 177 (88.50%), respectively, and their expression levels were significantly higher in PTC tissue than in adjacent tissue, FA tissue and papillary thyroid hyperplasia tissue (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Cyclin D1 and P21 were positively correlated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05) but not with sex, age, number of tumor lesions, histological subtype, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or TNM stage (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Cyclin D1 and P21 were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). The positivity rates of Cyclin D1 and P21 in intralymph node PTC metastases were 97.96% (48/49) and 89.80% (44/49), respectively, which were significantly higher than those in intralymph node ectopic thyroid tissue (P < 0.05). The sensitivity (Se) and negative predictive value (NPV) of Cyclin D1 and P21 detection alone or in combination were higher than those of the combined detection of the classical antibody markers CK19, HBME-1 and Galectin-3. Besides, the Se, Sp, PPV and NPV of Cyclin D1 and P21 in differentiating intralymph node PTC metastases and intralymph node ectopic thyroid tissue were higher.ConclusionsThe results of our study show that Cyclin D1 and P21 are highly sensitive and specific markers for the diagnosis of PTC that are superior to traditional classical antibodies. And, these two markers are of great value in the differential diagnosis of intralymph node PTC metastases and intralymph node ectopic thyroid tissue.

Biological variation of plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3, Serum vitamin B12, folate and ferritin in Turkish healthy subject

Biological variation (BV) plays a crucial role in determining analytical performance specifications, assessing serial measurements of individuals, and establishing the use of population-based reference intervals. Our study aimed to calculate the BV and BV-based quality goals of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH D3), ferritin, folate and vitamin B12 tests. We included a total of 22 apparently healthy volunteers (9 women and 13 men) aged 18-55 years in the study that we conducted in Turkey. Blood samples were collected from the participants once a week for five weeks. Serum ferritin, folate and vitamin B12 levels were measured using immunochemical method, while plasma 25-OH D3 levels were determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to estimate analytical variation(CVA), within-subject BV(CVI) and between-subject BV(CVG). The individuality index (II) and reference change value (RCV) were calculated based on these data. The CVI of 25-OH D3, ferritin, folate, and vitamin B12 were found to be 1.8% (0.6%-2.5%), 16.9% (14.4%-20.2%), 10.7% (9.2%-12.7%), and 8.6% (6.8%-10.5%), respectively. CVG were 44.2% (34.3%-69.9%), 132% (87.7%-238%), 19.4% (14.4%-28.8%), and 39.6% (29.8%-59.0%) for the same biomarkers, while CVA were 3.2% (2.81%-3.71%), 3.5% (3.1%-4.1%), 4.0% (3.5%-4.6%), and 7.5% (6.6%-8.6%), respectively. The II values for 25-OH D3, ferritin, folate, and vitamin B12 were calculated as 0.04, 0.13, 0.55, and 0.22, respectively. The RCV were 10.2%, 47.8%, 31.7%, and 31.6%, respectively. Because the tests analyzed in this study exhibit high individuality, RCV should be preferred rather than population-based reference ranges in clinical interpretation of results.

Performance Investigation of FinFET Structures: Unleashing Multi-Gate Control through Design and Simulation at the 7 nm Technology Node for Next-Generation Electronic Devices

In this manuscript, we outline a original study that represents the first investigation of its kind, focusing on DC and analog/RF performance of structural flavors of FinFET. A total of six structural variations (D1 to D6 devices) in FinFET as per the IRDS 7 nm technology node specifications is explored here. Through extensive simulations, our findings demonstrate that the incorporation of gate stack, spacer, and source/drain extension concepts in FinFETs leads to superior performance. The DC performance analysis produced near-ideal SS (∼65 mV dec−1) performance, lower leakage currents, improved switching performance, and reduced DIBL values for D3 to D6 devices owing to the incorporation of gate stack, spacer integration, and source/drain extension doping. In terms of analog/RF performance, the best suitable device is found to be D4 device having designed with 1017 cm−3 n-type lightly doped source/drain regions, spacer, and gate stack integrations. A significant improvement such as higher gm, reduced gd, enhanced AV, improved fT, GFP, GTFP, and TFP are obtained for D4 device marking a breakthrough in the FinFET designing. Overall, the findings contribute to the advancement of FinFET at 7 nm technology node, opening up new opportunities for applications in various electronic systems demanding improved device performance.

Fat globule diameter in infant formulas

ObjectivesThe lipid fraction, fatty acid profile, and diameter of fat globules of infant formulas show great differences from human milk. These characteristics influence fat digestion and, consequently, the development and health of infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diameter of fat globules in infant formulas and compare them with those in human milk. MethodsThe diameter of fat globules of 10 infant formulas and human milk samples was determined using scanning electron microscopy. ResultsThe starter infant formula was the only one that showed a mean diameter value (3.52 ± 2.17 µm) similar to that obtained for human milk (3.44 ± 1.68 µm). The starter infant formula showed the highest values of volume-surface D3,2 (6.13 µm) and volume-weighted D4,3, (7.05 µm) mean diameters among the infant formulas analyzed, and close to those obtained for the human milk sample (5.16 and 5.98 µm, respectively). The infant formulas whey protein partially hydrolyzed, soy protein isolate-based, whey protein extensively hydrolyzed, and thickened with pregelatinized starch had the lowest mean diameters of fat globules 0.64 ± 0.22, 0.70 ± 0.19, 1.06 ± 0.34, and 1.22 ± 0.48 µm, respectively. ConclusionThe analysis of principal components showed that none of the analyzed infant formulas had similarity with the diameter of fat globules and the fatty acid profile of human milk.

Exploring the labyrinth of light: multiple Bragg Diffraction phenomena in face-centered cubic photonic crystals

This work presents the outcomes of an experimental study aimed at exploring electron diffraction phenomena within a controlled environment. The experiment involved measuring the radii of diffraction rings produced under varying acceleration voltages, with a focus on the first-order ring. Unexpectedly, the observed values were half of the anticipated results, raising questions about the accuracy of the measurements. The analysis revealed that the measured value of d1 closely resembled the theoretical value of d2, suggesting a potential oversight of the first diffraction ring, possibly due to its diminutive size. The high brightness of the incident light further complicated the measurement process. Accounting for the possibility of overlooking the first diffraction ring, the derived values for d2 (128.24±33.26 pm) and d3 (70.00±5.21 pm) were compared to theoretical values (123 pm and 80 pm, respectively). Despite the challenges, the experimental results fell within an acceptable range, considering the inherent uncertainties. To mitigate errors in radii measurement, the article suggests the implementation of an automated system and recommends a thorough reassessment of experimental setup configurations to optimize conditions for more accurate measurements. The findings highlight the importance of methodological refinement to enhance precision and reliability in electron diffraction studies. This work contributes valuable insights to the field and underscores the continuous need for advancements in experimental techniques.

UV irradiance effects on komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) vitamin D3, egg production, and behavior: A case study.

Modifications to UV irradiance for indoor housed herpetofauna can affect behavior and physiology. Low ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance can result in vitamin D3 deficiency resulting in calcium metabolism disorders including metabolic bone disease and immune suppression. High UVB can result in skin and eye issues, which can be severe enough to cause shock and death. Using tools available for the assessment of UV light, including Ferguson zones and the UV working tool designed by the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquaria, we redesigned lighting in our indoor komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) habitat to better suit the UV requirements of this species, while studying changes in behavior and physiology. We measured serum vitamin 25-hydroxy D3 values in one male and one female komodo dragon before and after they were housed in indoor and outdoor habitats. We also measured behavior changes in our male komodo as he moved from an outdoor habitat, to an indoor habitat with changing UV irradiance. Our female komodo showed a 98% increase in vitamin D3 values after being moved outdoors, and laid her first clutch of eggs. Our male dragon's vitamin D3 remained consistent 200 days after moving inside. He did show increased activity when higher UV irradiance was available. Importantly, we found the UV lamps we used stopped producing desired UV irradiance within 3.5 months of regular use. We suggest all animal care facilities develop UV monitoring programs to research output and longevity of UVB lamps used in indoor herpetofauna habitats.

Pore Structure Characterizations of Shale Oil Reservoirs with Heat Treatment: A Case Study from Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China.

Heat treatment plays a significant role in determining the petrophysical properties of shale reservoirs; however, the existing studies on the evolution of pore structures are still insufficient. This study conducts a series of tests, including Rock-Eval, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) T2, and T1-T2 tests on samples from Shahejie Formation, Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin. The tests aim to determine the changes in the shale pore structures under increasing heat treatments (ranging from 110 to 500 °C) and identify the factors that control pore structures. The results show that the gradual decomposition of organic matter leads to an eventual decrease in the total organic carbon (TOC) content. The decrease in TOC is more prominent when the temperature exceeds 300 °C. For shales with lower TOC contents (<2%), the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area (BET SSA) first decreases, then increases, but eventually decreases again. However, the average pore diameter demonstrates an opposite trend when the temperature increases. In contrast, for organic-rich shales (TOC > 2%), the BET SSA increases at temperatures above 200 °C. The similarity between the D1 values implies that the complexity and heterogeneity of shale pore surface only undergo minor changes during heat treatment. Porosity shows an increasing trend, and the higher the contents of clay minerals and organic matter in shales are, the greater the change in porosity is. The NMR T2 spectra suggest that micropores (<0.1 μm) in shales first decrease and then increase, whereas the contents of meso- (0.1-1 μm) and macropores (>1 μm) increase, corresponding to the increase in free shale oil. Moreover, shale pore structures are primarily controlled by clay minerals and organic matter contents during heat treatments, with higher contents resulting in better pore structures. Overall, this study contributes to detailing the shale pore structure characteristics during the in situ conversion process (ICP).