D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Research Articles

Numerical Simulation of Optical Fiber Tamm Plasmon Polariton Sensor Based on D-Shaped Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Coated With a Gold Film

Numerical Simulation of Optical Fiber Tamm Plasmon Polariton Sensor Based on D-Shaped Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Coated With a Gold Film

Highly sensitive plasmonic-grating PCF biosensor for cancer cell detection

Highly sensitive biosensor based on D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with plasmonic grating is introduced and analyzed. The suggested structure is tested using four different grating structures (rectangular, triangular, circular, or elliptical) on the polished surface of the D-shaped PCF. The sensing operation depends on surface plasmon resonance mechanism where the analyte refractive index (RI) is utilized to control the coupling between the core mode and surface plasmon mode via phase matching phenomenon. Rhodium is employed as a plasmonic material to induce the SPMs. The resonance (i.e., phase matching) wavelength is a function of the analyte RI. The geometrical parameters of the proposed structure are optimized using full vectorial finite element method to enhance the sensor sensitivity. The proposed biosensor can be utilized in the detection of different cancerous Basel, Breast and Cervical cells. The performance of the reported biosensor is investigated in terms of sensitivity, linear response, and fabrication tolerance. The reported biosensor has high sensitivities of 19,750 nm/RIU, 20,428 nm/RIU and 20,041 nm/RIU for the detection of Basel, Breast and Cervical cancer cells, respectively. The presented biosensor is a good candidate for biological sample detection and organic chemical sensing.

Dual D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Three-Parameter Sensing Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

Dual D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Three-Parameter Sensing Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

High FOM PCF-SPR refractive index sensor based on MgF2-Au double-layer films.

A simple twin-core D-shape photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is designed for the measurement of refractive indices (RI). The twin-core D-shape structure enhances the SPR effect, and the M g F 2-Au dual-layer film narrows the linewidth in the loss spectrum, consequently improving both the sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM). The properties of the sensor are analyzed by the finite element method. In the RI range of 1.32-1.42, the maximum wavelength sensitivity, FOM, and resolution are 62,000nm/RIU, 1281R I U -1, and 1.61×10-6, respectively.

Silver-TiO2 coated D-shaped photonic crystal fiber based SPR sensor for ultrasensitive refractive index detection: design and FEM analysis

Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are emerging as a promising technology for ultrasensitive detection of various biological and chemical analytes. This paper presents a novel D-shaped PCF based SPR sensor, which has shown great potential for highly sensitive detection of refractive index (RI) changes. The D-shaped configuration is achieved through the polishing of the upper side of the PCF fiber. To enhance sensitivity, a 0.1 μm silver layer is strategically placed between the fiber and analyte, intensifying light–matter interactions. Additionally, a 0.05 μm titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer is employed not only to further boost sensitivity but also to shield the metal from oxidation, ensuring the longevity and stability of the sensor. The finite element method (FEM) is employed to optimize the structural parameters of the sensor design. The findings demonstrate that the proposed SPR sensor is sensitive to RI changes in the 1.31–1.35 range, achieving a peak wavelength sensitivity of 30000 nm RIU−1 and an amplitude sensitivity of −185.33 RIU−1. The sensor holds promise for diverse applications, including chemical and biological sensing, making it a versatile tool with promising implications for advancing sensing technologies in various domains.

A Novel Plasmonic Sensor Based on Dual-Channel D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber for Enhanced Sensitivity in Simultaneous Detection of Different Analytes.

A dual-channel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based plasmonic sensor is proposed in this paper for the simultaneous detection of two different analytes using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique. The sensor employs a 50 nm-thick layer of chemically stable gold on both cleaved surfaces of the PCF to induce the SPR effect. This configuration offers superior sensitivity and rapid response, making it highly effective for sensing applications. Numerical investigations are conducted using the finite element method (FEM). After optimizing the structural parameters, the sensor exhibits a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 10000 nm/RIU and an amplitude sensitivity of -216 RIU -1 between the two channels. Additionally, each channel of the sensor exhibits its unique maximal wavelength and amplitude sensitivities for different refractive index (RI) ranges. Both channels demonstrate a maximal wavelength sensitivity of 6000 nm/RIU. In the RI range of 1.31-1.41, Channel 1 (Ch1) and Channel 2 (Ch2) achieved their maximum amplitude sensitivities of -85.39RIU -1 and -304.52 RIU -1 , respectively, with a resolution of 5×10 -5 . This sensor structure is noteworthy for its ability to measure both amplitude and wavelength sensitivity, providing enhanced performance characteristics suitable for various sensing purposes in chemical, biomedical, and industrial fields.

Wavelength-Switchable Polarization Filter Based on Graphene-Coated D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber

Wavelength-Switchable Polarization Filter Based on Graphene-Coated D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber

Polarization control and enhanced magnetic field sensitivity utilizing surface plasmon polaritons-assisted dual-V-type four-level system

We propose a kind of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)-assisted dual-V-type four-level composite system used for high-sensitivity weak magnetic field measurement. The SPPs are excited by a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) deposited with gold nanowires, and are interacted with the above quantum emitter from the rubidium atomic vapor. In the presence of the external magnetic field, Faraday rotation symmetry is broken due to Zeeman effect, resulting in the polarization plane rotation when a linearly polarized probe field goes through the above quantum emitter. With the help of the coupled field and SPPs, Faraday magneto-optical rotation (MOR) are effectively regulated. The Rabi frequency of the coupled field (Ω c ), quantum interference degree (q), and phase difference (φ) between the applied fields show strong dependence on the MOR angle and magnetic field measurement sensitivity. The simulated results reveal that the maximum MOR angle and magnetic field sensitivity both damp with Ω c expanding and q reducing. The maximum dichroism-independent MOR angle of 89.97° is realized for φ = 0° (180°), and the magnetic field sensitivity of 10.88°/Oe is obtained in the sweeping range of −8.88–8.88 Oe for q = 0.99, being 2.66°/Oe higher than that in the absence of SPPs (q = 0). Most importantly, the output probe field with different polarization forms can be realized by adjusting the φ value. Hence, the proposed device exhibits the potential in the fields of weak magnetic field measurement and polarization control.

Investigation on the Effect of Fluorescence Material based on D-Shaped Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber

In this paper, we report the outcomes when fluorescence material coated the hollow core (inner part) of D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) that has internal diameter (ID), 10 μm. Fluorescence involves the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. The coated material namely, allene has contributed significantly to the output of transmission spectra at the visible region. The changes in transmission wavelength are remarked when certain parameters vary along the study. The air hole deposited with allene exhibits strong electromagnetic interaction which is good for optical absorption and hence could promote high-sensitivity performance. The optimum condition on how allene covered the hollow PCF which this includes the number of days dipping leads to the bigger wavelength shifting comparing to its emission at 530 nm. Therefore, this study report that allene material could promote an important role in sensing applications at the visible as it displays a good response.

Wide refractive index detection range sensors based on D-shape photonic crystal fiber with a nanoscale gold wire

Optical sensing based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is attracting interests. Currently, PCF sensing suffered from the insensitivity with the changes of environmental surroundings with low refractive index. A D-shape PCF supporting plasmonic resonances based on gold nanowires is designed to demonstrated the sensitivity optical sensing in the refractive index range from 1.00 to 1.30. The finite element method is performed to optimize the device parameters, including the diameter of the large and tiny air holes, the size of the gold nanowire, and the space between the air holes. Utilizing plasmon-induced confined electrical around gold nanowires, the predicted device performance in spectral and amplitude sensitivities are up to 19,400 nm/RIU and 5.15 × 10−6 RIU, respectively. It is believed that the designed sensor can promote the development of applications in biological and pharmaceutical.

Characterization of incompletely coated D-shaped PCF-SPR refractive index sensors

To reduce the complexity of the sensor structure and improve the sensitivity of refractive index (RI) measurement, a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) RI sensor with incomplete coating of gold-tantalum pentoxide (Au-Ta2O5) on the surface is proposed. When the coating width is 3.1 μm, the sensor can detect RI samples ranging from 1.35 to 1.41 in the ultra-wide near-infrared (NIR) region of 1100–2100 nm wavelength. Its maximum wavelength sensitivity is 20,000 nm RIU−1, maximum amplitude sensitivity is 2817.7 RIU−1, resolution is RIU, and figure of merit (FOM) is 333.3 RIU−1. This sensor can be widely used in biological tissue detection. For this type of incomplete coated D-shaped sensor, the coating material and structural parameters not only affect the performance of the sensor, but also change the RI detection range, which has been ignored or not mentioned in previous literature on PCF-SPR sensors. Therefore, the reasons for the change of RI detection interval and negative optimization caused by structural parameters were analyzed, and two different sensors with different coating widths were finally obtained, which can achieve high sensitivity sensing in their respective detection intervals. The detailed research results expand the understanding of the SPR phenomenon in D-shaped PCF and provide theoretical guidance for adjusting and improving the detection performance of PCF-SPR sensors.

A high-sensitivity D-shaped photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor for low refractive index detection

A high-sensitivity D-shaped photonic crystal fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor for low refractive index detection

Design and Theoretical Analysis of High-Sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Au/Ti 3C2Tx-MXene Hybrid Layered D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber

To achieve high-sensitive refractive index (RI) sensing, an Au/Ti <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> -MXene hybrid layered D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed theoretically. The cladding of the D-shaped PCF has a hexagonal air-hole arrangement. In addition, the two air holes nearest to the metal layer in the first layer of cladding are reduced to enhance the plasma wave and provide an efficient leakage channel. The two air holes second nearest to the metal layer in the same layer are enlarged to limit the light scattering and guide more energy coupled with the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode. A thin layer of the Ti3C2Tx-MXene and Au film is applied on the surface of the D-shaped PCF to produce plasmon resonances across a wide range of wavelengths. By using the finite element method, the optical properties of the proposed PCF-SPR sensor are investigated. The results of the numerical analysis show that this sensor has a significant SPR effect, and the resonance loss peaks can be formed at different positions in the wavelength range of 800-2020 nm. The average RI sensitivity reaches 48120 nm/RIU and the maximum sensitivity is up to 64600 nm/RIU in the refractive index range of 1.390-1.415. The RI sensitivity of the Au/Ti <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> -MXene layered sensor is 2.36 times higher than the sensor with only the Au layer. The proposed structure has its unique sensing properties, which can be effectively applied in bio-sensing fields.

Ultra-high sensitivity methane gas sensor based on vernier effect in double D-shaped and cryptophane-A film-coated photonic crystal fiber: Design and FEM simulation

Utilization of the vernier effect in fiber optic interferometers represents the latest approach to enhance the sensitivity and resolution in fiber optic sensors. In this paper, the Vernier effect in Sagnac interference (SI) with a double D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) was proposed for the methane gas sensing. The sensing arm in the SI was composed of a double D-shaped PCF which was coated with cryptophane-A film, while the polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PM-PCF) is used as the reference arm. The sensing arm and the reference arm were cascaded in parallel to generate the Vernier effect. The influence of the structural parameters in the PCF on the sensing performance was analyzed using the finite element method. The sensing fiber uses a double-D structure, so methane gas is more easily in contact with the sensitive film. According to the simulation results, the wavelength sensitivity of the parallel Sagnac loops within the methane gas concentration range of 0–3.5% is as high as 170.58 nm/%, which is 3.14 times that of a single Sagnac loop. The proposed sensor exhibits a significant enhancement in sensitivity compared to the other fiber optic-based methane gas sensors, thereby providing a reference sample for the development of high-sensitivity methane gas sensors.

A comparative analysis of a D-shaped photonic crystal sensor based on graphene plasmonic

In this paper, a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance has been presented. In the proposed structure, Graphene, Gold, and Silver have been used in different configurations in order to promote the sensitivity of the sensor. According to the numerical simulations performed by the finite element method (FEM) and considering the refractive index of the analyte from 1.36 to 1.40, the maximum wavelength sensitivity of 12600 nm RIU−1 has been obtained, which is related to the structure when the Gold layer sandwiched between two Graphene layers. This is while, the maximum amplitude sensitivity of the proposed sensor is 5708 (RIU−1), which is related to the configuration that Graphene has been placed under the Silver layer. On the other hand, the proposed structure is easy to use because there is no need to fill the fiber holes with the analyte and it can be easily placed on the D-shaped surface of the sensor. The proposed sensor is appropriate to sense the biological variation because of showing strong surface plasmon resonances. The effect of the fabrication tolerance on the proposed PCF is also studied. It is expected that the proposed model will be compatible with the bio-engineering approaches.

MXene-Assisted D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Probe with High Sensitivity for Detection of Tuberculosis

MXene-Assisted D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Probe with High Sensitivity for Detection of Tuberculosis

Optical mid-infrared modulator based on D-shaped photonic crystal fiber and GST phase changing material

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have recently attracted compelling attention because of their numerous applications, particularly in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelength region. In this paper, we have presented and analyzed mid-IR optical modulator based on phase-changing material (PCM) known as germanium-antimony-tellurium (GST) and D-shaped PCF. The modulation process can be performed as the GST material’s phase undergoes a transition between amorphous (on) and crystalline (off) states. To analyze the proposed design numerically, full vectorial finite element method (FVFEM) is employed. Further, we studied the light propagation through the suggested structure using 3D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The optical losses of the fundamental transverse electric (TE) mode supported by the reported structure in the two GST states are studied. The obtained extinction ratio (ER) of the proposed modulator approaches 302.61 dB, whereas the insertion loss (IL) is less than 0.00014 dB throughout the wavelength range from 3 to 5.8 μm at a device length (LD) of 0.2 mm. Therefore, the suggested modulator can be utilized in photonic integrated circuits that require high ER, very low IL, and large optical bandwidth.

D-Shaped photonic crystal fiber with graphene coating for terahertz polarization filtering and sensing applications

A D-shaped photonic crystal fiber with graphene coating on the polished flat surface is designed. Graphene is used as the plasmonic material and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect is obtained at the sub-terahertz frequency. Tunable loss spectra, polarization filtering and sensing properties are studied by using the finite element method. Tuning sensitivity of the SPR frequency is 595 GHz/eV. Bandwidth of 23.46 GHz centered at 0.48THz with crosstalk above 20 dB can be obtained when fiber length is 0.5 cm. The average wavelength sensitivity of 305.5 μm/RIU and the maximum amplitude sensitivity of 30.85RIU−1 are obtained for analyses with refractive index in the range of 1.3 to 1.4. Refractive index resolution of the order of 10−4 is predicted. The designed fiber can be used as terahertz polarization filter or biosensor.

D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Toxic Metal Ions (Arsenic) Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

In this work, a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) sensor based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology was proposed. A thin layer of gold (Au) was deposited on a D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF), which was coated with plasmonic chemically stable gold material with a thickness of 40nm. The performance parameters like sensitivity including wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity and resolution were evaluated by simulation using COMSOL software. The proposed sensor was created by using the finite element approach, it is numerically examined. The results show that the surface of D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber coated with Au behaves as a sensor to detect the refractive index (IR) of toxic metal ions. The impacts of the structural characteristics on the resonant spectra are also researched in order to improve sensing performance. The greatest amplitude sensitivity was 99.2 RIU-1 and maximum resolution was 4 x 10-5 RIU achieved within the detection range (1.351-1.363).

Highly sensitive methane gas sensor based on Au/UVCFS films coated D-shaped photonic crystal fiber

In recent years, the proportion of methane explosion accidents in coal mine production accidents is increasing. The important measure to avoid methane explosion accident is to do well in methane leakage detection. Some of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have been proposed to achieve the methane gas sensing. However, it is difficult to fill methane gas into the inner air holes in PCFs. In order to address this issue, a D-shaped PCF methane gas sensor based on SPR was proposed and investigated based on the finite element method in this paper. A side polished air hole in the D-shaped PCF was utilized as the substrates for depositing the gold film and methane gas sensitive film. The sensing area is in direct contact with the outside methane gas. Simulation results showed that the measurement sensitivity of methane gas reached 9.88 nm/% at the methane concentration of 0%–3.5% with a linearity of 99.8%. The influence of optical structure parameters on sensor performances were also discussed. The designed sensor is expected to be a candidate for methane gas leakage detection for its simplicity and feasibility.