D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Research Articles

Simultaneous measurement of liquid refractive index and temperature based on the birefringence response of a water-filled D-shaped photonic crystal fiber

In this paper, a water-filled D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (WFDSPCF) sensor based on the birefringence response for simultaneously measuring the liquid refractive index (LRI) and liquid temperature (LT) is proposed. We undertake theoretical and simulation calculations, and the results show that the proposed WFDSPCF can achieve ultrahigh LRI and LT sensitivities when operating around the group birefringence turning point. By optimizing the structural parameters, the proposed WFDSPCF sensor can achieve LRI and LT sensitivities of -25642.86 nm/RIU and 12.8 nm/°C, respectively. In addition, in order to eliminate the sensing crosstalk between the LRI and LT, a parallel Lyot interferometer structure is also proposed. The proposed WFDSPCF sensor is expected to have potential use in biochemical sensing, measurement science, and environmental monitoring.

Simultaneous Sensing of Temperature and Refractive Index with D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Infused with Liquid Crystal

Simultaneous Sensing of Temperature and Refractive Index with D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Infused with Liquid Crystal

Germanium doped D-shaped PCF-SPR methane high sensitivity sensor

Abstract A D-shaped photonic crystal fiber doped with germanium dioxide methane gas sensor based on SPR effect is proposed. The substrate of the fiber is silicon dioxide doped with germanium dioxide, and the polished surface is used as a substrate for gold-plated and methane-sensitive membranes where the sensing area is in direct contact with methane gas. Effects of different germanium dioxide doping concentrations and the structural parameters of the photonic crystal fiber on the performance of the sensor are numerically investigated by the finite element method. Simulation results show that when the germanium dioxide doping concentration is 4.1%, the maximum sensitivity of sensor is 82 nm/% with a maximum resolution of 1.2195 × 10–4 in the range of 0 ∼ 3.5% methane concentration. The proposed sensor not only has a simple structure, but also exhibits high sensitivity, thus the sensor has great potential in pre-warning and remote monitoring of methane gas leakage.

Ultra-wide measurement range D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance

Ultra-wide measurement range D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance

Gold-coated D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor with a wide detection range and large manufacturing tolerance

A D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index (RI) sensor is designed, and its performance is analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). A gold film is coated on the D-shaped surface of the fiber as a plasmonic material for surface plasmon resonance sensing. The U-shaped arrangement of holes of the same size in the fiber structure enhances the coupling resonance between the core mode and the surface plasmon polariton mode. Numerical results show that the RI range of the sensor is 1.20–1.40, the maximum wavelength sensitivity is 16008.98 nm/RIU, and the detection width is up to 0.2 RIU. In addition, this study analyzes the manufacturing tolerance for the sizes of the air holes. The results show that the manufacturing tolerance for the three types of air holes is as high as 25%, 11.1%, and 10.2% when h is 40µm. These findings lay the foundation for the mass production of sensors. The above results indicate that the sensor has remarkable advantages such as enhanced sensitivity, wide measurement range, and exceptional manufacturing stability, and has promising applications in the fields of bio-detection, drug supply detection, and water pollution control.

A Broadband D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor via Surface Plasmon Resonance for Different Analytes with a Large Range of Refractive Index Detection

A Broadband D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor via Surface Plasmon Resonance for Different Analytes with a Large Range of Refractive Index Detection

Ultrasensitive refractive index and temperature sensor based on D-shaped photonic crystal fiber by group birefringence response in a Sagnac interferometer

In this paper, a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor based on a Sagnac interferometer is proposed, and it can achieve ultrahigh refractive index (RI) and temperature sensitivity when operating around the turning point of group birefringence (Bg). We undertake a theoretical analysis on Bg and a simulation calculation to study the sensing characteristics and obtain the optimized structure parameters of the D-shaped PCF sensor. The simulation results show that the maximum average RI sensitivities can reach 3253.33 and 15500 nm/RIU in the RI range of 1.33 to 1.35 and 1.40 to 1.42, respectively. When the temperature changes from -50 to 0 °C and 0 to 50 °C, the maximum average temperature sensitivities are up to 10.11 and 10.67 nm/°C, respectively. The proposed D-shaped PCF sensor can achieve dual-parameter sensing and has great potential for practical applications in biochemical and environmental science.

A novel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance effect

A novel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance effect

D-shaped photonic crystal fiber based on surface plasmon resonance for low refractive index applications

Here, a fresh D-type photonic crystal fiber has been developed by us, relying on the surface plasmon resonance effect. Differing from conventional D-type photonic crystal fiber, this model coats gold film on an open-loop channel for excitation. Through the finite element method analysis, this sensor exhibits an effective scope of 1.20–1.30 for the refractive index of analyte. As the RI of the analyte rises, the loss peak within the spectrum gradually intensifies and then remains stable. At an RI value of 1.30, achieving a resolution of 9.52 × 10−6 RIU, this sensor exhibits excellent performance with a maximum sensitivity of 10,500 nm/RIU. Its simple structure adds to its overall appeal. The outstanding sensing performance demonstrates enhanced competitiveness in sectors with lower refractive indices. Farther, to enhance the sensor's sensing capabilities, we conducted an analysis of how structural parameters impact the resonance spectrum with the goal of optimization.

Numerical Simulation of Optical Fiber Tamm Plasmon Polariton Sensor Based on D-Shaped Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Coated With a Gold Film

Numerical Simulation of Optical Fiber Tamm Plasmon Polariton Sensor Based on D-Shaped Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Coated With a Gold Film

Highly sensitive plasmonic-grating PCF biosensor for cancer cell detection

Highly sensitive biosensor based on D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with plasmonic grating is introduced and analyzed. The suggested structure is tested using four different grating structures (rectangular, triangular, circular, or elliptical) on the polished surface of the D-shaped PCF. The sensing operation depends on surface plasmon resonance mechanism where the analyte refractive index (RI) is utilized to control the coupling between the core mode and surface plasmon mode via phase matching phenomenon. Rhodium is employed as a plasmonic material to induce the SPMs. The resonance (i.e., phase matching) wavelength is a function of the analyte RI. The geometrical parameters of the proposed structure are optimized using full vectorial finite element method to enhance the sensor sensitivity. The proposed biosensor can be utilized in the detection of different cancerous Basel, Breast and Cervical cells. The performance of the reported biosensor is investigated in terms of sensitivity, linear response, and fabrication tolerance. The reported biosensor has high sensitivities of 19,750 nm/RIU, 20,428 nm/RIU and 20,041 nm/RIU for the detection of Basel, Breast and Cervical cancer cells, respectively. The presented biosensor is a good candidate for biological sample detection and organic chemical sensing.

Dual D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Three-Parameter Sensing Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

Dual D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber Sensor for Three-Parameter Sensing Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

High FOM PCF-SPR refractive index sensor based on MgF2-Au double-layer films.

A simple twin-core D-shape photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is designed for the measurement of refractive indices (RI). The twin-core D-shape structure enhances the SPR effect, and the M g F 2-Au dual-layer film narrows the linewidth in the loss spectrum, consequently improving both the sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM). The properties of the sensor are analyzed by the finite element method. In the RI range of 1.32-1.42, the maximum wavelength sensitivity, FOM, and resolution are 62,000nm/RIU, 1281R I U -1, and 1.61×10-6, respectively.

Silver-TiO2 coated D-shaped photonic crystal fiber based SPR sensor for ultrasensitive refractive index detection: design and FEM analysis

Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are emerging as a promising technology for ultrasensitive detection of various biological and chemical analytes. This paper presents a novel D-shaped PCF based SPR sensor, which has shown great potential for highly sensitive detection of refractive index (RI) changes. The D-shaped configuration is achieved through the polishing of the upper side of the PCF fiber. To enhance sensitivity, a 0.1 μm silver layer is strategically placed between the fiber and analyte, intensifying light–matter interactions. Additionally, a 0.05 μm titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer is employed not only to further boost sensitivity but also to shield the metal from oxidation, ensuring the longevity and stability of the sensor. The finite element method (FEM) is employed to optimize the structural parameters of the sensor design. The findings demonstrate that the proposed SPR sensor is sensitive to RI changes in the 1.31–1.35 range, achieving a peak wavelength sensitivity of 30000 nm RIU−1 and an amplitude sensitivity of −185.33 RIU−1. The sensor holds promise for diverse applications, including chemical and biological sensing, making it a versatile tool with promising implications for advancing sensing technologies in various domains.

Design and Optimization of Terahertz Based D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber for Blood Component Detection

Design and Optimization of Terahertz Based D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber for Blood Component Detection

D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber SPR Sensor for Humidity Monitoring in Oils

This theoretical study presents a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensor designed for humidity detection in transformer oil. Humidity refers to the presence of water dissolved or suspended in the oil, which can affect its dielectric properties and, consequently, the efficiency and safety of the transformer’s operation, failures in the sealing system and the phenomenon of condensation can be the main sources of this humidity. This sensor leverages the unique properties of the coupling between surface plasmons and fiber guided mode at the Au-PCF interface to enhance the sensitivity to humidity changes in the external environment. The research demonstrated the sensor’s efficacy in monitoring humidity levels ranging from 0% to 100% with an average sensitivity of measured at 1106.1 nm/RIU. This high sensitivity indicates a substantial shift in the resonance wavelength corresponding to minor changes in the refractive index caused by varying humidity levels, which is critically important in the context of transformer maintenance and safety. Transformer oil serves as both an insulator and a coolant, and its humidity level is a key parameter influencing the performance and longevity of transformers. Excessive humidity can lead to insulation failure and reduced efficiency and, therefore, the ability to accurately detect and monitor humidity levels in transformer oil can significantly enhance preventive maintenance strategies, reduce downtime, and prevent potential failures, ensuring the reliable operation of electrical power systems.

A Novel Plasmonic Sensor Based on Dual-Channel D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber for Enhanced Sensitivity in Simultaneous Detection of Different Analytes.

A dual-channel D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based plasmonic sensor is proposed in this paper for the simultaneous detection of two different analytes using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique. The sensor employs a 50 nm-thick layer of chemically stable gold on both cleaved surfaces of the PCF to induce the SPR effect. This configuration offers superior sensitivity and rapid response, making it highly effective for sensing applications. Numerical investigations are conducted using the finite element method (FEM). After optimizing the structural parameters, the sensor exhibits a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 10000 nm/RIU and an amplitude sensitivity of -216 RIU -1 between the two channels. Additionally, each channel of the sensor exhibits its unique maximal wavelength and amplitude sensitivities for different refractive index (RI) ranges. Both channels demonstrate a maximal wavelength sensitivity of 6000 nm/RIU. In the RI range of 1.31-1.41, Channel 1 (Ch1) and Channel 2 (Ch2) achieved their maximum amplitude sensitivities of -85.39RIU -1 and -304.52 RIU -1 , respectively, with a resolution of 5×10 -5 . This sensor structure is noteworthy for its ability to measure both amplitude and wavelength sensitivity, providing enhanced performance characteristics suitable for various sensing purposes in chemical, biomedical, and industrial fields.

Wavelength-Switchable Polarization Filter Based on Graphene-Coated D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber

Wavelength-Switchable Polarization Filter Based on Graphene-Coated D-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber

Polarization control and enhanced magnetic field sensitivity utilizing surface plasmon polaritons-assisted dual-V-type four-level system

We propose a kind of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)-assisted dual-V-type four-level composite system used for high-sensitivity weak magnetic field measurement. The SPPs are excited by a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) deposited with gold nanowires, and are interacted with the above quantum emitter from the rubidium atomic vapor. In the presence of the external magnetic field, Faraday rotation symmetry is broken due to Zeeman effect, resulting in the polarization plane rotation when a linearly polarized probe field goes through the above quantum emitter. With the help of the coupled field and SPPs, Faraday magneto-optical rotation (MOR) are effectively regulated. The Rabi frequency of the coupled field (Ω c ), quantum interference degree (q), and phase difference (φ) between the applied fields show strong dependence on the MOR angle and magnetic field measurement sensitivity. The simulated results reveal that the maximum MOR angle and magnetic field sensitivity both damp with Ω c expanding and q reducing. The maximum dichroism-independent MOR angle of 89.97° is realized for φ = 0° (180°), and the magnetic field sensitivity of 10.88°/Oe is obtained in the sweeping range of −8.88–8.88 Oe for q = 0.99, being 2.66°/Oe higher than that in the absence of SPPs (q = 0). Most importantly, the output probe field with different polarization forms can be realized by adjusting the φ value. Hence, the proposed device exhibits the potential in the fields of weak magnetic field measurement and polarization control.

Investigation on the Effect of Fluorescence Material based on D-Shaped Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber

In this paper, we report the outcomes when fluorescence material coated the hollow core (inner part) of D-shaped photonic crystal fiber (PCF) that has internal diameter (ID), 10 μm. Fluorescence involves the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. The coated material namely, allene has contributed significantly to the output of transmission spectra at the visible region. The changes in transmission wavelength are remarked when certain parameters vary along the study. The air hole deposited with allene exhibits strong electromagnetic interaction which is good for optical absorption and hence could promote high-sensitivity performance. The optimum condition on how allene covered the hollow PCF which this includes the number of days dipping leads to the bigger wavelength shifting comparing to its emission at 530 nm. Therefore, this study report that allene material could promote an important role in sensing applications at the visible as it displays a good response.