D-psicose Research Articles

A Genome‐Wide Identification of Target Genes Responsible for Anti‐Adipogenic Activity of D‐Psicose, a Sugar Substitute, in C57BL/6J‐ob/ob Mice

Excess intake of added sugar has been shown to increase visceral fat and the risk of metabolic diseases including obesity and type II diabetes. In an attempt to decrease sugar intake, rare sugars and their derivatives that exist in limited quantities in nature, have been recently developed as a sugar substitute. D‐psicose, a C‐3 epimer of D‐fructose, is known to have anti‐adipogenic property. However, the mechanistic explanation on its anti‐adipogenic effect has not been clearly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary D‐psicose substitution for sucrose on adipose tissue fat deposition and identified target genes. C57BL/6J ob/ob mice were assigned to receive either the AIN‐93G or the 5% D‐psicose diet for 12 weeks. At necropsy, blood and white adipose tissue samples were collected for further analyses. We performed genome‐wide analysis of gene expression in white adipose tissue using Illumina MouseRef‐8 and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used for network analysis. The mRNA expression of genes related with inflammation and lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue was also determined. D‐Psicose supplementation suppressed final body weight, adipose tissue mass, adipocyte size, and serum total cholesterol concentration, while it increased serum HDL‐cholesterol to LDL‐cholesterol ratio. We identified 64 down‐ and 39 up‐regulated genes associated with inflammatory response (network 1), molecular transport (network 2), and lipid metabolism (networks 3 and 4) in response to D‐psicose supplementation. D‐Psicose supplementation decreased the mRNA expression of genes related with inflammation (TNF‐α, IL‐6, MCP‐1) and adipo/lipogenesis (PPAR‐α, PPAR‐γ, C/EBP‐α, SREBP‐1, aP2, LPL, FAS), whereas expression of β‐oxidation‐related genes (CPT‐1, HSL) was increased. It appears that D‐psicose responsive down‐regulation of genes involved in inflammatory response including FOS, CD44, CD36, and IL7R and lipid metabolism such as FFAR4 was associated with the changes in inflammation and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue of obese mice. In conclusion, our data suggest several target genes responsible, at least in part, for anti‐adipogenic activity of D‐psicose.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported by the High Value‐added Food Technology Development Program (No.113035‐3) funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.

Dietary D‐psicose in substitution for sucrose influences adipose tissue metabolism in a mouse model of obesity

D‐psicose (DP), a C‐3 epimer of D‐fructose, is known to possess anti‐adipogenic effect. We investigated the effect of dietary DP substitution for sucrose on adipose tissue metabolism in ob/ob mice. C57BL/6J ob/ob mice were assigned to either AIN‐93G or 5% w/w DP diet. After sacrifice on week 12, we measured adipose tissue mass, adipocyte size, and fat deposition. We determined the mRNA expression of genes related with inflammation and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue (WAT). Gene expression patterns of WAT and pathway analysis were performed using Illumina MouseRef‐8 and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, respectively. In mice fed DP supplemented diet, body weight, mass of adipose tissue, adipocyte size, and fat deposition decreased.The mRNA expression of genes related with inflammation (TNF‐α, IL‐6) and adipogenesis (PPAR‐γ, C/EBP‐α) in WAT decreased in mice fed DP supplemented diet. Genomic analysis revealed that 63 up‐regulated and 106 down‐regulated genes were affected by DP supplemented diet. The top networks in response to DP supplementation include inflammatory response, lipid metabolism, molecular transport, and small molecule biochemistry. Specifically, expression of inflammatory response related genes including CD36, CD44, TLR8, and TLR13 was down‐regulated in response to DP supplemented diet, which were in line with the observed decreased mRNA expression of TNF‐α and IL‐6. Our data suggest that DP replacement has beneficial effects on adipose tissue metabolism. [High Value‐added Food Technology Development Program 113035‐3, Food and Rural Affairs]