Czerny-Turner Type Spectrometer Research Articles

SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF ARGON DC GLOW DISCHARGE IN PLASMA MEDIUM

In this study, UV-VIS-NIR (Ultraviolet Visible Near-Infrared) spectra emitted from Argon Glow discharge plasma in a low vacuum were recorded with a high-resolution Czerny-Turner type spectrometer. Argon plasma was produced at a pressure of 5mTorr and with a voltage of 584 V. Argon plasma was produced between two parallel stainless steel plates anode and cathode with a diameter of 15 cm, a thickness of 0.8 cm, and a distance of 13 cm between them. The radiative and collisional processes of the Argon plasma medium were modeled by the PrismSPECT atomic physics software (Software). The distributions of ion densities were calculated using the Saha-Boltzmann equation. The intensity of the excited energy levels of Ar(I) and Ar (II) ions were calculated in the electron temperature range of (0.4-3.5eV) and the mass density of (10-4-10-1gr/cm3). The UV-Visible-NIR spectra were simulated and compared with experimental spectra. The ratios of the intensities of the ArII/ArI (1s22s22p63s23p44f1/1s22s22p63s23p54p1) spectral lines were obtained for different plasma temperatures and densities. The temperature of the argon plasma was obtained from the spectral line intensity ratios.

A correction for higher-order refraction in cathodoluminescence spectrometry

Cathodoluminescence (CL) is a developing analytical method in electron microscopy, because of its excellent energy resolution. Usually a Czerny–Turner type spectrometer is employed, having a blazed grating as analyzer. Unlike a prism analyzer, where the dispersion depends on the refractive index of the prism itself leading to a non-linear spectral distribution, the grating has the advantage that the spectral distribution depends linearly on the wavelength. As a draw-back, higher-order refraction alters the measured optical spectrum at larger wavelengths. In general, blazed gratings are used in order to minimize this effect in a certain spectral range. Nevertheless, the higher-order intensities can be still significant. In the present study we present a method for correcting the acquired optical spectra with respect to higher order diffraction intensities and apply it to CaO and GaN CL-spectra.

Temporally and Spatially Resolved Emission Spectroscopy of Hydrogen, Cyanide and Carbon in Laser-Induced Plasma

In this study, we examine the atomic and molecular signatures in laser-induced plasma. Abel inversions of measured line-of-sight data reveal insight into the radial plasma distribution. Laser-plasma is generated with 6 ns, Q-switched Nd:YAG radiation with energies in the range of 100 to 800 mJ. Temporally- and spatially-resolved emission spectroscopy investigates expansion dynamics. Specific interests include atomic hydrogen (H) and cyanide (CN). Atomic hydrogen spectra indicate axisymmetric shell structures and isentropic expansion of the plasma kernel. The recombination radiation of CN emanates within the first 100 nanoseconds for laser-induced breakdown in a 1:1 mole ratio CO2:N2 gas mixture. CN excitation temperatures are determined from fitting recorded and computed spectra. Chemical equilibrium mole fractions of CN are computed for air and the CO2:N2 gas mixture. Measurements utilize a 0.64-m Czerny–Turner type spectrometer and an intensified charge-coupled device.

Plasma Expansion Dynamics in Hydrogen Gas

Micro-plasma is generated in ultra-high-pure hydrogen gas, which fills the inside of a cell at a pressure of (1.08 ± 0.033) × 105 Pa by using a Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser device operated at a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm and a pulse duration of 14 ns. The micro-plasma emission spectra of the hydrogen Balmer alpha line, Hα, are recorded with a Czerny–Turner type spectrometer and an intensified charge-coupled device. The spectra are calibrated for wavelength and corrected for detector sensitivity. During the first few tens of nanoseconds after the initiation of optical breakdown, the significant Stark-broadened and Stark-shifted Hα lines mark the well-above hypersonic outward expansion. The vertical diameters of the spectrally resolved plasma images are measured for the determination of expansion speeds, which were found to decrease from 100 to 10 km/s for time delays of 10 to 35 ns. For time delays of 0.5 µs to 1 µs, the expansion speed of the plasma decreases to the speed of sound of 1.3 km/s in the near ambient temperature and pressure of the hydrogen gas.

Electron density and temperature diagnostics in laser-induced hydrogen plasma

Laser-induced optical breakdown is achieved by using Q-switched, Nd:YAG radiation focused into ultra-high-purity (UHP) hydrogen gas at a pressure of 1.08 ± 0.03 × 105 Pa inside a cell. The plasma emission spectra are dispersed by a Czerny-Turner type spectrometer and detected with an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD). Stark-broadened hydrogen Balmer series Hα and Hβ line profiles are used as a spectroscopic tool for the determination of electron density and excitation temperature. Spatial variation of electron density and temperature at 0.40 µs are extracted from the recorded intensities of Hα and Hβ lines. Temporal variations of electron density and excitation temperature are also presented for the time delay range of 0.15 µs to 1.4 µs.

High-precision potassium measurements using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy under high vacuum conditions for in situ K–Ar dating of planetary surfaces

We conducted a series of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) experiments for K measurements under high vacuum conditions (10-6Pa) for the purpose of developing in-situ isochron type K–Ar dating instruments for planetary missions. Unlike whole rock measurement methods, isochron measurements require LIBS experiments in a vacuum chamber because simultaneous Ar isotopic measurements are necessary. However, detailed examination of detection limits and accuracy of this method at low pressures has not been examined extensively before. In this study, the capability of K measurements under high vacuum conditions was examined using LIBS. A compact Czerny-Turner type spectrometer equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD) as a detector was employed. Twenty-three geologic standard samples were measured using the LIBS method. The second strongest K emission line at 769.89nm was used for calibration because the strongest emission line at 766.49nm may suffer from strong interference from another emission line. A calibration curve was constructed for K using internal normalization with the oxygen line at 777nm and well fitted by a power-law function. Based on the prediction band method, the detection limit and the quantitation limit were estimated to be 300 and 800ppm, respectively. The 1σ relative uncertainty of the K calibration was 20% for 1wt.% K2O and 40% for 3000ppm K2O. If the amount of Ar is measured with 15% error for the 3.5billionyears rocks containing 1 and 0.3wt.% K2O, the K–Ar ages would be determined with 10% and 20% 1σ errors, respectively. This level of precision will significantly improve the current Martian chronology, which has uncertainty about a factor of two to four. These results indicate that the concentration of K can be measured quantitatively under high vacuum conditions using a combination of instruments that have previously been carried in planetary missions, which suggests the viability of building in situ isochron K–Ar dating instruments with LIBS.

Development of two-grating spectrometer for the charge exchange spectroscopy system on KSTAR

The charge exchange spectroscopy (CES) system on Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) was installed last year and had been applied to measure the C VI ion temperature and rotation velocity profiles. The ion temperature and rotation velocity profiles had been estimated from the C VI 5290.5 Å (n = 8-7) charge-exchange spectrum signal measured by a Czerny-Turner type spectrometer and a thinned back-illuminated charge coupled device (CCD) camera. However, the Czerny-Turner type spectrometer used for the KSTAR CES system showed so low signal to noise ratio for KSTAR plasmas in the 2010 experimental campaign that the time resolution of the CES system had been limited to 100 ms due to the increased exposure time of the attached CCD camera. Then, new two-grating spectrometer had been developed in order to improve the time resolution of the CES system. The spectrometer consists of two gratings (1200 g/mm and 1800 g/mm each) with additive configuration, concave mirrors (f = 50 cm), and a cylindrical lens (f = 50 cm). The time resolution of the CES system increases by a factor of 2-4 with the two-grating spectrometer. The C VI ion temperature and rotation velocity profiles obtained by the two-grating spectrometer are compared to those by Czerny-Turner type spectrometer in this paper.

A portable diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer for the rapid and automatic measurement of meat pigments

A portable reflectance spectrophotometry system, which can measure a wide range of absorbance and has an adhesive pad type fibre optic probe, was developed to improve the availability of non-invasive reflectance spectrophotometry. A Czerny-Turner type spectrometer, which can be connected to an optical fibre probe, was developed, and a linear charge coupled device (CCD) was used as its light detector to increase data acquisition speed. The scanning time of the linear CCD is automatically controlled in accordance with the reflectance of meat to increase the dynamic range of absorption. The author tried to apply this instrument to samples of meat pigments in order to demonstrate whether reflectance spectrophotometry is suitable for evaluating the freshness of meat. The author examined myoglobin solution in the form of the met-derivative in order to detect the concentration of myoglobin. The absorbance spectrum of myoglobin in the range of 0-4 mg dl-1 was successfully distinguished with this instrument.

A portable diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer for rapid and automatic measurement of tissue

A portable reflectance spectrophotometry system which can measure a wider dynamic range of absorbance and has fibre-optic probes with a contact sensor and a pressure sensor was developed to improve the availability of noninvasive reflectance spectrophotometry. A flexible fibre-optic probe which is highly durable and biologically inert was developed as the standard probe. Attachments of the probe for sensing the contact between the probe and the measured tissue and the pressure of the probe head on the tissue were developed to avoid the disturbance in the haemodynamics of the tissue caused by the pressure of the probe contact. A Czerny-Turner type spectrometer which can be connected to an optical fibre probe was developed, and a linear CCD was used as its light detector to increase the data acquisition speed. The scanning time of the linear CCD is automatically controlled in accordance with the reflectance of the tissue to increase the dynamic range of absorption. This system has a dynamic range as large as 30 dB.

A High Resolution Rapid-Scanning Spectrometer

A Czerny-Turner type spectrometer has been designed and operated as a rapid scanning instrument by placing a rotating mirror near the exit slit. Using a helium-neon gas laser, resolution of 0.027 A has been measured at scanning rates of 0.4 A/microsec. Data have been taken with the scanning rate of 6 A/microsec, which could have been increased an order of magnitude if desired. A scanning range of 1-600 A depending on the grating and mirrors used has been obtained. Applications shown included the shift and shape of xenon spectral lines in a pulsed arc discharge. The associated electronics required for synchronization are included.