Cytotoxicity Of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Research Articles

Initial Cytotoxicity of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) during Setting on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Bone-marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) which are important cell source for hard tissue regeneration stay near periapical lesions of tooth, playing an essential role in periodontal regeneration. Since the biomineralization process of MSCs is largely governed by the initial local environment, it is crucial to know the biological effects of dental bioceramic (mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)) right after implantation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial cytotoxicity of 4 different commercially available MTA materials (Endocem MTA, Ortho MTA, ProRoot MTA, and MTA Angelus) against hMSCs during or after setting using extracts of materials. The materials were mixed separately and placed into disk-shaped Teflon split molds (10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness), and the sample discs were separated and eluted in the culture medium for 24 h. The extracts were exposed to hMSCs, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by the WST assay. In the present study, all 4 MTA products tested showed severe cytotoxicity at 100% and 50% extract, while 25% and 12.5% revealed 30∼100% depending on the MTA products. Endocem MTA showed severe cytotoxicity at 12.5% extract, while others showed relatively higher cell viability compared to Endocem MTA. Images of live and dead cells represented less live cells at 25% and 12.5%, confirming cell viability assay. Therefore, careful consideration of the concentration of MTA extracts is necessary, especially when applying MTA to the elderly patients to maintain the viability of hMSCs.

Cytotoxic effects of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium enrichedmixture cement, Biodentine and octacalcium pohosphate onhuman gingival fibroblasts.

Background. This in vitro study compared the effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium enriched mixture(CEM) cement, Biodentine (BD) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) on the viability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).Methods. After completion of the setting time of the materials under study, fibroblasts were placed in 24-well insert platesand 1 mg of each material was added to the respective wells. The plates were then incubated at 37°C. The inserts were removedat 24, 48 and 168 hours and 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was added to assess cytotoxicity via the MTT colorimetricassay. Data were analyzed at different time intervals using repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by the Bonferronitest at three levels of significance of P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001.Results. Cytotoxicity of the materials under study was not significantly different at 24 and 48 hours compared to the controlgroup. However, at 168 hours, a significant difference was noted between MTA (P < 0.05) and Biodentine (P < 0.01)and the control group.Conclusion. Cytotoxicity of MTA, CEM, Biodentine and OCP against HGFs was similar to that of the control group at 24and 48 hours. Over time, MTA and Biodentine exhibited less cytotoxicity than other materials.

Cytotoxicity of Various Endodontic Materials on Stem Cells of Human Apical Papilla.

Introduction: This in vitro study assessed and compared the cytotoxicity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement, Biodentine (BD) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) on stem cells of the human apical papilla (SCAP). Methods and Materials:SCAPs were isolated from two semi-impacted third molars. The cells were cultured in wells of an insert 24-well plate and were then incubated. The plates were then removed from the incubator and randomly divided into four experimental groups that were exposed to 1-mm discs of set MTA, CEM, BD or OCP, and one untreated control group. After 24, 48 and 168 h, the plates were removed from the incubator and 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution was added to each well. Data were analyzed at different time points using the repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test and the level of significance was set at 0.05. Results:Cytotoxicity of the four materials was not significantly different from that of the control group at 24, 48 and 168 h (P>0.05). Two-by-two comparison revealed that cytotoxicity of MTA and CEM cement was significantly different from each other at 168 h (P<0.05) although the cytotoxicity of CEM was less than MTA. Cytotoxicity of OCP and MTA was also significantly different from each other at 48 h and OCP had more favorable biocompatibility than MTA (P<0.05). Conclusion:CEM, OCP, BD and MTA showed acceptable biocompatibility when exposed to SCAP. Over time, CEM showed the least cytotoxicity among the materials under study.

Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium enriched mixture cements on L929 mouse fibroblast cells

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has shown good biocompatibility in several studies. In the present study, the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of calcium enriched mixture (CEM) were evaluated compared with MTA using MTT and single-cell gel (comet) assays with serial ascending concentrations (0 to 1,000 µg/mL) of tested materials. Cytotoxicity data indicated that there is no significant difference between CEM and MTA at all concentrations except for the full concentration (1,000 µg/mL); CEM had lower cytotoxicity. Genotoxic effects were more evident with CEM at concentrations of 15.6 and 250 µg/mL; however, was less than that of MTA at concentrations of 500 and 1,000 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects of the two experimental groups generally increased with consistency. Under the conditions of this study, CEM is biocompatible in terms of cyto- and genotoxicity. It appears to be an alternative to MTA as an endodontic biomaterial offering several advantages.

Effect of N-acetylcysteine on Rat Dental Pulp Cells Cultured on Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and its potential detoxification by an antioxidant amino acid, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Methods Rat dental pulp cells extracted from rat maxillary incisors were directly cultured on MTA with or without NAC in culture me-dium. The number of cells and their spreading behavior were both assessed 24 hours after seeding. The intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) were also assessed after 24 hours of culture. Results The number of cells attached to MTA was 60% greater when NAC was added to the culture medium. In addition, the area and perimeter of the cells were found to be 2-fold greater in the culture containing NAC. Cells cultured on MTA alone showed large ROS concentrations, which disappeared when the medium was supplemented with NAC. The intracellular GSH level, however, increased 3.5-fold with NAC addition. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the presence of NAC in environments can substantially improve attachment and spreading behaviors of dental pulp cells on MTA. This biological effect was associated with an im-provement in the cellular redox system by NAC and warrants further exploration of NAC for determining its therapeutic value in improving the biocompatibility of MTA.

Cytotoxicity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and response of rat pulp to MTA and BMP-2

The aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and the response of rat pulp tissue to MTA and BMP-2. For cytotoxicity studies, 1 g MTA was mixed with or without 1 microg of BMP-2 and allowed to set for 1, 24, 48, or 72 hours before addition of samples to 2-mL aliquots of culture medium. The viability of MG-63 cells was determined using the dimethyl-thiazol-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. For animal studies, upper first molars from 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were used, the molars were exposed, and 1 g MTA cement was placed in the first molars. In left molars, 1 microg BMP-2 was additionally placed on exposed pulps with MTA. After 2 weeks and 7 weeks, rats were killed and histologic sections assessed by light microscopy. In MTT assay, the viability was higher in the MTA with BMP-2 group than in the MTA-only group up to 24 hours, but was not significantly different thereafter. In animal study, inflammation was higher in the MTA-only group than in the MTA with BMP group, although this difference did not attain statistical significance. The addition of BMP-2 had a beneficial effect in vitro, reducing the initial cytotoxicity of freshly mixed MTA. However, the pulp reaction to a combination of MTA and BMP-2 was not significantly better than use of MTA alone.

Cytotoxic effect of a new endodontic cement and mineral trioxide aggregate on L929 line culture.

The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and a New Endodontic Cement (NEC) on L929 mouse fibroblasts. Different dilutions (Neat, 1/2, 1/10, 1/100) of fresh and set materials placed adjacent flasks of L929 in DMEM medium. Cellular viability was assessed using MTT assay in three time intervals (24, 48, and 72 h after mixing). Differences in mean cell viability values between materials were assessed by using the One-way ANOVA and Bonferoni post-test. Optical microscopic analysis of morphology of the untreated control and the cement-treated cell cultures were carried out in all experimental periods. It was indicated that there was not a significant difference in cytotoxicity among the materials of test and between them and the control group. However, there was a statistically significant difference between different time intervals within each group (P< 0.05) and between different concentration of test materials (P<0.05). In all samples, set materials showed better viability than fresh ones. According to results of this study, NEC and MTA have similar cytotoxic effect on L929 cell culture.

Ingredients and cytotoxicity of MTA and 3 kinds of Portland cements

The aim of this study was to compare the compositions and cytotoxicity of white ProRoot MTA (white mineral trioxide aggregate) and 3 kinds of Portland cements. The elements, simple oxides and phase compositions of white MTA (WMTA), gray Portland cement (GPC), white Portland cement (WPC) and fast setting cement (FSC) were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Agar diffusion test was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxicity of WMTA and 3 kinds of Portland cements. The results showed that WMTA and WPC contained far less magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) than GPC and FSC. FSC contained far more aluminum oxide (Al 2O3) than WMTA, GPC, and WPC. WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC were composed of main phases, such as trical- cicium silicate (3CaO∙SiO2), dicalcium silicate (2CaO∙SiO2), tricalcium aluminate (3CaO∙Al2O3), and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (4CaO∙Al2O3∙Fe2O3). The significance of the differences in cellular response between WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC was statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis Exact test with Bonferroni' s correction. The result showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) . WMTA, GPC, WPC and FSC showed similar compositions. However there were notable differences in the content of minor elements, such as aluminum (Al), magnesium, iron, manganese , and zinc. These differences might influence the physical properties of cements. (J Kor Acad Cons Dent

Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of mineral trioxide aggregate and regular and white Portland cements on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in vitro

Recently, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland cement have been used in dentistry as root-end-filling materials. However, the reported results concerning the biocompatibility of these materials are inconsistent. The goal of this study was to examine the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of MTA and Portland cements in vitro by the single-cell gel (comet) assay and trypan blue exclusion test. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to MTA and regular and white Portland cements at final concentration ranging from 1 to 1000 microg/mL for 1 h at 37 degrees C. All compounds tested did not show genotoxic effects in all concentrations evaluated. No significant differences (P > .05) in cytotoxicity were observed for all compounds tested. Taken together, our results suggest that MTA and Portland cements are not genotoxins and are not able to induce cellular death.

Cytotoxicity of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Using Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts

The purpose of the present study was to compare the cytotoxicity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to other commonly used retrofilling materials, Super-EBA and amalgam. This was accomplished using a cell viability assay for mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts after 24-hr exposure to extracts of varying concentrations of the test materials, in both freshly mixed and 24-hr set states. Methyl methacrylate 2% (vol/vol) served as the positive control, and complete culture medium served as the negative control. Differences in mean cell viability values were assessed by ANOVA (p < 0.05). In the freshly mixed state, the sequence of toxicity was amalgam > Super-EBA > MTA. In the 24-hr set state the sequence of toxicity at a low extract concentration was Super-EBA > MTA, amalgam, and Super-EBA > amalgam > MTA at a higher extract concentration. This study supports the use of MTA in the root-end environment.