Cytotoxicity Of Chitosan Nanoparticles Research Articles

Preparation of biocompatible chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Aloe vera extract for use as a novel drug delivery mechanism to improve the antibacterial characteristics of cellulose-based fabrics

The primary goal of this study was to develop nanotechnology-based controlled drug delivery devices. As a nano carrier for Aloe vera extract, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were used. The ionic gelation method was used to make CSNPs from chitosan solution using tripolyphosphate (TPP). The generated high-performance CSNPs were then loaded with Aloe vera extract to create Aloe vera-laden chitosan nanoparticle nanocomposites. The nanocomposite is then employed as a superb antibacterial material with the least amount of toxicity. To impart antibacterial activity without cytotoxicity, cotton (100%) and viscose (100%) samples were treated with varied doses of this compound. The treated fabrics with chitosan nanoparticles and their nanocomposite with various concentrations prevented the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, according to the findings. The embedding of chitosan nanoparticles into fabrics and their bioactive material loaded were revealed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) research. Finally, the cytotoxicity of CSNPs and Aloe vera extract loaded CSNPs nanocomposite was assessed using a cell viability assay, confirming that the produced nanocomposite is non-toxic and tissue compatible, just like CS.

Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Pathogenic N. gonorrhoea.

PurposeThe emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains that are resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics represents a great concern for global public health. This challenges the effectiveness of clinical treatment regimens and demands the development of alternative antigonococcal agent. In this regard, chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) are known to have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogens. Thus, they have become a potential candidate for combatting this era of multi-drug resistance. This study aims to formulate CNPs, characterize their physicochemical properties, and examine their antimicrobial activity against gonococcus.Materials and MethodsThe ionic gelation method was used to prepare CNPs of different concentrations. Characterization for their particle size (PZ), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) was performed. The anti-microbial activity of CNPs was investigated against 13 WHO N. gonorrhoeae reference strains, using the broth dilution method. Cytotoxicity of CNPs and their effect on bacterial adhesion to HeLa cells were investigated.ResultsThe average PZ and ZP of the prepared NPs were increased when the concentration of chitosan was increased from 1 to 5 mg/mL and found to be in the range of 193 nm ± 1.9 to 530 nm ± 13.3, and 14 mV ± 0.5 to 20 mV ± 1, respectively. Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) images revealed spherical NPs, and the NPs had a low PDI value of ≤0.27. The formed CNPs produced antibacterial activity against all tested strains, including those resistant to multiple antibiotics, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of 0.16 to 0.31 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.31 to 0.61 mg/mL. Of note, at all MIC90 and MBC, the CNPs had no significant cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells and reduced bacterial adhesion to these cells at MBC doses.ConclusionThe present work findings suggest the potential of the CNPs for the treatment of gonorrhoea.

Atorvastatin-loaded nanosprayed chitosan nanoparticles for peripheral nerve injury

In this study, chitosan nanoparticles containing atorvastatin calcium were prepared using the nanospray-drying method to be used in the local treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. The main focus was to investigate the effect of the molecular weight and concentration of the polymer, the concentration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the diameter of the spray nozzle (4·0, 5·5 and 7·0 μm) on the final properties of nanoparticles. Atorvastatin nanoparticles were characterized in terms of morphology, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release. In all formulations, the nanoparticles were found to be in the submicrometer range (510·5 ± 22·3–820·0 ± 98·7 nm) with a positive surface charge (11·1–26·6 mV) and a narrow particle size distribution (PDI = 0·10–0·58). Further evaluation of the synthesized nanoparticles revealed high encapsulation efficiency (23·37–53·61%) and production yield (58·30–74·10%). Critical examination of the morphology of nanoparticles in all formulations indicated that the nanoparticles were almost spherical in shape and had a wrinkled surface. The in vitro release test revealed that the nanoparticles were capable of maintaining a sustained release of atorvastatin for about 200 h. The cytotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles was evaluated using L-929 and B35 cells, and the nanoparticles were found to show no toxic effect.

Particle Size Affects Concentration-Dependent Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Nanoparticles towards Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) have been extensively applied in medical and pharmaceutical fields as promising drug delivery systems. Despite that, the safety of CSNPs remains inadequate and needs further investigation, particularly on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). CSNPs were prepared by ionic gelation method and later were characterized for their physical characteristics (particle size and zeta potential). Cytotoxicity of CSNPs was assessed by MTT assay. Particle size was highly influenced by chitosan concentration and molecular weight (medium and high molecular weight (MMW and HMW)). Higher chitosan concentration and molecular weight produced larger nanoparticles. Zeta potential of CSNPs was not significantly affected by chitosan concentrations and molecular weights used in the present study. MMW had a better stability than HMW CSNPs as their particle size and zeta potential were not significantly altered after autoclaving. Cytotoxicity of CSNPs was influenced by zeta potential and particle size. On the other hand, chitosan concentration and molecular weight indirectly influenced cytotoxicity by affecting particle size and zeta potential of CSNPs. In conclusion, cytotoxicity of CSNPs was mainly attributed to their physical characteristics and this opens a strategy to ensure the safety of CSNPs applications in stem cell technology.

Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles in human liver cells

Despite extensive research into the biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of nanoparticles, and the liver being the main detoxifying organ in the human body, there are limited studies which delineate the hepatotoxicity of nanoparticles. This paper reports on the biological interactions between liver cells and chitosan nanoparticles, which have been widely recognised as biocompatible. Using the MTT assay, human liver cells were shown to tolerate up to 4 h of exposure to 0.5% w/v of chitosan nanoparticles (18 ± 1 nm, 7.5 ± 1.0 mV in culture medium). At nanoparticle concentrations above 0.5% w/v, cell membrane integrity was compromised as evidenced by leakage of alanine transaminase into the extracellular milieu, and there was a dose-dependent increase in CYP3A4 enzyme activity. Uptake of chitosan nanoparticles into the cell nucleus was observed by confocal microscopic analysis after 4 h exposure with 1% w/v of chitosan nanoparticles. Electron micrographs further suggest necrotic or autophagic cell death, possibly caused by cell membrane damage and resultant enzyme leakage.

Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan molecules and nanoparticles: effects of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation.

To evaluate the effects of molecular weight (Mw) and degree of deacetylation (DD) on the cellular uptake and in vitro cytotoxicity of chitosan molecules and nanoparticles. Chemical depolymerization and reacetylation produced chitosans of Mw 213,000 to 10,000 and DD 88-46%, respectively. Chitosan was labeled with FITC and transformed into nanoparticles by ionotropic gelation. Uptake of chitosan by confluent A549 cells was quantified by fluorometry, and in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT and neutral red uptakeassays. Nanoparticle uptake was a saturable event for all chitosan samples, with the binding affinity and uptake capacity decreasing with decreasing polymer Mw and DD. Uptake fell by 26% when Mw was decreased from 213,000 to 10,000, and by 41% when DD was lowered from 88% to 46%; the uptake data correlated with the zeta potential of the nanoparticles. Uptake of chitosan molecules did not exhibit saturation kinetics and was less dependent on Mw and DD. Postuptake quenching with trypan blue indicated that the cell-associated chitosan nanoparticles were internalized, but not the cell-associated chitosan molecules. Chitosan molecules and nanoparticles exhibited comparable cytotoxicity, yielding similar IC50 and IC20 values when evaluated against the A549 cells. Cytotoxicity of both chitosan entities was attenuated by decreasing polymer DD but was less affected by a lowering in Mw. Transforming chitosan into nanoparticles modified the mechanism of cellular uptake but did not change the cytotoxicity of the polymer toward A549 cells. Chitosan DD had a greater influence than Mw on the uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles because of its effect on the zeta potential of the nanoparticles.