Cytotoxic Activity Research Articles

Structure‐Activity‐Relationships of the Stability of six Pentathiepins towards Glutathione: Possible Correlations with Biological Activities

The biological properties of pentathiepins have been intensively studied in recent years. Although the proposed mechanism of action requires activation by intracellular thiols, the dependence of activity on the stability of pentathiepins towards glutathione (GSH) has not been directly investigated. Here, we determined the structure‐related stability of six different pentathiepins with four different scaffolds in the presence of GSH by using reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) and UV‐vis spectroscopy over a wide range of GSH concentrations. We found significant differences in compound stability depending on the pentathiepin scaffold; these differences were reflected in their cytotoxic activities. However, we found no substantial differences in their inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx‐1). While the intact pentathiepin ring is necessary for the antiproliferative activity of pentathiepins, the depletion of intracellular GSH content with dl‐buthionine‐(S,R)‐sulfoximine (BSO) led to a significant increase in cytotoxicity of the tested substances. In view of the increased cytotoxicity following artificial GSH depletion, this calls into question the sole role of GSH in the intracellular activation mechanism.

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Synergistic Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of the Essential Oil of Dimetia hedyotidea

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Synergistic Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of the Essential Oil of Dimetia hedyotidea

Exploring the cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of lanthanide-doped ZnO nanoparticles: a study with machine learning interpretation

BackgroundLanthanide-based nanomaterials offer a promising alternative for cancer therapy because of their selectivity and effectiveness, which can be modified and predicted by leveraging the improved accuracy and enhanced decision-making of machine learning (ML) modeling.MethodsIn this study, erbium (Er3+) and ytterbium (Yb3+) were used to dope zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs). Various characterization techniques and biological assays were employed to investigate the physicochemical and optical properties of the (Er, Yb)-doped ZnO NPs, revealing the influence of the lanthanide elements.ResultsThe (Er, Yb)-doped ZnO NPs exhibited laminar-type morphologies, negative surface charges, and optical bandgaps that vary with the presence of Er3+ and Yb3+. The incorporation of lanthanide ions reduced the cytotoxicity activity of ZnO against HEPG-2, CACO-2, and U87 cell lines. Conversely, doping with Er3+ and Yb3+ enhanced the antioxidant activity of the ZnO against DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 radicals. The extra tree (ET) and random forest (RF) models predicted the relevance of the characterization results vis-à-vis the cytotoxic properties of the synthesized NPs.ConclusionThis study demonstrates, for the first time, the synthesis of ZnO NPs doped with Er and Yb via a solution polymerization route. According to characterization results, it was unveiled that the effect of optical bandgap variations influenced the cytotoxic performance of the developed lanthanide-doped ZnO NPs, being the undoped ZnO NPs the most cytotoxic ones. The presence alone or in combination of Er and Yb enhanced their scavenging capacity. ML models such as ET and RF efficiently demonstrated that the concentration and cell line type are key parameters that influence the cytotoxicity of (Er, Yb)-doped ZnO NPs achieving high accuracy rates of 98.96% and 98.67%, respectively. This study expands the knowledge of lanthanides as dopants of nanomaterials for biological and medical applications and supports their potential in cancer therapy by integrating robust ML approaches.Graphical abstract

Structurally diverse bufadienolides from the skins of Bufo bufo gargarizans and their cytotoxicity

Natural products, with their extensive chemical diversity, distinctive biological activities, and vast reservoirs, provide a robust foundation for advancing cancer therapeutics. A comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the skins from Bufo bufo gargarizans afforded two new bufadienolide derivatives identified as bufalactamides A and B (1–2), along with six known compounds: argentinogenin (3), desacetylcinobufagin (4), desacetylcinobufaginol (5), cinobufaginol (6), bufalin (7) and gamabufalin (8). The structural elucidation of these compounds was meticulously carried out by analyses of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESIMS), and comparison with the literature data. Plausible biosynthetic pathways for the new compounds were also discussed. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the compounds was investigated using various cancer cell lines, including lung cancer (A549), colon cancer (HCT-116), liver cancer (SK-Hep-1), and ovarian cancer (SKOV3). Our research findings indicated that compounds 3, and 6–8 exhibit potent cytotoxic activity (IC50 < 2.5 µM). In contrast, compounds 4 and 5 display moderate cytotoxic activity (IC50 < 50 µM) while compounds 1 and 2 show no cytotoxic activity (IC50 > 100 µM). From this data, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the structure-activity relationships among these compounds.

A Novel Lactam and Two Rare Mycophenolic Acid Derivatives from the Fungus Penicillium Sclerotiorum JBHL321.

A novel lactam penicillactam (1), two rare mycophenolic acid (MPA) derivatives penimycophens A and B (2 and 3), together with two known biogenetically related MPA derivatives (4 and 5) and a known alkaloid (6) were isolated from the Penicillium sclerotiorum JBHL321. The structures of these compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compound 1 represent the rare example of a oxygen bridge-linked lactam from natural products. Structurally, compounds 2 and 3 were rare MPA derivatives featuring a methoxy group at C-3. The inhibitory activity of compounds 1-6 against two phytopathogenic fungi, three phytopathogenic bacteria and four cancer cell lines were evaluated. Compounds 2-5 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HeLa, MCF-7, A549 and MGC-803 cells with IC50 values in the low micromolar to nanomolar. Compound 3 exhibited especially cytotoxic activity against four different cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.06-0.14 μM, compared to IC50 values ranging from 0.62-2.51 μM for epirubicin.

A New Amide from the Fermentation of Fusarium sp. SFS-G3 and Cytotoxic Activities

A New Amide from the Fermentation of Fusarium sp. SFS-G3 and Cytotoxic Activities

Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activity of Koninginins Isolated from the Mangrove-Derived Endophytic Fungus Trichoderma sp.

The search for bioactive compounds for the treatment of several diseases has led to the study of endophytic fungi. Neoplastic diseases are among the most significant health concerns due to their high mortality rate, and there is a dearth of efficacious pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of cancer. Gastric cancer is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer and is among those with the highest mortality rates in Brazil. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to identify compounds with cytotoxic activity from the mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Trichoderma sp. Isolation of the chemical compounds was conducted using chromatographic methods, while structural elucidation was achieved through the application of spectroscopic (NMR and UV) and spectrometric (MS) techniques. The fungus Trichoderma sp. was found to produce five distinct koninginins (A, B, C, E, and J). The organic phases of the extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic potentials, respectively, through microdilution testing and the MTT method. In the cytotoxicity assay, both the AF extract and koninginin A demonstrated favorable outcomes, indicating their potential as promising anticancer therapeutic agents.

Synthesis of 6-Aryl-Substituted Derivatives of 8-Acetylharmine and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity and Antidepressant Activity

Synthesis of 6-Aryl-Substituted Derivatives of 8-Acetylharmine and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity and Antidepressant Activity

Impact of various endodontic sealers on HPDLF Cell viability and apoptosis

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and apoptotic activity of different endodontic sealers: Sealapex, Apexit Plus, AH Plus, MTA-Fillapex and TotalFill BC Sealer in the culture of human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPDLF) cells. The sealers were mixed, set for 24 h, and then covered with culture medium to obtain extracts, which were diluted to 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8. Simultaneously, HPDLF cells (1 × 104) were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C 5% CO2 conditions. The cells were then exposed to 100 µL of diluted extract medium. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to check cell viability, while apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post hoc tests with Mann Whitney U. In MTT and TUNEL assay cells were treated with sealers both 24 and 72 h. All materials showed higher toxicity at 72 h compared to 24 h. AH Plus exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, followed by MTA-Fillapex, Apexit Plus, Sealapex, while TotalFill BC Sealer had the lowest cytotoxicity. Consuquently, it was considered that TotalFill BC Sealer had the lowest cytotoxic potency when compared to other sealers, so it can be considered biocompatible.

Design, synthesis, and cytotoxic activity of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone-benzamide derivatives as apoptosis inducers

A new series of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone-benzamides 5a-n was designed based on previously reported potent cytotoxic agents. These compounds were synthesized from the reaction of 1,4-naphthoquinone, 4-aminobenzoic acid, and appropriate amine derivatives in good yields. Cytotoxic activities of the target compounds 5a-n were evaluated against three cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, SUIT-2, and HT-29 by MTT assay and the obtained in vitro data. All newly synthesized compounds were more potent than positive control cisplatin against MDA-MB-231 cell line and less potent than this control against SUIT-2 cell line. Moreover, most of the synthesized compounds were more potent than cisplatin against HT-29 cell line. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 5e was the most potent cytotoxic agent against all the three evaluated cell lines. Moreover, cell cycle analysis showed that derivatives 5f and 5l dose-dependently increase the percentage of sub-G1 cells. Induction of apoptosis as an important mechanism of anti-cancer drugs was confirmed morphologically in the most potent new compounds 5e, 5f, 5g, and 5l by Hoechst 33,258 staining.

Comparative toxicity of three variant oils and their nanoemulsions on the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Tick control mainly depends on using chemical acaricides that have led to the emergence of resistant tick populations along with environmental hazards. Natural alternatives including essential oils are now widely used to avoid the undesirable effects of chemicals on human, animals and environment. In this study, three commercial oils (myrrh, patchouli, and cypress) and their nanoemulsions (NEs) were tested against Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato unfed adults. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the nanoemulsions. Four concentrations with three replicates were used in the bioassay of oils and NEs against ticks using an adult immersion test. Furthermore, a toxicity study of the three oils and their NEs using normal fibroblast cells (BJ-1) was performed. TEM revealed particle size ranges from 29 to 211 nm with spherical droplets. The droplet size and polydispersity index were (29.30 nm & 0.367), (211.6 nm & 0.221) and (164.2 nm & 0.237) for myrrh NE, patchouli NE, and cypress NE, respectively. Myrrh and patchouli oils recorded high acaricidal activity followed by cypress oil with LC50 value 5 days after treatment of 9.01, 12.40, and 15.21%, respectively. The acaricidal efficacy of oil was potentiated in the NEs form which was proved by the reduction in LC50 values that were recorded 7 days after treatment 4.17, 8.57, and 5.04%, for myrrh, patchouli, and cypress NE, respectively. As an alternative for lab animals, we applied the cytotoxicity of myrrh, patchouli, and cypress on normal fibroblast cells. The oils showed low cytotoxic activity of 10.6, 21.5, and 23.6% for Myrrh, Patchouli, and Cypress, respectively. The nanoemulsion was revealed to be safe for normal cells up to a concentration of 0.62% (cytotoxicity%= 24.4, 34.4, and 16.3%, respectively), and the moderate cytotoxic effect appeared at around a concentration of 1.25% (cytotoxicity%= 42.2%, 57.0%, and 36.8% respectively). In conclusion, the three oils and their NEs have good acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus sanguineus unfed adults. Further toxicity studies on mammals are needed to ensure the safe use of these formulations for the control of ticks on infested animals.

Carob Seeds as a Source of Bioactive Flavonoid Derivatives: Isolation, Network Pharmacology-guided Anti-cancer Activity, and HPLC Standardization.

Carob, Ceratonia siliqua L. (CS), is a legume well-known for its edible pod pulp. Its seeds are used almost exclusively as a source of the food additive E410. Although a variety of metabolites have been identified by HPLC and LC-MS analysis in CS, reports concerned with their isolation are scarce. In this study, two flavonoid derivatives were isolated from the methanolic extract of CS seeds, namely, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and 4'-p-hydroxybenzoylisorhamnetin-3,7-di-O-rhamnoside. Network pharmacology was unusually used as a guide for estimation of the biological potential of the isolated compounds. Finally, the methanolic extract of CS seeds and its ethyl acetate fraction were standardized for their 4'-p-hydroxybenzoylisorhamnetin-3,7-di-O-rhamnoside content by HPLC. The identified isolates displayed the ability to interfere with the activity of several target proteins associated with renal and colon cancers. Their cytotoxic effect on renal and colorectal cancer cell lines was investigated in comparison to Doxorubicin. The selectivity of the isolated compounds was evaluated on normal human fetal fibroblast cell lines. The isolated 4'-p-hydroxybenzoylisorhamnetin-3,7-di-O-rhamnoside showed very potent cytotoxic activity against the tested cell lines with the highest selectivity. CS seeds can be used as a source of bioactive flavonoid derivatives that can be incorporated in pharmaceutical industries.

Synthesis of Novel 3,4-Dihydropyrimidine Derivatives, Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation, Apoptosis, Molecular Docking Studies, and MD Simulations.

In this study, twelve 3,4-dihydropyrimidines derivatives were synthesized through Biginelli multi-component reaction. The efficacy of these compounds against MCF-7, A549, and HeLa cells was evaluated using the MTT method. The results showed that designed derivatives were more effective against A549 cancer cells than MCF-7 and HeLa cells. Compound 5l (bearing 4-Cl-phenyl at C4 of 3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one ring) was the most potent analogue (A549: 18.65±1.87 μM, HeLa: 26.59±2.71 μM, MCF-7: 31.82±2.64 μM). The presence of an electron-withdrawing group with optimum lipophilicity at the C4 position of the phenyl ring increased the cytotoxic effect. The flow cytometry findings indicated that compound 5l induced apoptosis in A549 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Eg5 and AKT1 were selected as molecular modeling target by applying pharmacology network analyses. The molecular docking results indicated that both enantiomers of compound 5l had significant interactions with key residues in both Eg5 (Gly117 and Glu116) and AKT1 (Ala123 and Glu121) active sites. However, MD simulation revealed that the R enantiomer had a more stable complex and a higher binding affinity to the Eg5 enzyme active site than the S-enantiomer. The affinity of 5l (R enantiomer) to Eg5 was predicted more than AKT1.

Complexation by γ-cyclodextrin as a way of improving anticancer potential of sumanene

Biological applications of sumanene buckybowl molecule have been widely discussed over the years yet remain still unexplored experimentally. On the other hand, creating cyclodextrin-containing supramolecular assemblies was demonstrated to be a powerful tool in terms of designing effective systems for medicinal chemistry purposes. Here, we show that sumanene molecule exclusively forms 1:1 host-guest complexes with γ-cyclodextrin (γCD) or (2-hydroxypropyl)-γ-cyclodextrin (HP-γCD), as revealed by extensive spectroscopic studies supported with density functional theory (DFT) computations. Based on our preliminary biological studies, we discovered that the formation of such complexes resulted in the improvement of anticancer properties of sumanene, expressed by high cell viabilities in vitro of healthy human mammary fibroblasts (HMF) together with low viabilities of human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231). Improved pharmacokinetic (ADME-Tox) properties for sumanene@γCD and sumanene@HP-γCD complexes in comparison to native sumanene were also supported by in sillico modeling studies. This work provides the method how to focus the cytotoxic action of sumanene toward cancer cells using supramolecular assembly strategy, paving the way to the further exploration of biological properties of sumanene-containing supramolecular systems with bioactive features and applications of this buckybowl in general.

Chemical Profile of Kumquat (Citrus japonica var. margarita) Essential Oil, In Vitro Digestion, and Biological Activity

Kumquat is one of the smallest citrus fruits (from the Rutaceae family), and its essential oil’s biological effects have not yet been sufficiently researched, in contrast to the essential oils of its relatives. Therefore, the aim of this large-scale study was to investigate the chemical profile of kumquat essential oils (KEOs) isolated by microwave-assisted distillation (MAD) and Clevenger hydrodistillation using GC-MS analysis. To test the bioaccessibility of their bioactive components, in vitro digestion with commercially available enzymes was performed. The final step of this research was to test their cytotoxic activity against a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), a human colon cancer cell line (HCT116), a human osteosarcoma cell line (U2OS), and a healthy cell line (RPE1). Two methods were used to test the antioxidant activity: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). The antibacterial activity was tested in relation to the growth and adhesion of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on a polystyrene surface. The GC-MS analysis showed that the major compound in both kumquat essential oils was limonene, which was stable before and after in vitro digestion (&gt;90%). The results showed that the cytotoxic activity of the KEOs in all three cancer cell lines tested was IC50 1–2 mg/mL, and in the healthy cell line (RPE1), the IC50 value was above 4 mg/mL. The antibacterial activity of the KEOs obtained after MAD and Clevenger hydrodistillation was 4 mg/mL against E. coli and 1 mg/mL against S. aureus. The KEOs after MAD and Clevenger hydrodistillation reduced the adhesion of E. coli by more than 1 log, while there was no statistically significant effect on the adhesion of S. aureus to the polystyrene surface. Both KEOs exhibited comparable levels of antioxidant activity using both methods tested, with IC50 values of 855.25 ± 26.02 μg/mL (after MAD) and 929.41 ± 101.57 μg/mL (after Clevenger hydrodistillation) for DPPH activity and 4839.09 ± 91.99 μmol TE/g of EO (after MAD) and 4928.78 ± 275.67 μmol TE/g of EO (after Clevenger hydrodistillation) for ORAC. The results obtained show possible future applications in various fields (e.g., in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries).

REVIEW: PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF Strobilanthes crispus

Strobilanthes crispus (S. crispus), called keji beling leaves, is a plant belonging to the genus Strobilanthes and family Acanthaceae. Keji beling (S.crispus) has been applied by Indonesians to cure some diseases like diabetes and dissolve kidney stones. The aim of this review article is to compile an update on the phytochemical studies and pharmacological activity of S. crispus. A literature review was carried out by searching for articles in the Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar data bases between 2014-2024. Studies have shown that the leaves of S. crispus contain flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, phytosterols, and fatty acids. Current pharmacological studies have revealed that the extracts, fractions, or secondary metabolites of S. crispus possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-urothelial, immunomodulatory, wound healing, cytotoxic, and anti-cancer activities. Although previous studies have provided information about S. crispus, pharmacological and phytochemical data are still limited. Further studies are still necessary to explore the bioactive compounds, toxicity, safety and future development of S.crispus as herbal medicine Keywords: keji beling, Strobilanthes crispus, phytochemical constituent, pharmacological activity

A Rationally Designed Azobenzene Photoswitch for DNA G‐Quadruplex Regulation in Live Cells

AbstractG‐quadruplex (G4) DNA structures are increasingly acknowledged as promising targets in cancer research, and the development of G4‐specific stabilizing compounds may lay a fundamental foundation in precision medicine for cancer treatment. Here, we propose a light‐responsive G4‐binder for precise modulation of drug activation, providing dynamic and spatiotemporal control over G4‐associated biological processes contributing to cancer cell death. We developed a specialized fluorinated azobenzene (AB) switch equipped with a quinoline unit and a positively charged carboxamide side chain, Q‐Azo4F‐C, designed for targeted binding to G4 structures within cells. Biophysical studies, combined with molecular dynamics simulations, provide insights into the unique coordination modes of the photoswitchable ligand in its trans and cis configurations when interacting with G4s. The observed variations in complexation processes between the two isomeric states in different cancer cell lines manifest in more than 25‐fold reversible cytotoxic activity. Immunostaining conducted with the structure‐specific G4 antibody (BG4), establishes a direct correlation between cytotoxicity and the varying extent of G4 induction regulated by the two isoforms. Finally, we demonstrate the photo‐driven reversible regulation of G4 structures in lung cancer cells by Q‐Azo4F‐C. Our findings highlight the potential of light‐responsive G4‐binders in advancing precision cancer therapy through dynamic control of G4‐mediated pathways.

Diversity of biological activities of crude venom extracted from five species of South China Sea anemones

Developing novel, efficient, and safe peptide drugs from sea anemones has aroused great interest in countries around the world today. Sea anemones contain complex protein and peptide toxins, which determine the diversity of their biological activities. In this study, a variety of activities were assessed for crude venom extracted from five species of South China Sea anemones, including hemolytic, enzyme inhibition, anticancer, insecticidal, analgesic and lethal activities. The most toxic sea anemone was found to be Heteractis magnifica, which has high lethal activity in mice with an LD50 of 11.0 mg/kg. The crude venom of H. magnifica also exhibited a range of the most potent activities, including hemolytic, trypsin inhibitory, cytotoxic activity against U251 and A549 cells, insecticidal and analgesic activities. In addition, the crude venom of Stichodactyla haddoni was the most effective inhibitor of pepsin, and the crude venom of Heteractis crispa was extremely strong toxicity to HepG2 cells. These findings are of great significance for exploring the potential and application of South China Sea anemone resources, and are expected to provide new directions and possibilities for the development of novel anticancer drugs, analgesics and biopesticides.

The genus Derris Lour., a potential source of valuable biologically active ingredients

AbstractThis article summarizes the recent reports on the chemical components and biological activities of the genus Derris Lour. There are about 240 compounds isolated from this genus, including 31 rotenoids, 146 flavones and their derivatives (flavans, isoflavones, chalcones), 7 triterpenoids, 23 pterocarpans, 10 coumarins, and 34 other compounds. Many compounds have unique structures and exhibit potential biological effects including insecticides, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, and cytotoxic activities. This review aims to systematically provide research results on the chemical composition and biological activities of Derris species.

Composition and Biological Activity of Flavonoid-containing Fractions of an Extract from Gratiola officinalis L.

Gratiola officinalis L. (hedge hyssop), a medicinal plant of the Scrophulariaceae family, has diuretic, purgative, and vermifuge properties. It is used as a herbal tea to treat chronic gastroenteritis, renal colic, jaundice, and intestinal worms. Previously, we have found that an extract from G. officinalis is nontoxic and has antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticachexic, and other properties. Our aims in this study were to separate the G. officinalis extract into individual fractions, to identify the most biologically active fractions, and to examine the chemical composition of these fractions and their biological activity toward A498 renal carcinoma cells. The G. officinalis extract was fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and each fraction was tested for antitumor activity. The active fractions were characterized by UV-visible electron spectral analysis, circular dichroism analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two antitumor-active fractions of a flavonoid nature were isolated and chromatographically purified. On the basis of the nuclear magnetic resonance data, the aglycone fragment of the main component of one fraction was found to be structured as 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxychroman-4-one, or 3',4'-dimethoxy-7- hydroxyflavanone. The antitumor effect of the most active fraction containing 7-O-glucoside of apigenin, glycoside 7,3'-di-O-luteolin and trace amounts of eupatilin against renal carcinoma A498 cells was manifested in its cytotoxic, cytostatic, apoptotic and autophagosomal activities. In addition, we found 3-(1-2)-glucoside of soyaspogenol B, which is a pentacyclic triterpenoid in the structure.