Cytotoxic Effect Of Crude Extracts Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Effects of Crude Extracts of Pereskia Bleo Leaves

ABSTRACT The phytocompounds in crude solvent extracts of Pereskia bleo leaves were identified and their cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines were determined. Crude extracts were obtained via maceration and subjected to GCMS analysis. Then, each extract was incubated with HeLa, MDA-MB-231, SW480, and NIH/3T3 cell lines for 72 h. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay was done to determine IC50 values of each extract. Terpenoids, sterols, alkaloids, fatty acids and phenolic compounds were identified from the crude extracts of P. bleo leaves. Other compounds identified were γ-sitosterol, β-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol. The ethyl acetate extract had potent cytotoxic effect against HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells as noted by the lowest IC50 values

In vivo antimalarial activity, toxicity, and phytochemical composition of total extracts from securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. (polygalaceae)

Introduction: Alternative antimalarial drugs are urgently required. Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. (Polygalaceae) is a medicinal plant with a long history of use in African ethnomedicine to treat malaria and other illnesses. The efficacy, safety, and chemical composition of chloroform: methanol (1:1) and aqueous total extracts from the leaves, stem, and roots of S. longepedunculata were investigated. Methods: Adult Swiss female mice were infected with 107 erythrocytes parasitized with Plasmodium berghei (strain ANKA) on day 0 as a model of malaria. Effects of crude extracts at a dosage rate of 100 mg/kg of body weight on parasitemia were measured over a 4-day period. To evaluate acute toxicity, the mice were administered crude extracts by oral gavage at 50, 300, and 2000 mg/kg of body weight and observed over a 24-h period. Cytotoxic effects of crude extracts were measured using human epithelial-2 cells in a 96-well microtiter plate over a 24-h period. Results: Chloroform: methanol (1:1) and aqueous root extracts demonstrated significant chemosuppressive activities of 91.46% and 87.64%, respectively (P 2000 mg/kg body weight. Crude extracts contained alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, and triterpenoids. Conclusion: The findings from the current study validate ethnopharmacological use of the plant, while demonstrating its potential as a possible source of new lead molecules against malaria.

Cytotoxic effects of four Caryophyllaceae species extracts on macrophage cell lines

Context: Saponins have been reported to possess antitumor properties, to inhibit angiogenesis and to induce tumor apoptosis.Objective: To test the possible cytotoxic effect of crude extracts from four Caryophyllaceae species including Gypsophila paniculata L., Gypsophila trichotoma Wend., Saponaria officinalis L., and Dianthus sylvestris Wulffen on cultured monocyte/macrophage cell lines.Materials and methods: After acid hydrolysis of the methanol-aqueous extracts, two representative prosaponins of the Caryophyllaceae, gypsogenin 3-O-glucuronide and quillaic acid 3-O-glucuronide were purified using solid-phase extraction (SPE), then identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray/mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MS). Cytotoxic activity of the crude extracts at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 200 µg/ml was evaluated on rat alveolar macrophage NR8383 and human monocytic THP-1 cell lines. Apoptosis was determined by measuring caspase-3 activity.Results: Quantitative analysis by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) revealed a high content of gypsogenin 3-O-glucuronide in Gypsophila species roots (0.52–1.13% dry weight). At a concentration ≥10 µg/ml of crude extracts, a significant reduction of NR8383 and THP-1 cell lines viability was evidenced using the Trypan blue exclusion test. D. sylvestris extract exhibited the highest toxicity against THP-1 cells. Caspase-3 activation was evidenced after 4 and 24 h incubation of macrophages with 100 µg/ml of S. officinalis and G. trichotoma extracts, indicating apoptosis induction.Discussion and conclusion: Crude extracts from the assayed species revealed cytotoxic effects toward macrophage cell lines. In Gypsophila species, gypsogenin 3-O-glucuronide derivatives could be responsible for the observed cytotoxicity. Therefore, crude extract of Caryophyllaceae is worth investigating for the potential development of agents against cancer cells.

EFFECT OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF DATE PITS (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA L. CV. ZAHDI) ON SOME CANCER CELL LINES IN VITRO AND THEIR EFFECT ON HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES AND TREATMENT OF TRANSPLANTED MAMMARY ADENOCARCINOMA IN MICE

The present investigation represents a preliminary study of the effect of crude extracts (aqueous, ethanolic and hexanic) of date pits (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Zahdi) on two malignant cell lines (human laryngeal carcinoma-Hep2 and murine mammary adenocarcinoma-AMN3) and one normal cell line (rat embryo fibroblast-REF). The study also includes evaluation of the effect of these extracts on several cytogenetic parameters such as mitotic index (MI%), blast index (BI%) and chromosomal aberrations (CA) after in vitro culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes. This work also includes a study of the therapeutic potential of one of these extracts in the treatment of transplanted murine mammary adenocarcinoma in mice.The in vitro cell growth assay showed that there was time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects of crude extracts of date pits on Hep2 and AMN3 cell lines. The highest significant effect of these extracts was achieved after 72 hrs of exposure with the highest concentration (10000 μg/ml). Ethanolic extract of pits (EP) caused growth inhibition percentage 89.4% , 93.4% for Hep2 and AMN3 respectively. However, 72 hrs exposure to EP at concentration of 10000 μg/ml caused slight inhibitory effect on REF cell line, reaching 17.7%.On the other hand, the crude extracts of pits caused significant reduction in the mitotic index and blast index of peripheral human lymphocytes, but without any structural or numerical chromosomal aberrations. Also these extracts neither replaced phytohemagglutinin (PHA) as mitogenic agent, nor colcemide as mitotic arresting agent at metaphase.The therapeutic doses of EP were determined according to LD50 in mice. The results indicated high effectiveness of this extract in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The highest therapeutic doses of EP (1 gm/kg B.wt.) showed the best therapeutic effect by reducing the tumor volume in mice to about 83.8%.The comparison of relative tumor volumes of different groups revealed highly significant differences among all treated groups and those of untreated (control) group.

In Vitro Antitumor Properties of an Isolate from Leaves of Cassia alata L

Leaf extracts of Cassia alata L (akapulko), traditionally used for treatment of a variety of diseases, were evaluated for their potential antitumor properties in vitro. MTT assays were used to examine the cytotoxic effects of crude extracts on five human cancer cell lines, namely MCF-7, derived from a breast carcinoma, SK-BR-3, another breast carcinoma, T24 a bladder carcinoma, Col 2, a colorectal carcinoma, and A549, a non- small cell lung adenocarcinoma. Hexane extracts showed remarkable cytotoxicity against MCF-7, T24, and Col 2 in a dose-dependent manner. This observation was confirmed by morphological investigation using light microscopy. Further bioassay-directed fractionation of the cytotoxic extract led to the isolation of a TLC-pure isolate labeled as f6l. Isolate f6l was further evaluated using MTT assay and morphological and biochemical investigations, which likewise showed selectivity to MCF-7, T24, and Col 2 cells with IC50 values of 16, 17, and 17 μg/ml, respectively. Isolate f6l, however, showed no cytotoxicity towards the non-cancer Chinese hamster ovarian cell line (CHO-AA8). Cytochemical investigation using DAPI staining and biochemical investigation using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-a method used to detect DNA fragmentation-together with caspase assay, demonstrated apoptotic cell death. Spectral characterization of isolate f6l revealed that it contained polyunsaturated fatty acid esters. Considering the cytotoxicity profile and its mode of action, f6l might represent a new promising compound with potential for development as an anticancer drug with low or no toxicity to non-cancer cells used in this study.

Evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of crude extracts of Cordia ecalyculata and Echinodorus grandiflorus

Ethnopharmacological relevance Cordia ecalyculata Vell. and Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli are extensively used in Brazil as therapeutic preparations for indigenous groups and the general population. These plants have been used in the folk medicine as: tonic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, appetite suppressants, for the treatment of snake bites, and weight loss. Aim of the study In this study, it was verified the possible cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the crude extracts of. Cordia ecalyculata and Echinodorus grandiflorus, as well as their effectiveness in treating obesity. Materials and methods The Micronucleus Test was used for the evaluation of possible clastogenic and aneugenic effects, and the Comet Assay was used for the evaluation of single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks. The cytotoxic effects of the crude extracts were verified by PCE/NCE ratio. Swiss mice ( Mus musculus) were used as the experimental model. Results It was observed a significant ( P < 0.05) increase, dose-independent, in the average frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood in mice treated with either the Cordia ecalyculata or Echinodorus grandiflorus extracts, in comparison with the negative control. There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes for both extract treatment. We observed that treatment with the Cordia ecalyculata extract at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw resulted in a PCE/NCE ratio that was larger ( P < 0.05) than the negative control. After 15 days of daily treatment, a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw of either phytotherapeutic did not reduce body mass gain or the amount of food consumed by Swiss mice when compared with the negative control ( P > 0.05). Conclusion The results of this study allowed us to infer that the crude extracts of Cordia ecalyculata and Echinodorus grandiflorus do not display cytotoxic or genotoxic activities. However, they do possess weak clastogenic activity (without significance) on peripheral blood cells. Contrary to commonly held beliefs it was also found in this study that the extracts are not effective for obesity treatments.

Cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes of crude extracts from planktonic Cnidaria

Biotoxin production is a characterizing aspect of the physiology and ecology of several marine organisms. In this study the cytotoxic effect of crude extracts from jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca, Chrysaora hysoscella and Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) against cultured human keratinocytes NCTC 2544 was evaluated by 3- (4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) Assay and Neutral Red Uptake (NRU). Low cytotoxic effects were observed with NRU, while MTT showed a dose-dependent effect, with a "plateau" at highest protein concentrations. Therefore, crude extraxts didn't show effect on lysosomes but MTT test emphasized cell survival decrease and a "plateau" effect at high extract doses which could be related with the inhibition of the mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity.

The Nature of Apoptosis of Human Breast Cancer Cells Induced by Three Species of Genus Ganoderma P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) Crude Extracts

The cytotoxic effect of crude extracts of three Ganoderma species (G. lucidum, G. tropicum, and G. tsugae) was screened against the human estrogen-independent cell line, MDA-MB-435 using a microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The crude extract obtained from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum by hot water extraction procedures had IC50 values ranging from 140 to 350 μg mL−1. Acridine-orange/propidium iodine staining, electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy showed that the crude extract caused both apoptosis and necrosis. The G. lucidum mycelial crude extract was most effective, with an IC50 value of 148 μg mL−1.

Cytotoxicity of Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

Cytotoxic effects of crude extracts and fractions of the purification steps towards Microcystin-LR (MCYST-LR) were investigated in vitro. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by measure of lactate dehydrogenase liberation of Chang liver cells and by hemolysis. Crude extracts of strain PCC 7806 damaged the cells within a few minutes. In contrast, MCYST-LR did not show any detectable cytotoxic effects. The cytotoxic activity could be related to a heat-labile substance with a molecular weight of about 30,000 Da.