Cytological Procedures Research Articles

Characterization of sperm morphology in two species of Neotropical bats: Artibeus planirostris and Sturnira erythromos (Phyllostomidae, Chiroptera).

Sperm morphology is considered the best indicator of male fertility. In Neotropical bats, important aspects of sperm morphology have been scantly studied. The aim of the present study was to characterize and compare the sperm morphology and morphometry of Artibeus planirostris and Sturnira erythromos. A total of 11 specimens were analyzed from the Colección de Mamíferos Lillo: five A. planirostris and six S. erythromos. The fixed epididymis were extracted and macerated in Farmer's solution, followed by the routine cytological procedure with different stains. To carry out the description and morphometric analysis, microphotographs were taken under an optical, epifluorescence and scanning electron microscope. A total of 50 sperm from each individual were measured for morphometric analysis. The percentage of normal/abnormal spermatozoa was estimated and the sperm abnormalities were classified. Both species showed morphologically simple spermatozoa with a spatulate head, a short neck, a helical midpiece and a tail that tapers at the final end, similar to other species of Phyllostomidae. The differences observed were: apex of the head was conical in A. planirostris and was oval in S. erythromos; longer head and midpiece in S. erythomos and longer sperm in A. planirostris. Both species showed a high percentage of sperm with normal appearance: 65% for A. planirostris and 72% for S. erythromos. The main sperm abnormalities were: scattered tails and heads, coiled tails, folded midpieces and presence of cytoplasmic droplets. The present work will improve the understanding of their reproductive biology. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Morphological descriptions and morphometric analyses of the sperm of Artibeus planirostris and Sturnira erythromos were carried out with optical, epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy.

An audit of “Repeat” fine needle aspiration cytology procedures in a cytopathology laboratory—An important quality indicator

Abstract Background: The cytopathology department mainly conducts audits to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of procedures across different organs. However, the common occurrence of repeat aspirations, typical in many cytology laboratories, has largely been overlooked. This study sought to examine the frequency of repeat Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) procedures within a cytopathology laboratory and to explore the root causes for such repetition. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted at the cytopathology laboratory affiliated with a tertiary care facility. This study included all FNAC cases reported over six months. Data were extracted from cytology records, and multiple factors leading to repeat aspirations were examined. The rate of repeat FNAC procedures was calculated by dividing the number of “repeat” FNAC procedures in a specific month by the total number of FNACs performed. A quality manager set a benchmark of 15% for the repeat FNAC rate. Results: About 39 out of 303 FNACs (12.8%) were repeated for 6 months. Soft tissue lesions, predominantly lipomas, accounted for most (35.9%) of these repeated aspirations. The principal reason for the need for repeat aspirations was insufficient material obtained during the initial aspiration. Conclusion: In many laboratories, the frequency of repeat FNAC procedures and their root causes often need to be checked. Evaluating the quantity of repeat aspirations in a laboratory indicates its performance and is a vital quality measure, especially when accreditation is required. This research proved beneficial by providing valuable insights into the prevalence of repeat aspirations within a cytology laboratory.

Hematological Neoplasms with Eosinophilia.

Eosinophils in peripheral blood account for 0.3-5% of leukocytes, which is equivalent to 0.05-0.5 × 109/L. A count above 0.5 × 109/L is considered to indicate eosinophilia, while a count equal to or above 1.5 × 109/L is defined as hypereosinophilia. In bone marrow aspirate, eosinophilia is considered when eosinophils make up more than 6% of the total nuclear cells. In daily clinical practice, the most common causes of reactive eosinophilia are non-hematologic, whether they are non-neoplastic (allergic diseases, drugs, infections, or immunological diseases) or neoplastic (solid tumors). Eosinophilia that is associated with a hematological malignancy may be reactive or secondary to the production of eosinophilopoietic cytokines, and this is mainly seen in lymphoid neoplasms (Hodgkin lymphoma, mature T-cell neoplasms, lymphocytic variant of hypereosinophilic syndrome, and B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma). Eosinophilia that is associated with a hematological malignancy may also be neoplastic or primary, derived from the malignant clone, usually in myeloid neoplasms or with its origin in stem cells (myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and tyrosine kinase gene fusions, acute myeloid leukemia with core binding factor translocations, mastocytosis, myeloproliferative neoplasms, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, and myelodysplastic neoplasms). There are no concrete data in standardized cytological and cytometric procedures that could predict whether eosinophilia is reactive or clonal. The verification is usually indirect, based on the categorization of the accompanying hematologic malignancy. This review focuses on the broad differential diagnosis of hematological malignancies with eosinophilia.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CELL BLOCK METHOD AND SMEAR CYTOLOGY IN FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY OF PALPABLE THYROID LESION IN PATIENTS ATTENDING KIST MEDICAL COLLEGE TEACHING HOSPITAL

Background: Most patients with thyroid diseases present with palpable neck swelling. Accurate evaluation of thyroid nodules is crucial as they can be neoplastic. The use of fine needle aspiration and smear cytology for the detection of malignant thyroid lesions is the usual practice. However, it has its limitations and diagnostic pitfalls. Cell block analysis can be a useful adjunct to smears for establishing a more definitive cytopathologic diagnosis. This study was aimed to evaluate cytology and cell block findings in the patients of palpable thyroid lesions. Methods: A cross sectional, hospital-based comparative, observational study was conducted in Department of Pathology after receiving ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee. The study was conducted from 1st August 2022 to 1st August 2023. Statistical analysis of the diagnostic utility of cell block was evaluated taking into account sensitivity and specificity. Results: Among the 50 cases diagnosed as non-neoplastic by smear cytology, 2 were found to be neoplastic by cell block and similarly among the 5 cases which were not diagnosed by cytology, 2 cases were confirmed to be non-neoplastic thyroid lesions by cell block. Sensitivity of FNAC to detect neoplastic lesions was 66.6% and specificity was 100%, while cell block had 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity to detect those lesions. Conclusions: As both smear cytology and cell block procedures are done in a single setting, combination of two procedures has beneficial effect not only to support diagnosis but also to establish new diagnosis.

Assessing the Frequency of Deferrable Thyroid Nodule Biopsies to De-escalate Low-Value Care

ObjectiveThyroid nodules are common, yet fewer than 1 in 10 harbors malignancy. When present, thyroid cancer is typically indolent with excellent survival. Therefore, patients who are not candidates for thyroid cancer treatment due to comorbid disease may not require further thyroid nodule evaluation. The goal of this study was to determine the rate of deferrable thyroid nodule biopsies in patients with limited life expectancy. MethodsWe identified patients who underwent thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) between 2015 and 2018 at our institution. The primary outcome was the number of deferrable FNAs, defined as FNAs performed in patients who died within 2 years after biopsy. Secondary outcomes included cytologic Bethesda score, procedure costs, and final diagnosis on surgical pathology. Multivariable logistic and Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to evaluate factors associated with FNA in patients with limited life expectancy. ResultsA total of 2565 FNAs were performed. Most patients were female (79%), and 37 (1.5%) patients died within 2 years. Nonthyroid specialists were significantly more likely to order deferrable FNAs (odds ratio 4.13, P < .001). Of the patients who died within 2 years, most (78%) had a concomitant diagnosis of nonthyroid cancer, and 4 went on to have thyroid surgery (Bethesda scores: 3, 4, 4, and 6). Spending associated with deferrable FNAs and subsequent surgery totaled over $98 000. ConclusionsOverall, the rate of deferrable thyroid nodule biopsies was low. However, there is an opportunity to reduce low-value biopsies in patients with a concurrent nonthyroid cancer by partnering with oncology providers.

C-Met immunohistochemistry as reflex test at diagnosis for non-small cell lung cancer: a real-world experience from a monocentric case series

AimsRecent clinical trials have shown promising results with drugs targeting the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met) for advanced non-small cell lung cancers overexpressing c-Met. We assessed reflex testing of c-Met...

Cytological study of different thyroid lesions and its correlation with thyroid function test

The research relevance of the combined use of fine needle aspiration cytology, sonography, and thyroid function tests is determined by accurate diagnostics of thyroid enlargement in both adults and children. The study aimed to analyse thyroid lesions through cytological analysis and their correlation with thyroid function test results. This cross-sectional study enrolled 100 patients with suspected thyroid disorders and nodules. Comprehensive assessments included clinic demographics, fine needle aspiration cytology procedures, and thyroid hormone profiles. Based on the Bethesda system, cytological diagnoses were correlated with thyroid function test results using the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method. Non-tumour thyroid lesions were found to be the most common (95%), with colloidal goitre being the most common. Neoplastic cases mainly included papillary and follicular carcinoma. Most thyroid lesions occurred among the 21-30 age group, non-neoplastic cases were more frequent among the 10-20 age group, and neoplastic cases were more common in those aged 21-40. All patients had neck swelling. Most cases were euthyroid (76%), predominantly classified as Category 2. A strong correlation between cytological diagnoses and thyroid hormone levels (p=0.04) was observed. Fine needle aspiration cytology demonstrated good sensitivity (80%) and high specificity (98.46%), with an 80% positive predictive value and 98.46% negative predictive value, resulting in a diagnostic accuracy of 97.14%. The study highlights the valuable role of fine needle aspiration cytology, when coupled with thyroid function tests, in effectively guiding the management of patients with thyroid lesions, owing to its impressive accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity

Cervical Cytology Findings in Renal Transplant Patients and Comparison of These Findings with Normal Population

Long-term immunosuppressive therapy increases the likelihood of renal transplant patients developing cervical cancer. We aimed to analyze the results of cervical cytology in renal transplant patients, compare these findings to those of the normal population, and determine the risk factors linked to the development of squamous intraepithelial lesions. Our analysis involved a retrospective study of hospital records from January 2000 to April 2018, encompassing 140 female renal transplant patients. A control group of 280 women with normal health status was selected and matched based on age and the cervical cytology procedure. The cervical cytology findings of the patients were re-evaluated using the Bethesda 2014 criteria. Of the total of 420 patients, 37 patients had epithelial cell abnormalities; including 32 (86.5%) patients in the renal transplant group and 5 (13.5%) control group (p ≤ 0.001). Sixty-two patients had infections; including 44 (71%) patients in the renal transplant group and 18 (29%) control group (p ≤ 0.001). We revealed that the development of squamous intraepithelial lesions was associated with factors such as having an immunologic disease as the primary renal disease, undergoing re-transplantation, and the presence of acute rejection (p ≤ 0.05). Cervical cytology screening plays a crucial role in detecting preinvasive lesions. The incidence of epithelial cell abnormalities is significantly higher in renal transplant patients compared to the normal population. Regular cervical cytology follow-up is vital for the early detection and prevention of cervical cancer progression in transplant recipients.

Development and Validation of a Simulation Model for Collection of Canine Vaginal Samples.

Vaginal cytology is a widely used cytological technique mostly taught by observation, either through direct tutoring or videos. To the best of our knowledge, vaginal cytology simulators have never been assessed in veterinary medicine. Twenty-five undergraduate students with no prior experience in canine vaginal sampling were randomly assigned to two groups that either practiced the procedure in a simulator or a live animal. An inverted classroom design was followed. After observing a video tutorial, students practiced with the simulator/live animal for two classes. Three weeks later, they performed a vaginal cytology on a live animal being recorded. The videos were evaluated through an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) by an observer blinded to the student's groups. The learning outcome was compared through OSCE pass rates and questionnaires. The simulation model was made by 3D printing and soft silicone for the vulvar labia, having pink and blue colored vaseline in the correct and incorrect locations for sampling. The model was economic and accurately replicated the female reproductive tract. It provided immediate feedback to students, by obtaining pink or blue swabs from the correct and incorrect locations, respectively. Students reported that three to five or more attempts were needed to properly learn the procedure, thus justifying the need for a simulator. No differences in the OSCE pass rates were observed between the groups. The simulation model was effective for learning the vaginal cytology procedure, replacing the use of live animals. This low-cost model should be incorporated in the tool-kit of reproduction classes.

Detection and Comparision of Cytopathological Changes in Smokers and Non-Smokers: A Comparative Study

Background: Oral cancer is one of the sixth most common cancers in the world. Oral exfoliative cytology is one of the popular screening tool for oral cancer. Use of tobacco in any form are documented as the most common cause as initiators for dysplastic changes in oral mucosa. The purpose of the study was to detect the cytological changes in buccal mucosa, tongue and palate among non-smokers smokers. Material Methods: Smears sample were collected according to site (buccal mucosa, tongue palate) from 100 subjects among smokers non-smokers. Smears were then stained using Papanicolaou staining technique. Results: Among the smokers and non-smokers the results were statistically significant. Conclusion: Recent advances in the clinical visualization and detection of the oral mucosa have made the viability of cytological procedures more specific and sensitive. Contact endoscopy and use of autofluorescence devices are the forerunners in this group. The fluorescence characteristics of tissues depend upon their biochemical composition and histomorphological architecture, both of which undergo a change during malignant transformation. These changes are detectable as an alteration in the fluorescence spectral profile of the tissues21. Due to low feasibilities of such devices the benchmark of diagnosis will be microscopic tissue examination. Hence cytological smears will always be highly specific, sensitive, easy to use and reproducible procedures in routine screening of population for potentially and malignant conditions of the oral cavity.

The Complex Cyto-Molecular Landscape of Thyroid Nodules in Pediatrics.

Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a commonly used diagnostic cytological procedure in pediatric patients for the evaluation of thyroid nodules, triaging them for the detection of thyroid cancer. In recent years, greater attention has been paid to thyroid FNA in this setting, including the use of updated ultrasound score algorithms to improve accuracy and yield, especially considering the theoretically higher risk of malignancy of these lesions compared with the adult population, as well as to minimize patient discomfort. Moreover, molecular genetic testing for thyroid disease is an expanding field of research that could aid in distinguishing benign from cancerous nodules and assist in determining their clinical management. Finally, artificial intelligence tools can help in this task by performing a comprehensive analysis of all the obtained data. These advancements have led to greater reliance on FNA as a first-line diagnostic tool for pediatric thyroid disease. This review article provides an overview of these recent developments and their impact on the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children.

A Study on Assessment of Diagnostic Yield of Cell Block, FNAC and Invasive Biopsy in Lung Mass with Effusion

BACKGROUND: Accurate diagnosis of histological subtype is of paramount importance in case of lung malignancy as it leads to variation in treatment and assessment of prognosis. Hence the current study was done to establish the yields of different diagnostic techniques to perform tests in institutes with lesser equipment. METHODS: prospective observational study performed in 45 patients who presented with pleural effusions with an underlying lung parenchymal mass in department of respiratory medicine, GEMS&amp;H, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh from August 2021 to August 2022 were included in the current study. RESULTS: During the period of 12 months that is from August 2021 to August 2022 we came across 60 lung mass cases among them 45 presented along with pleural effusion. In them Cell block results were suggestive of malignant effusion in 13 out of 45 cases giving a yield of about 29% whereas the yield of FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology) was 53% (24/45) giving a combined yield of 82% from cytological study. Biopsy was conclusive in all the cases with a yield of 100%. CONCLUSION: The combined yield of cell block and FNAC is high even though in the current study the efficacy of cell block and FNAC is lower to that of biopsy. Core needle biopsy is preferable to traditional cytology procedures, according to the current study, but in locations without the necessary equipment or when a patient is unfit for the treatment, the first line of inquiry should always be pleural fluid cell block and FNAC

Applicability of the Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology: A single Brazilian institution experience.

The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) emerged in 2015 as an attempt to establish protocols for a most appropriate follow-up and treatment of patients with salivary gland lesions. Through fine needle aspiration (FNA), a safe and minimally invasive way to obtain cytological samples, the lesion is classified into one of the six categories, which have different risks of malignancy (ROM) and, therefore, different management. FNA cytology procedures performed between January 2016 and June 2020 (54months) at the Pathology Institute of Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed by two pathologists with more than 5 years of experience. The ROM for each of the diagnostic categories was determines and compared with the ROM expected by the MSRSGC. A total of 99 FNA of salivary gland lesions were reviewed and retrospectively categorized. Histopathological follow-up was available for 58 of 96 patients (60.42%). The patients age ranged from 23 to 98 years with the mean of 58.15 ± 15.29 years. The parotid gland was the most affected (81.82%). The average size of the lesions was 2.59 cm. The ROM for each category was 16.67%, 0%, 0%, 2.86%, 50%, 100%, 100%, respectively. This is the first Brazilian study describing the application of the MSRSGC in the routine of a private Laboratory out of a cancer center service. Therefore, it is an effective method in the classification of salivary gland lesions, when associated with the MSRSGC, to determine the ROM and its appropriate treatment.

Primary Hydatid Breast Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

ABSTRACT Mammary hydatid disease is extremely rare, accounting for 0.27% of all cases. The presentation of a palpable painless breast lump mimics several other benign breast lesions. The condition should be included in the differential diagnosis of breast lumps in cases from endemic areas. This is a case report of a young lady from an endemic area, with a preoperative cytology diagnosis of breast hydatid disease. The lack of specific clinical signs poses a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician. Classical ultrasound findings and a carefully done fine needle aspiration cytology procedure can aid in establishing a preoperative diagnosis. Definitive treatment includes surgical excision along with antihelminthics.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid-Isolated Biomarkers for the Diagnostic and Prognostic Assessment of Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer is considered one of the most fatal malignant neoplasms because of its late detection. Detecting molecular markers in samples from routine bronchoscopy, including many liquid-based cytology procedures, such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), could serve as a favorable technique to enhance the efficiency of a lung cancer diagnosis. BALF analysis is a promising approach to evaluating the tumor progression microenvironment. BALF's cellular and non-cellular components dictate the inflammatory response in a cancer-proliferating microenvironment. Furthermore, it is an essential material for detecting clinically significant predictive and prognostic biomarkers that may aid in guiding treatment choices and evaluating therapy-induced toxicities in lung cancer. In the present article, we have reviewed recent literature about the utility of BALF analysis for detecting markers in different stages of tumor cell metabolism, employing either specific biomarker assays or broader omics approaches.

Disruptions of cytological screening procedures due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia

Abstract Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, most settings experienced healthcare service disruptions. The majority of cytological screening procedures were postponed to focus on assisting patients infected with COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to analyse the impact of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the uptake of cervical cancer screening in Slovakia. Methods Data on cytological screening procedures were obtained from two of the three health insurance companies in Slovakia for the years 2019 and 2020, covering the population of women aged 15 and older. All data were calculated stratified for age groups. Rates of cytological screenings were calculated as the number of procedures per women registered in the insurance company in the same age group and rate ratios were calculated as ratios of the rates for the years 2020 and 2019 for the same age group. Incidence rates were calculated as the number of newly diagnosed cervical cancer cases per women registered in the insurance company in the respective year. Results Rate ratios of cytological screening procedures revealed that in both examined health insurance companies, the rate of cytological exams was lower in 2020 compared to 2019 (0.95 and 0.89). This was observed across all age groups. The results showed a clear and statistically significant age gradient, indicating that the level of disruption increased with age. The age group 60-69 years had the highest incidence rate of cervical cancer in 2019, at 54.3 per 100 000. In 2020, the highest rate was 48.3 in the age group 50-59 years. The lowest rates were in children and young adults (&amp;lt;20 years). Conclusions This study confirms the significant impact of the pandemic on cervical cancer screening uptake in Slovakia, which may have delayed the diagnosis of cervical cancer into later stages of the disease with a worse prognosis. This may lead to increased mortality and years lived with disability due to this disease in Slovakia. Key messages • Disruptions in cervical cancer screenings were observed in Slovakia during the COVID-19 pandemic which may result in an increase in cervical cancer incidence and mortality. • Strategies should be implemented to maintain cancer screening programs during health emergencies to avoid excessive mortality and morbidity.

Determination of gender from dental pulp by identification of Barr bodies: A comparative study.

The determination of gender by dental pulp Barr bodies seems to be efficient tool especially in case of natural calamities where bodies are mutilated, charred, and unidentified. Different techniques are used for Barr bodies two of which are histopathological and cytological methods. The objective of the study is to check the reliability of human dental pulp for identification of gender using Barr bodies. The study sample consisted of 60 extracted teeth from 20 male and 40 female patients aged 12-25 years. Inclusion criteria included non-carious freshly extracted teeth, Teeth were extracted and the pulp was obtained using a carborundum disc at 30,000 revolutions per minute (RPM). The teeth were categorized into two groups. Group 1 and Group II include 20 females and 10 males each. In group I, rapid manual tissue processing technique was done and in Group II pulp tissue slides were prepared by cytopathological technique. The slides obtained were stained with H&E and Barr bodies were visualized. On comparison of Barr bodies on males and females in dental pulp, the mean number of Barr body count in females was more than males. Accuracy and count were much more appreciated in histopathological technique than cytological procedure. The mean Barr body count was more in females than in male samples. In histopathological technique Barr bodies were more analyzed and appreciated than in cytopathological technique on checking the efficacy and evaluating its diagnostic significance of dental pulp for identification of gender.

Utility of Liquid-Based Cytology and Cell Block Procedure Obtained by Vitrectomy to Diagnose Ocular Sarcoidosis-The Significance of Epithelioid Granuloma and Epithelioid Cells.

PurposeThe eyes are one of the most frequently involved organs in sarcoidosis in Asia, including Japan. Sarcoid uveitis is the major complaint of ocular sarcoidosis. The detection of epithelioid granuloma (EG) requires histological biopsy of the uvea for the precise diagnosis of sarcoid uveitis, because it is challenging to diagnose sarcoid uveitis without a history of systemic sarcoidosis. To diagnose sarcoid uveitis, we have established novel methods.Patients and MethodsIn this study, we included 30 eyes of 21 patients with granulomatous uveitis diagnosed via slit-lamp examinations, gonioscopy, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography. Vitrectomy was performed to remove the vitreous opacity with vision loss. To examine vitreous cell components, we used liquid-based cytology (LBC). To detect EG in an intraocular irrigating solution, we collected vitreous cell components, and then the cell pellets were embedded in the cell block procedure.ResultsHere, we demonstrated the usefulness of the histological detection of EG and epithelioid cells (ECs) in LBC from vitreous body specimens and in the cell block procedure from vitreous cell components in an intraocular irrigating solution. Our results showed that the detection rates of EG were 6.3% (1/16) in LBC and 9.1% (1/11) in the cell block procedure in the sarcoid uveitis-suspected group and 7.7% (1/13) in LBC and 28.6% (2/7) in the cell block procedure in the sarcoidosis group. We would discuss the specificity of the EG/EC detection of ocular sarcoidosis.ConclusionOur methods are helpful in the precise diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis and the control of the development of systemic sarcoidosis.

Role of image guided fine needle aspiration cytology of lung lesions in patients visiting Gandaki Medical College

Background: Computed Tomography guided Fine needle aspiration cytology of lung mass is an effective modality to diagnose lung cancer. Its use has been extended in differentiating lung tumors into various cytomorphological types so that it becomes easier for further treatment. The study is aimed to study the morphological features of various types of lung lesions, correlate with histopathology wherever possible and evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology procedure. Materials and Methods: It is an observational cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Pathology of Gandaki Medical College and Teaching Hospital from April 2018 to December 2020 and 109 cases were included. Results: In the study, 109 cases were included, female were 61(56%) while males were 48(44%) with an M: F ratio is 1:1.2. The maximum number of cases was seen in the age &gt;70 years (45.9%), mean age being 68.4years. Smoking was seen in 66(60.6%) cases. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 32( 29.4%) was the most common cytological finding followed by adenocarcinoma 20(18.3%). Similarly, SCC was the most common histopathological finding which comprised 30( 53.5%) followed by adenocarcinoma 14(25%). Fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathological diagnosis are significantly associated with a p-value &lt;0.001. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology were 76%,80%, and 76.6% respectively. Conclusions: Computes tomography-guided fine needle aspiration cytology is a relatively safe, inexpensive, and accurate procedure in the diagnosis of different lung lesions for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

A cytological study on peripheral lymphadenopathy in a tertiary care center with special reference to tuberculous lymphadenitis

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the most common, cost-effective, and time-efficient cytological diagnostic procedure and is used routinely in cases of swelling or lymph node enlargement at accessible sites. FNAC plays an important role in diagnosing benign and malignant lesions of peripheral lymphadenopathy cases and also provides a valuable screening test. Aims and Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate various cytomorphological manifestations of lymphadenopathies and the suggestive cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis were divided based on their cytomorphological patterns. Materials and Methods: The current prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, SSMC, Rewa, M.P. A total of 150 cases of peripheral lymphadenopathy were subjected to FNAC and were categorized based on their cytological findings. The cases which showed features suggestive of tuberculous lymphadenitis were further categorized into four distinct cytological patterns (I to IV). Results: Out of 150 cases of peripheral lymphadenopathies, the most common lesion diagnosed cytologically was reactive lymphadenitis (41.3%) followed by tuberculous lymphadenitis in 38.7% cases. The different patterns of tuberculous lymphadenitis on microscopy were divided into four categories from I to IV with pattern I being the most frequently seen (53.5%). Conclusion: Our study highlighted the various morphological patterns of lymphadenopathy and the most common lesion diagnosed was reactive lymphadenitis. The present study found that FNAC is an effective screening tool for diagnosing benign and malignant lymphadenopathies and also to study the cytomorphological patterns in cases of tuberculous lymphadenitis. It reduces the need for surgical intervention and for the early diagnosis and management of patients with peripheral lymphadenopathy.