Tissues Of Cyprinus Carpio Research Articles

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in water and Cyprinus carpio L. from Umiam Lake reservoir of Meghalaya, India: Potential health risk assessment for human consumption.

The purpose of this study is to assess the seasonal variation of heavy metal concentration in water and fish tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from the Umiam Lake reservoir located in the Ri bhoi district of Meghalaya, India, and to elucidate the possible human health risk of ingesting fish captured from the contaminated lake. Results show significant (p < 0.05) seasonal differences of heavy metal concentrations in the water and different tissues of fish Cyprinus carpio L.. The total concentration of heavy metals in the water exceeds the WHO and BIS standards and thus poses a significant threat to the aquatic flora and fauna of the reservoir. The heavy metal concentrations in fish tissues were tissue-dependent, where the average concentration of heavy metals in all the tissues of Cyprinus carpio L. was in the order of Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd. In addition, the health risk assessment suggests that the heavy metals in the fish muscle from the Umiam Lake reservoir might have adverse effects on human. Therefore, the overall results of the study provide an understanding on the seasonal distribution of heavy metals in water, provide insight on their bioaccumulation in the fish tissues, and highlights the potential health risk for the local population of long-term fish consumption from Umiam Lake reservoir.

Investigation of Protein Patterns by Using Sds Page in Kidney, Liver and Brain of Cyprinus Carpio

Western transfer and dodecyl sodium sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) are two of the most widely used and beloved techniques in cancer research to identify proteins and glycoproteins. the protein fraction expression on the protein profile is significantly lower on the seventh day than it is on the eighth, the protein fraction expression is directly inversely related to the number of days. In order to determine the number of protein bands expressed in different tissues of Cyprinus carpio exposed to mercury and lead as the number of days rose, electrophoretic research was conducted. The difference between the 27 bands for lead and 36 bands for mercury on the seventh day and the 29 bands for lead and 40 bands on the thirty-first day suggests that as the number of exposure days to lead and mercury rises, so do the number of protein bands that are expressed. Using gel electrophoresis, a mixture of proteins is categorized by kind and molecular weight in the Western Blotting method. The results are then put into a membrane, which results in the formation of a band for each protein. Two HSP70 gene bands were found in Cyprinus carpio tissues after exposure to lead and mercury.

Assessment Of Acute Toxicity Of Chlorpyrifos And Its Sub-Lethal Effects On Protein Patterns Of Cyprinus Carpio(L.) By Using SDS-PAGE

The present study was focused on investigating the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and its impact on electrophoretic protein patterns in the tissues of Cyprinus carpio, an acute toxicity bioassay was conducted in the semi-static system and the fingerlings of C. carpio were exposed to various chlorpyrifos(50%EC)concentrations ranging from 0.1mg/L to 0.7mg/L for 96 h, and acute toxicity was determined as 0.318mg/L. Based on the LC50 value, the Cyprinus carpio were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations viz., SL-1 (1/5th of LC50, 0.0636mg/l) and SL-2 (1/10th of LC50,0.0318 mg/l) &nbsp;of chlorpyrifos. Proteins have a unique role in cell metabolism and proteomic analysis provides valuable information when variations that occur within the proteome of organisms are compared as a consequence of biological perturbations or external stimuli. The study's goal was to investigate the influence of chlorpyrifos on electrophoretic protein patterns by performing SDS-PAGE on muscle, liver, gill, and brain tissues after exposing fish to two sublethal concentrations &nbsp;in a semi-static system for 3 weeks. The intensity of protein subunits in exposed tissues decreased, and some subunits disappeared, CPF influences both high-intensity protein bands and low intensity as well in both the sub-lethal concentrations. The study has suggested that the changes in the protein banding are more prominent in the SL-1 concentration of chlorpyrifos.The variations in protein subunits band patterns are due to protein deprivation of various proteins, proteolysis, or maybe insufficient amino acid incorporation into the polypeptide chain due to induced stress imposed by the toxicant. &nbsp; &nbsp

Peculiarities of Transamination Processes in Tissues of Cyprinus carpio and Unio pictorum under the Impact of Elevated Concentrations of Metal Ions in Water

The role of the amino acids' transamination in the tissues of fish (&lt;i&gt;Cyprinus carpio&lt;/i&gt; L.) and mollusk (&lt;i&gt;Unio pictorum&lt;/i&gt; L.) in homeostasis of protein metabolism under the impact of 2 and 5 maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of Mn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, Zn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, Cu&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Pb&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; ions was studied. Changes in the aspartate amino-transferase (AsAT) and alanine aminotransferase (AlAT) activity under toxic impact were species-specific and depend on nature and concentration of metal in water, tissular and cellular localization of enzymes. Impact of all metals, except for Cu, caused increase of mitochondrial AsAT activity in liver and muscles of carp. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of Zn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, Cu&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, and Pb&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; ions also resulted in AsAT activation in the mitochondria of mollusk's tissues. AlAT activity in the cytoplasmic fraction of muscles and liver of both hydrobionts increased under the impact 5 MPC of all metal ions and decreased under 2 MPC. Changes of AlAT activity in mitochondria and AsAT in cytoplasm of both fish and mollusk under the impact of 2 MPC were multidirectional and determined by metal and its concentration. The transaminases' role in adaptation of the aquatic animals to the impact of heavy metal ions consists in redistribution of amino acid reserves in order to use some for ammonia detoxification (glutamate, aspartate), and others (keto acids) for energy producing to counteract the stress factor. Changes in transaminases' activity reflect the state of the organism under the impact of elevated concentrations of heavy metal ions, characterize degree of the considered hydrobionts resistance to pollution, and can also be used to predict changes in biocenoses in the contaminated areas.

Evaluation of acute toxicity of carbosulfan and its sub-lethal effects on protein patterns of Cyprinus carpio (L.) using SDS-PAGE

Among all types of water pollutants, pesticides are of the greatest concern. Carbosulfan is one such carbamate pesticide extensively employed in rural communities, that enters the aquatic environment by the proximity of agricultural lands to water bodies or through direct application in such environments. The consequences of these sublethal pollutants/toxicants exposures can be quantified in terms of biochemical, physiological, or the fish organism's histological reactions. Proteins have a unique role in cell metabolism and proteomic analysis provides valuable information when variations that occur within the proteome of organisms are compared as a consequence of biological perturbations or external stimuli. The study's goal was to investigate the acute toxicity of carbosulfan and its influence on electrophoretic protein patterns in the tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Fingerlings of C.carpio were subjected to various carbosulfan concentrations ranging from 2.6 mg/L to 4.6 mg/L for 96 h, and acute toxicity was determined as 3.41 mg/L. The comparison of the 96 h LC50 values between fish species shows that C.carpio is more resistant to carbosulfan. SDS-PAGE was performed on muscle, liver, gill, and brain tissues after exposing fish to two sublethal concentrations (1/10th and 1/5th of the 96 h LC50) in a semi-static system for 3 weeks. The intensity of protein subunits in carbosulfan-exposed tissues decreased, and some protein subunits disappeared. Carbosulfan attacks proteins having two or more domains easily in low concentrations, and as concentration increases, it begins to attack single domain proteins as well. Variations in protein subunits band patterns due to protein deprivation, proteolysis, or maybe insufficient amino acid incorporation into the polypeptide chain. The study concludes that carbosulfan provides a larger risk to the animal and alters the entire physiology of the fish. Given the importance of fish in human nutrition, biological monitoring of water and fish meat should be done frequently to ensure the continued safety of freshwater food. To prevent these pesticides and other toxins from entering the environment, safe disposal and recycling of domestic sewage and industrial wastes should be practiced and precautions should be taken while using even low concentrations of carbosulfan, and prohibiting or restricting carbosulfan usage is preferable.

Pathological and Biochemical Index Changes in Different Tissues of Cyprinus carpio Exposed to Cadmium

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is among the most toxic metals and is widely distributed in aquatic environments. Objective: Histopathological lesions and biochemical indices can be used to reflect the toxic effects of cadmium in fish target organs. Methods: In the present study, the common carp Cyprinus carpio was exposed to 0.5 mg/L of CdCl2 for 21 days. Histopathological analyses were performed in the spleen, liver, kidney, gills and head kidney tissues of C. carpio, and tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and observed under an optical microscope. The acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and lysozyme activities were determined. Results: The results showed that there were various pathological changes in five major tissues of C. carpio. The kidney, gills, and liver were the most affected organs during cadmium exposure, and deformation and disorganization of epithelial cells, vacuolization formation, serious hemorrhages and necrosis were also observed. In addition, 0.5 mg/L cadmium exposure significantly increased serum lysozyme and acid phosphatase activities and inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity. The present study showed that cadmium stress causes significant pathological tissue changes and influences lysozyme, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities in C. carpio. Acid phosphatase and lysozyme activities are sensitive to cadmium. Conclusion: In conclusion, the toxicity of cadmium caused varying degrees of pathological and biochemical changes in fish tissues in C. carpio.

The synthesis of lipids and proteins in vitro in tissues of Cyprinus carpio infected with Bothriocephalus acheilognathi

The problem of the mechanisms of regulation of biochemical processes in carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) tissues and organs caused by infection with Bothriocephalus (Schyzocotyle) acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) at different intensities of invasion remains practically unstudied. The purpose of this study was to dedetrmine the intensity of lipid and protein synthesis in vitro when [6-14C]glucose and [2-14C]lysine are used as their precursor in the tissues of the intestine, hepatopancreas and skeletal muscles of carp. The study was conducted on this-year carp with body weight 14.5–20.5 g, at different invasion rates of the helminth B. acheilognathi, which belongs to the family Bothriocephalidae of the Pseudophyllidae order of the Cestoda class of the Plathelminthes phylum. The examined carp were divided into three groups: 1st group of fish was free from intestinal helminths of B. acheilognathi (control); 2nd group of fish was weakly infected with helminths (intensity of invasion was 1–3 helminths per fish); the 3rd group of fish was highly infected (the invasion intensity was 4 worms and more per fish). Our results showed that in fish infected with the helminth B. acheilognathi in comparison to uninfected, the intensity of lipid synthesis in the intestinal wall, hepatopancreas, skeletal muscle was much lower when [6-14C]glucose was used as a predecessor than when [2-14C]lysine was used as a predecessor. In the examined tissues, significant decrease was observed in the synthesis of reserve lipids (mono-, di- and triacylglycerols) in comparison to the structural (phospholipids and cholesterol), which depends on the intensity of the B. acheilognathi invasion. In the metabolic processes in the wall of the intestine, hepatopancreas, skeletal muscle of this-year carp infectd with B. acheilognathi helminths, under in vitro conditions, [6-14C]glucose was used more than [2-14C]lysine. The intensity of protein synthesis in the intestinal wall, hepatopancreas, skeletal muscles of this-year carp infected with the helminth B. acheilognathi under in vitro conditions increased when [6-14C]glucose was added to the incubation medium, on average 7.1–28.3% and decreased when [2-14C]lysine was added, on average 7.8–25.7%.

The effects of EDTA on zinc accumulation in tissues of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus 1758)

The present study aimed to determine the zinc accumulation levels in the gill, liver, and muscle tissues of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) under the effect of zinc (2.0 and 4.0 ppm) and zinc + EDTA (2.0 + 4.0 and 4.0 + 8.0 ppm) for 7, 15, and 30 days and the effects of EDTA on zinc accumulation in tissues. Tissue zinc levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP˗MS). No mortality occurred in fish under the exposure times and concentrations with solutions containing zinc only and zinc combined with EDTA. At the beginning of the metal exposure, various behavioral changes were observed in the fish, and those behaviors returned to normal with longer exposure time. The exposure to both zinc alone and zinc combined with EDTA significantly increased metal accumulation in the tissues and organs (P liver > muscle accumulation relationship was found among the tissues. The results obtained showed that EDTA reduced zinc accumulation in the gill, liver, and muscle tissues when compared to the effect of zinc only.

Distribution of Metals in Organs and Tissues of Cyprinus carpio L., 1758 from Kızılırmak

The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the common carp Cyprinus carpio L., 1758 was monitored to assess the pollution status in Kızılırmak. The common carp samples were captured by local fishermen and were purchased from fish markets in Bafra. Liver, gill, stomach + intestine, skin and muscles of C. carpio were analyzed for Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg and Cd using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Metal concentrations in the common carp occurred in the order: Fe&amp;gt;Zn&amp;gt;Cu&amp;gt;Pb&amp;gt;Hg&amp;gt;Cd. The non-essential metals Cd, Hg and Pb in edible tissues of common carp were below the detection of limits. The muscle tissues had also the lowest concentrations for essential metals. Higher concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb in C. carpio were liver &amp;gt; stomach + intestine &amp;gt; gill &amp;gt; skin &amp;gt; muscle, while the Hg and Cd levels were liver &amp;gt; gill &amp;gt; stomach + intestine &amp;gt; skin &amp;gt; muscle, respectively.

The effect of freshwater acidification in the tissues of Cyprinus carpio

The extant study was carried out to discern the effect of different acidic pH on the tissues of fishes. The experimental fish Cyprinus carpio were introduced into acidic waters (pH 5.0; 5.8; 6.6 and control 7.2) for 21 days for the histopathological exploration,

Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment aged for 2 years to carps (Cyprinus carpio)

In order to understand the risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) existing in sediment for years, the accumulation of PBDEs in sediment aged for 2 years to fish was investigated. Simulated aquatic system microcosms were conducted with PBDE contaminated sediment aged for 2 years and carps were cultured in the microcosms for 20 days. PBDE concentrations in carp tissues were analyzed to estimate the bioavailability of aged PBDEs in carps. The main spiked PBDE congeners were detected in sediment even though the contaminated sediment was aged for 2 years. Similarly, the five PBDE (BDE-28, 47, 100, 153 and 154) congeners which probably were bioaccumulated by carp were detected in fish tissues, indicating that PBDEs could be bioaccumulated after aging for 2 years. The PBDEs distribution revealed that the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in tissues of Cyprinus carpio is in this order of magnitude: gut > liver > gill > fillet. The PBDEs concentrations in fillet were as high as 67.9 ng/g dry wt, in which BDE-47 contributed almost 50% in profile.

Assessment of zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead and chromium concentrations in water, sediments and different tissues of Cyprinus carpio, from Kalpani stream Mardan Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Assessment of zinc, cadmium, nickel, lead and chromium concentrations in water, sediments and different tissues of Cyprinus carpio, from Kalpani stream Mardan Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Studies on the protective effects of ascorbic acid and thiamine on lead-induced lipid and protein oxidation as well as enzymatic alterations in some tissues of Cyprinus carpio

The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the possible protective effects of ascorbic acid and thiamine on modulating lead-induced lipid and protein oxidation as well as metabolic enzyme alterations in some tissues of common carp. Fish were divided into 4 groups, as follows: group A served as control; group B received lead acetate (5 mg L−1, 15 days); and group C and D received ascorbic acid (500 mg kg−1 feed) and thiamine (50 mg kg−1 feed) respectively, in addition to lead acetate. Lead acetate exposure caused significant increase in MDA content in liver, kidney, and brain as well as carbonyl content in the liver compared with control group (P < 0.05). Significant increase was also observed in enzymatic activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and LDH in the kidney following lead exposure. Thiamine, but not vitamin C, administration caused significant decrease of MDA concentration in the brain as compared to the group receiving only lead. Moreover, administration of these two vitamins in groups C and D attenuated the hepatic protein carbonyl contents to the levels that were not significantly different from control group. Ascorbic acid supplementation effectively decreased the Pb-induced augmented levels of hepatic AST, LDH, and ALP and renal LDH and ALT activities to the levels that were not significantly different relative to control group. Indeed, thiamine decreased the elevated levels of liver ALP and LDH and kidney ALT and LDH to the levels that had no significant difference with control group. The results of the present investigation show that these two vitamins might be considered as effective and safe preventive treatments in preserving tissues against toxic effects of lead in common carp.

Characterization and expression of the calpastatin gene in Cyprinus carpio.

Calpastatin, an important protein used to regulate meat quality traits in animals, is encoded by the CAST gene. The aim of the present study was to clone the cDNA sequence of the CAST gene and detect the expression of CAST in the tissues of Cyprinus carpio. The cDNA of the C. carpio CAST gene, amplified using rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR, is 2834 bp in length (accession No. JX275386), contains a 2634-bp open reading frame, and encodes a protein with 877 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of the C. carpio CAST gene was 88, 80, and 59% identical to the sequences observed in grass carp, zebrafish, and other fish, respectively. The C. carpio CAST was observed to contain four conserved domains with 54 serine phosphorylation loci, 28 threonine phosphorylation loci, 1 tyrosine phosphorylation loci, and 6 specific protein kinase C phosphorylation loci. The CAST gene showed widespread expression in different tissues of C. carpio. Surprisingly, the relative expression of the CAST transcript in the muscle and heart tissues of C. carpio was significantly higher than in other tissues (P < 0.01).

Heterotrophic Bacterial Population in Water, Sediment and Fish Tissues Collected From Koka Reservoir and Awash River, Ethiopia

The quantitative estimation of total heterotrophic bacteria in the water, sediment and body tissues is helpful in predicting the quality of the fish as well as the status of the water body. The bacterial population in the water of Koka Reservoir and the Awash River, studied monthly for a period of one year, showed variation from 0.0.2×10 4 cfu/ml to 2.6×10 4 cfu/ml. Whereas, in the sediment the highest population density was 2.6 cfu/g and the lowest was 0.98×10 4 cfu /g. The highest population density in the reservoir was recorded in the sediment in January, while in the water was in August. The heterotrophic bacteria population in the river water and sediment was lower than the reservoir. During the non rainy season (February and March) the sediment bacteria increased with increase in water temperature and reduced rate of water level. The bacteria in the river water greatly reduced during February even though a regular pattern was not evident throughout the study period. The total bacterial population in different tissues of Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus showed maximum population in intestine, followed by gill, skin, kidney and liver

Effects of cadmium and copper on sialic acid levels in blood and brain tissues of Cyprinus carpio L.

Effects of cadmium and copper on sialic acid levels in blood and brain tissues of Cyprinus carpio L.

Concentrations of metals in water, sediment and tissues of Cyprinus carpio L., 1758 from Mogan Lake (Turkey)

In this study, some metals (aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, zinc and vanadium) and metalloid (silicon) were determined in water, sediment and some tissues of fish Cyprinus carpio from Mogan Lake. Fish samples were caught in March 2007. As a result of the examination of metals in the water aluminium has the lowest and silicon has the highest concentration. In sediment samples taken from Mogan Lake it was determined that silicon had the highest and lead had the lowest concentrations. Respectively accumulation of metals in gills, muscles and livers was observed to follow the order of Zn > Fe > Si > Al > Mn > Pb > Cr > V, Si > Fe > Zn > Al > Pb > V > Cr > Mn and Fe > Zn > Al > Si > Pb > Mn > V > Cr > Cu.

Effects of the commercial formulation containing fipronil on the non-target organism Cyprinus carpio: Implications for rice−fish cultivation

The aim of this research was to evaluate possible toxic effects of commercial formulation containing fipronil on Cyprinus carpio tissues under rice field conditions. Antioxidant profile (SOD, catalase, glutathione S-transferase), oxidative stress parameters (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, protein carbonyl), and growth were investigated in carp exposed to fipronil under rice field conditions for 7, 30, and 90 days. Waterborne insecticide concentrations were measured and the detectable concentration of fipronil was observed up to 45 day after application. Common carp survival and growth was not affected by fipronil. Liver superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced while liver catalase activity was inhibited at 7, 30, and 90 days. Alterations were not observed in the glutathione S-transferase activity in any experimental periods. Protein carbonyl increased only after 30 and 90 days of exposure. The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels were enhanced in all analyzed tissues (liver, muscle, and brain) and periods of exposure. This study demonstrates that fipronil insecticides cause alterations in the biochemical parameters in different tissues of carp without affecting the growth or the survival of the fish.

Influence of Iranian Natural Zeolite on Accumulation of Cadmium in Cyprinus carpio Tissues Following Exposure to Low Concentration of Cadmium

Influence of Iranian Natural Zeolite on Accumulation of Cadmium in Cyprinus carpio Tissues Following Exposure to Low Concentration of Cadmium

Oxidative stress biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio exposed to commercial herbicide bispyribac‐sodium

Cyprinus carpio were exposed under field conditions to 20.87 microg l(-1) of commercial herbicide bispyribac-sodium (Nominee, SC), during 7, 21 and 72 days. Enzymatic parameters such as catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, as well as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl contents were studied in different tissues. After 7 days of exposure, GST activity decreased. At the same period, brain AChE activity increased, but a reduction of activity was observed in muscle tissue. Brain TBARS levels increased at 7 days. After 21 days of exposure liver CAT levels and muscle AChE activities decreased. In the same period, liver protein carbonyl and muscle TBARS increased. After 72 days of exposure in the field, AChE activity was reduced in both brain and muscle. Protein carbonyl contents in liver and brain TBARS levels increased. Muscle AChE activity, TBARS and protein carbonyl can be used as biomarkers of exposure to the herbicide bispyribac-sodium. This study demonstrates effects of exposure to bispyribac-sodium under rice field conditions on oxidative stress parameters in tissues of Cyprinus carpio.