Toxicity Of Cypermethrin Research Articles

Combined Effects of Cypermethrin and Lead on Biochemical and Molecular Parameters in Albino Mice

In this study, the combined toxicity of cypermethrin and lead were investigated using molecular and biochemical parameters in albino mice. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were studied and used as indicators of toxicity. Comet test was also utilized to evaluate the mechanism of genotoxicity of cypermethrin, lead and the ) cypermethrin and lead) group. Albino mice were divided into eight groups and given intraperitoneal cypermethrin injections at 1.75 mg/kg/day and lead nitrate at 1.75 mg/kg/day, and combined doses of each one respectively. Blood samples were collected after two and four weeks. Cypermethrin raised AST, AL, BUN and creatinine levels as treatment time and doses rose, as did lead nitrate which elevated liver and kidney parameters in response to the toxicant. As evaluated by comet test molecular characteristics, the impact of cypermethrin and lead nitrate was an increase in DNA damage.

Protective effects of Allium jesdianum essential oil on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to sub-lethal toxicity of cypermethrin

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Allium jesdianum essential oil (AJEO) in decreasing cypermethrin toxicity for rainbow trout. First, the safety of the 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% AJEO supplements was assayed after 60 days. Then, the protective effects of AJEO were studied on fish exposed to 12.5% 96h LC50 cypermethrin after 14 days. Results showed that 1 and 1.5% AJEO administration enhanced protease and lipase activities in the intestine and improved growth performance. Moreover, feeding fish with 1 and 1.5% AJEO increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase activities (SOD) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA). Also, AJEO increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in serum. However, exposure to cypermethrin significantly decreased these enzyme activities and increased MDA. The oxidative biomarkers remained normal in fish fed with AJEO after exposure to cypermethrin. The administration of 1 and 1.5% AJEO significantly decreased cortisol and glucose levels, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities. Although exposure to cypermethrin significantly increased these biochemical biomarkers, AJEO could adjust them. A significant effect of 1% AJEO on total protein and globulin was observed before and after exposure to cypermethrin. Exposure to cypermethrin decreased all immunological parameters in the serum and mucus. However, administration of 1% AJEO increased protease, lysozyme (LYS) activities, total immunoglobulin (Ig), complement C3 and C4, and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) in the serum and ALP, LYS, protease activities and Ig in mucus. In conclusion, results showed that AJEO could potentially decrease the toxicity effects of cypermethrin in fish.

Effect of Agricultural Pesticide, Cypermethrin on Changes in Behavioural and Protein profile of larvivorous fish Aplocheilus lineatus

Cypermethrin is a synthetic pesticide that is widely used in agricultural fields and domestic areas to control pests and insect vectors. Cypermethrin considered to be a synthetic pyrethroid is extremely lethal on insects, and fishes and has a low impact on mammals and Aves. The present study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity of cypermethrin on the larvivorous fish Aplocheilus lineatus, which is the most common fish seen in pools, ponds, streams, paddy fields, and similar wetlands. The fish is highly significant in controlling vector-borne diseases prevailing in tropical countries. The LC50 value was determined to be 1.8 µg/L after 96 hrs of exposure to cypermethrin and the lethal value was 4 µg/L. The fish showed various behavioral changes during the experiment, including convulsions, vigorous gasping for air, erratically swimming, and loss of equilibrium. The results showed that even low concentrations of cypermethrin can exert acute effects on the biochemical constituents and behavioral aspects of A. lineatus. Total protein, structural protein, and soluble protein decreased from 1.33 ± 0.003 to 0.746 ± 0.015 mg/g, 0.967 ± 0.024 to 0.476 ± 0.0272 mg/g, and 0.444 ± 0.09 to 0.360 ± 0.018 mg/g, respectively, at 96 hours of exposure to 1 µg/L of cypermethrin. At the same time, glycogen levels also decreased from 1.11 ± 0.054 to 0.51 ± 0.019 mg/g. These variations in the behavioral and biochemical content of the fish after exposure indicate the toxic effect of cypermethrin. Hence the present study suggests monitoring and regulatory use of this pesticide.

Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Lethal Concentration (LC50) of Cypermethrin (25% EC) in Adults of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus 1758)

The present study attempted to determine the acute toxicity and medial lethal concentrations of Cypermethrin (25% EC) for common carp Cyprinus carpio using Finney’s static bioassay (1971), probit analysis method. The LC50 values for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr were found to be 3.962 µl Lit-1, 3.767 µl Lit-1, 3.349 µl Lit-1 and 2.924 µl Lit-1 respectively. Fish (weight 90–100 g, length up to 18±2 cm) were exposed to different concentrations of cypermethrin which were 1.5 µl Lit-1, 2.0 µl Lit-1, 2.5 µl Lit-1, 3.0 µl Lit-1, 3.5 µl Lit-1, 4.0 µl Lit-1 and 4.5 µl Lit-1 up to 96 hr. LC50 value decreases with an increase in exposure time. During this exposure period, abnormal behaviors like restlessness, hyperactivity, erratic movements, increased opercular movements, and loss of equilibrium and response were noticed in carp. Over secretion of mucous all over the body surface along with respiratory stress and mortality was also observed.

A comprehensive analysis of royal jelly protection against cypermethrin-induced toxicity in the model organism Allium cepa L., employing spectral shift and molecular docking approaches

In this study, the toxicity of the pesticide cypermethrin and the protective properties of royal jelly against this toxicity were investigated using Allium cepa L., a model organism. Toxicity was evaluated using 6 mg/L cypermethrin, while royal jelly (250 mg/L and 500 mg/L) was used in combination with cypermethrin to test the protective effect. To comprehend toxicity and protective impact, growth, genotoxicity, biochemical, comet assay and anatomical parameters were employed. Royal jelly had no harmful effects when applied alone. On the other hand, following exposure to cypermethrin, there was a reduction in weight increase, root elongation, rooting percentage, mitotic index (MI), and chlorophyll a and b. Cypermethrin elevated the frequencies of micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs), levels of proline and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity rates of the enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). A spectral change in the DNA spectrum indicated that the interaction of cypermethrin with DNA was one of the reasons for its genotoxicity, and molecular docking investigations suggested that tubulins, histones, and topoisomerases might also interact with this pesticide. Cypermethrin also triggered some critical meristematic cell damage in the root tissue. At the same time, DNA tail results obtained from the comet assay revealed that cypermethrin caused DNA fragmentation. When royal jelly was applied together with cypermethrin, all negatively affected parameters due to the toxicity of cypermethrin were substantially restored. However, even at the maximum studied dose of 500 mg/L of royal jelly, this restoration did not reach the levels of the control group. Thus, the toxicity of cypermethrin and the protective function of royal jelly against this toxicity in A. cepa, the model organism studied, were determined by using many different approaches. Royal jelly is a reliable, well-known and easily accessible protective functional food candidate against the harmful effects of hazardous substances such as pesticides.

Parental exposure to Cypermethrin causes intergenerational toxicity in zebrafish offspring

Cypermethrin (CYP), a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide, has been detected in agriculture and aquaculture. However, there is limited knowledge about the transgenerational impacts. This study aimed to investigate the developmental toxicity of CYP on F1 larvae offspring of adult zebrafish exposed to various CYP concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μg/L) for 28 days. The results indicated that CYP accumulated in parental zebrafish, and CYP was below the limit of quantification in offspring. Paternal exposure impacted the hatching rate and heart rate of the F1 generation. Furthermore, CYP significantly impacted the development of swim bladders in progeny and dysregulated the genes relevant to swim bladder development. The neutrophil migrated to the swim bladder. The mRNA levels of the inflammatory factors were also significantly elevated. According to network toxicology, PI3-AKT may be the signaling pathway for CYP-influenced bladder development. Subsequent molecular docking and Western blot analysis showed CYP affected the PI3-AKT signaling pathway. Notably, MK-2206, a specific Akt inhibitor, rescued the CYP-induced damage of swim bladder development in offspring. The present study highlights the potential risks of CYP on the development of offspring and lasting impact in aquatic environments.

Enhancing toxicity of pyrethroids by oxidase and esterase inhibitors in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae

Although pyrethroids are increasingly being used to control a number of agricultural insect pests, especially the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), pyrethroid resistance is a major obstacle limiting effective control. With the aim of maintaining the effectiveness of pyrethroids in managing pests, a study was undertaken to evaluated the effectiveness of oxidase and esterase inhibitors for synergizing pyrethroids in S. littoralis larvae. Compared with the insecticide-susceptible strain (L-SS) of S. littoralis, the resistance ratio (RR) in the field population (F-RS) was 271.43–fold to cypermethrin. The use of profenofos as an esterase inhibitor significantly increased larval susceptibility to cypermethrin in the F-RS strain, with a synergy ratio (SR) of up to 192.57–fold. Significant inhibition of esterase by profenofos in the F-RS strain was found in vivo. Also, piperonyl butoxide (PB) as an oxidase inhibitor had slight effect of cypermethrin toxicity, so its addition is not a solution for pyrethroid resistance. Thus, modifying the toxicity of cypermethrin by mixing it with organophosphorus compounds (OPs) increased its toxicity and decreased the population of S. littoralis, which is a successful strategy for managing pyrethroid resistance.

Nephroprotective activity of Bilwadi Agada in Cypermethrin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats

Introduction: One of the most potent and widely used formulations of Agadatantra is Bilwadi Agada mentioned in the context of management of envenomation from snake in Ayurveda. The same formulation is also indicated in multiple ailments like poisoning from other animals or insects and even is general conditions of fever. Nephroprotective activity has been demonstrated by Bilwadi Agada and the same was evaluated in this experiment in Wistar rats induced by cypermethrin Aim: To evaluate the nephroprotective activity of Bilwadi Agada in toxicity induced by cypermethrin in wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: According to OECD guidelines 407, the induction of sub‑acute toxicity was done and effect of Bilwadi Agada was evaluated in wistar albino rats. Results: Degenerative changes in kidneys were found to be increased in lower dose level but moderate reversal was observed in higher dose. Conclusion: The thorough analysis of the results shows that the test drug at double the therapeutic dose causes moderate reversal of toxicant induced changes, thereby providing evidence for presence of nephroprotective activity against cypermethrin toxicity. Thus, therapeutic effects of Bilwadi Agada along with suitable cytoprotectant will be beneficial in the management of Cypermethrin toxicity.

Effects of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) oil on growth performance, haemato-biochemical and histopathology of cypermethrin-intoxicated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

When pesticides are introduced into wetlands by agriculture, fish quickly absorb them through their gills. Pesticides reduce hatchability, impede growth, and antioxidant response, killing fish. Therefore, it's crucial to find effective pesticide mitigation methods for fish. In this study, the effects of garlic (Allium sativum) oil on the growth, haematology, biochemistry and histopathology parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to cypermethrin toxicity were investigated. In the research, cypermethrin was added to the water of the experimental groups at a rate of 1:20 of the LC50 value, and 1.00% garlic oil was added to the fish feed. Fish with an initial weight of 30.26 ± 0.26g were fed for 45 days. At the end of feeding, the final weights were determined as 69.39 ± 0.41 (G1), 61.81 ± 0.65 (G2), 82.25 ± 0.36 (G3), and 75.04 ± 0.68 (G4) grams, respectively. Histopathological examinations revealed serious lesions in the gill, liver, brain, and muscle tissues in the cypermethrin group, whereas these lesions were minimal or absent in the garlic oil group. Garlic oil supplementation had positive effects on growth, haematology, blood biochemistry, hepatosomatic index and histopathological parameters. These findings suggest that garlic oil is a potential protective agent against cypermethrin toxicity.

Testing the detoxification power of black cumin oil (Nigella sativa) over cypermethrin insecticide effects in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at multiple scales

This study investigated the curative effect of black cumin oil (Nigella sativa, NS), which is a phytotherapeutic agent against to cypermethrin (CYP), which is known to have adverse effects on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’s behavioral changes, oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity, hematotoxicity and hepatotoxicity parameters. At the end of the trial period; (i) evaluation of critical swimming speed (Ucrit) (ii) hematology indices [white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin) (MCH), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)] (iii) Elucidation of the mechanism of functional damage in brain tissue of O. mykiss by neurological parameter [acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] (iv) Evaluation of oxidative damage in oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in liver, gill and brain tissue of O. mykiss with antioxidant enzymes [(Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione (GSH)] and [(detection by means of malondialdehyde (MDA)] (v) Obtaining applicable data in the toxicological field using a multi-biomarker approach to investigate the modulation of NS administration via target markers in the physiological pathway of O. mykiss were aimed. As a result of CYP application, it was determined that the Ucrit value of O. mykiss decreased significantly. It was determined that the changes in the values of RBC, Hgb and Hct, which are among the hematology parameters examined in the blood tissue, were statistically significant (p < 0.05). It was determined that WBC value was inhibited by CYP application and NS tried to make a positive contribution to WBC. It was determined that the AChE activity of O. mykiss in the brain tissue had a statistically significant inhibition in the CYP-treated group (p < 0.05). SOD, CAT, GPx, enzyme activities were found to be inhibited by CYP application and were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Acute toxicity of CYP was determined by antioxidant enzyme biomarkers in gill tissue. In the results obtained; While inhibitions were determined in SOD, CAT, GPx activities compared to the control group, an induction occurred in MDA value. NS administration was noted to be an important modulator of the SOD-CAT system against CYP exposure at both concentrations. Thus, it can be said that it indirectly functions as an effective antioxidant through the NS receptor protein and structurally stimulates the synthesis and activity of antioxidative enzymes under oxidative stress.

The acute toxicity of cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate and imidacloprid on red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia)

Pesticide contamination is commonly found as a mixture of different pesticides rather than individual compounds. However, the regulatory risk evaluation is mostly based on the effects of individual pesticides. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the individual and combined toxicities of cypermethrin (CYP) with emamectin benzoate (EMB) and imidacloprid (IMI) to crayfish using acute indices and various sub-lethal endpoints. Semi-static bioassay procedures were followed in the experiment. The 24, 48, and 72 h LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of CYP for crayfish were calculated as 0.141, 0.137, and 0.135 μg/ml, respectively, which were higher than those of IMI (75.813, 72.345, 70.568 μg/ml) and EMB (34.581, 27.930, 22.298 μg/ml). Pesticide mixtures of CYP and EMB displayed a synergistic response to crayfish; the LC50 was 0.053, 0.050, and 0.048 μg/ml, which was lower than when only CYP was present. Pesticide mixtures of CYP and EMB were found to be highly toxic to crayfish. At the physiological level, both individuals and mixtures of pesticides caused severe injury to the internal organs of crayfish. Taken together, the synergistic effects indicated that it was highly important to include joint toxicity studies when assessing the risk of pesticides.

Gonadal sperm reserves and testosterone profile of Wistar rats treated with Taurine following Cypermetrin toxicity

This study aimed to investigate the impact of Taurine (TAU) on sperm/spermatid reserves and testosterone profile of Wistar rats exposed to Cypermethrin (CYP) toxicity. Male rats weighing between 150 - 200 g age 10-11 weeks old were used. The experiment was divided into 7 groups, which included; Group A distilled water, Group B soya oil at 2 ml/kg, Group C TAU 50mg/kg, Group D TAU 100mg/kg, Group E CYP at 20 mg/kg Group F TAU at 50 mg/kg with CYP at 20 mg/kg and Group G TAU at 100 mg/kg with CYP at 20 mg/kg respectively. The treatments were administered once daily by oral gavage for 60 days. At termination, the rats were decapitated. Sera samples were obtained. The epididymis was separated into head, body and tail, testicular and epididymal filtrate volumes were measured. Paired gonadal and epididymal sperm/spermatid reserves were determined using a haemocytometer and light microscope. Testosterone assay was done with testosterone ELISA Kits. Results showed that testicular sperm/spermatid reserves of groups A and B were 11.50 ± 0.87b x106 /g of testes and 16.00 ± 3.08a x106 /g which were significantly higher than the rest groups (p&lt;0.05). Sperm reserves of the tail epididymis was significantly higher in groups A, B, E and F (p&lt;0.05). The values were 15.75 ± 2.95a x106 /g, 15.25 ± 2.81a x106 /g, 11.50 ± 1.50a x106 /g and 10.0 ± 0.0a x106 /g respectively, Sperm reserves of the head epididymis was significantly higher in groups D and E (p&lt;0.05). The values were 10.25 ± 3.68a x106 /g 9.25 ± 1.89a x106 /g. It was concluded that taurine at 50mg and 100 mg/kg did not show any significant positive effect on serum testosterone, testicular sperm/spermatid reserves, tail and body epididymal sperm reserves. Taurine effect may be dose dependent and influenced by osmoregulation. It was recommended that higher doses of taurine be tested.

Combined Toxic Effect of Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos on Carbohydrate Metabolism of Freshwater Carp Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Aquatic ecosystems are vulnerable to the detrimental effects of various agrochemicals, including synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on a commonly found freshwater fish species Labeo rohita. The fish Labeo rohita was divided in to four groups, Group I treated as Controls, Group II treated with 1/10th of the LC50 of Cypermethrin (0.015 mg/kg bw), Group III treated with 1/10th of the LC50 of Chlorpyrifos (0.042 mg/kg bw) and Group IV treated with 1/20th of the LC50 of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in combination (i.e.,0.0075 mg/kg bw and 0.021 mg/kg bw respectively) for 7 days. After stipulated time the fishes were sacrificed and the contents of carbohydrate metabolites were observed in liver, kidney and muscle tissues. It is observed a declining trend in total carbohydrate and pyruvate contents in all selected tissues showing significant differences, in the order of Liver &gt; muscle &gt; kidney. Conversely, there was an increasing trend in lactic acid content, with the order of muscle &gt; liver &gt; kidney. Importantly, these changes were more pronounced in the combined treatment compared to individual exposures, suggesting a potential synergistic effect of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos.

Cypermethrin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy, leads to testicular dysfunction

Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that is used to control insects and protect crops. However, pesticide residues and their possible toxicity to non-target animals such as mammals are concerning. Although cypermethrin reduces testosterone levels, the molecular mechanisms involved, particularly those regarding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy regulation, have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated testicular toxicity of cypermethrin in mouse Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cells. Cypermethrin suppresses TM3 and TM4 cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Moreover, it interrupted calcium homeostasis in intracellular organelles and dissipated mitochondrial membrane polarization in mouse testicular cells. Moreover, we verified the accumulation of Sqstm1/p62 protein in the mitochondria of cypermethrin-treated TM3 and TM4 cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that cypermethrin activated autophagy and the ER stress pathway in a time-dependent manner in both cell types. Finally, we determined that cypermethrin downregulated testicular function-related genes, steroidogenesis, and spermatogenesis in mouse testis cells. Therefore, we conclude that cypermethrin regulates autophagy and ER stress, leading to testicular dysfunction.

Endocrine disruptive toxicity of cypermethrin in Labeo catla: Involvement of genes and proteins related to the HPG axis

Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid abundantly used in agriculture and aquaculture. It is an established potent endocrine disruptor to fish, yet the molecular mechanism behind its reproductive toxicity remains unclear. In this study, fish Labeo catla (Catla) was exposed to environmentally relevant concentration of CYP (0.7 μg/L) and 0.14 μg/L for 30 days. The changes in circulating sex steroids, genes, and hormones linked to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, stress response and associated histological alterations were studied. Significant decline (P < 0.05) in serum 17 beta (β) estradiol (E2), 11 ketotestosterone (11-KT), and brain (FSH and GnRH) were observed in 0.7 μg/L dose of CYP. These effects may be due to the down-regulated expression of the upstream genes of the HPG axis i.e. Kiss 1 and Kiss 2, which further downregulates the expression of the GnRH gene. The decreased level of E2 and 11-KT also affects the vitellogenin (Vtg) gene expression, reducing the production of Vtg, a crucial protein for ovarian development. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the relationship between CYP and the biosynthesis of sex steroids. The toxic effect of CYP was also visible in antioxidant enzyme assay and related histological alterations. Overall, the study elucidated that long-term exposure to CYP, even at an environmentally relevant dose, may affect reproductive potential and fish recruitment. The study provides important insights into molecular mechanisms underlying CYP-induced endocrine disruption in fish, and it also raises questions about CYP's potential toxicity at environmentally relevant concentration in terms of understanding ecological risk.

The Pharmacological Role of Ashwagandha in Cypermethrin-Induced Spleen Toxicity in mice

The current study is designed to investigate the immunoprotective efficacy of ashwagandha against cypermethrin-induced spleen toxicity in mice. Animals were divided randomly into four groups with six mice per group. Group, I served as control, group II cypermethrin treated, group III cypermethrin and ashwagandha co-treated, and group IV ashwagandha treated, all doses are given orally for 28 days. Samples were collected at the end of the experiment and later biochemical, histological, and hematological parameters were analyzed. A significant decrease was seen in the hematological parameters like hemoglobin percentage (Hb%), RBC, WBC, and MCH. The biochemical parameters like lipid peroxidation (*LPO) (p&lt;0.05), H2O2 (**p&lt;0.01), Nitric oxide (NO), and Catalase (**p&lt;0.01), increased significantly and the Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (**p&lt;0.01), Glutathione reductase and Superoxide dismutase (**p&lt;0.01) decreased significantly in cypermethrin exposed group as compared to control. The co-treatment with ashwagandha showed significant prevention in hematological and biochemical parameters. The histopathological investigation shows, the increased toxicity in the spleen of the cypermethrin exposed group as compared to the control and ashwagandha played a preventive role in the case of cypermethrin toxicity.

Is Chemical Control for Crayfish in Hatchery Fish Shipments Practical?

AbstractInvasive crayfish (family Cambaridae) displace native crayfish species and alter aquatic habitat, community structure, and ecosystem function. We evaluated whether chemical control can be a reliable control agent for crayfish to ensure that shipments from fish hatcheries did not result in new infestations of invasive crayfish. A series of acute (≤1 h) toxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of cypermethrin and pyrethrin to crayfish, freshwater mussels, and fish; chemical concentrations in test organisms; effectiveness of carbon‐block filters to remove cypermethrin from test waters; and the cost of chemical control relative to extra handling of fish. Cypermethrin dosed at 75 μg/L for 15 min resulted in 100% mortality of adult white river crawfish Procambarus acutus and virile crayfish Faxonius virilis but did not cause &gt;20% mortality in adult pondmussel Ligumia subrostrata, juvenile fatmucket Lampsilis siliquoidea, fingerling Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, hybrid sunfish (Bluegill × Green Sunfish L. cyanellus), hybrid Striped Bass (White Bass Morone chrysops × Striped Bass M. saxatilis), yearling Paddlefish Polyodon spathula, or ready‐to‐eat Bluegill, hybrid sunfish, and Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Behavioral effects, such as loss of equilibrium or head shaking, were generally limited to 1 h postexposure. Mean concentrations of cypermethrin increased in fish fillets (4–26 μg/g) and whole fish (5–1,770 μg/g); therefore, regulations limiting harvest for up to 7 d following stocking may be required. A carbon‐block filtration system was effective in reducing (&lt;90%) cypermethrin concentrations and thus reducing potential effects to nontarget species in receiving waters. Extra handling of fish was more cost‐effective for all fish tested except for Paddlefish, where the cost of chemical control was half that for extra handling. For all other fish tested, chemical control was 4–10 times more expensive than extra handling. Special use permits or chemical registration are needed before chemical control for crayfish could be routinely used at fish hatcheries.

Astaxanthin protects oocyte maturation against cypermethrin-induced defects in pigs

Cypermethrin (CYP), a pyrethroid insecticide, exerts the detrimental effect on the reproductive system, while astaxanthin (AST), a xanthophyll carotenoid, possesses the powerful antioxidant property and can protect oocyte maturation. However, the toxicity of CYP and the protective role of AST against CYP during oocyte maturation remain unclear. Here, porcine oocytes were applied to investigate the potential effects and underlying mechanisms of CYP and AST during oocyte maturation. This work demonstrated that CYP significantly decreased oocyte maturation rate and subsequent embryo development in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). And, CYP obviously induced the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and the reduction of glutathione content by downregulating the expression of redox genes in oocytes (P < 0.05). Moreover, CYP significantly caused oocyte DNA damage and disturbed the function of endoplasmic reticulum by altering the transcription of DNA damage repair and endoplasmic reticulum stress related genes (P < 0.05). Whereas CYP-exposed oocytes were treated with AST, these defects caused by CYP were significantly ameliorated (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CYP exerted the toxic effect on porcine oocytes, while AST effectively alleviated CYP-induced defects. This work provides a potential strategy to prevent pesticide toxicity and protect oocyte maturation in mammalian reproduction.

Evaluating the Influence of Rosemary Leaves Extract on Hormonal and Histopathological Alterations in Male Rabbits Exposed to Cypermethrin.

Rosemary Leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis) gained importance as natural antioxidants which strengthen the endogenous antioxidant defenses through die. The present experience was designed to assess the protective effect of ethanolic extract of rosemary leaves on the adrenal gland and testicular toxicity in male rabbits exposed to Cypermethrin. Forty healthy male rabbits were distributed into four groups of 10 animals each; the animals were administered cypermethrin 66.5 mg/kg alone or concurrent with Rosemary extract in both dosages (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 45 days, and the blood samples were taken from all animals for estimation hormones indices, the Anaesthetized animals were euthanized and adrenal gland and testes were separated for histopathological analysis. Results revealed that the exposure to Cypermethrin induced stress and infertility as evidenced by elevation in the level of cortisol concurrently with a lowering in ACTH level. Also, recording elevation in FSH and LH levels and a significant decline in estradiol level related to a reduction in testosterone levels observed noticeable compared to healthy control. While Concurrent exposure to Cypermethrin and Rosemary extract significantly improved hormone criteria compared to rabbits exposed to Cypermethrin alone. Histological lesions in this study include: the adrenal gland appeared thick fibrous capsule surrounding the adrenal tissue, destruction of adrenal cortex and vacuolation of three layers of the cortex, while in testes marked inhibition of spermatogenesis and degeneration of Sertoli cells with few numbers of Leydig cells were shown. These alterations were brought about by cypermethrin toxicity, while the treatment of Rosemary leaves extract with Cypermethrin alleviated the deleterious effect of Cypermethrin on the adrenal gland and testes and also restored spermatogenesis. The results showed that the extract of rosemary leaves possesses anti-infertility and strong antioxidant activities and can be used as a fertility-increasing drug to control sexual hormones also spermatogenesis, preventing toxicity and its pathophysiological consequences.

Cypermethrin toxicity in the environment: analytical Insight into detection methods and microbial degradation pathways.

The unrestricted utilization of xenobiotic compounds has sparked widespread concern by the world's growing population. A synthetic pyrethroid called cypermethrin (CP) is commonly utilized as an insecticide in horticulture, agriculture, and pest control. The high toxicity levels of accumulated CP have prompted environmental concerns; it damages soil fertility, and an ecosystem of essential bacteria, and causes allergic reactions and tremors in humans by affecting their nervous systems. The damage caused by CP to groundwater, food, and health makes it imperative that new effective and sustainable alternatives are investigated. Microbial degradation has been established as a reliable technique for mineralizing CP into less toxic chemicals. Among the many enzymes produced by bacteria, carboxylesterase enzymes are determined to be the most efficient in the CP breakdown process. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been reported as the best methods for determining CP and its metabolized products, with detection limits as low as ppb from diverse environmental samples. The current study describes the ecotoxicological impact of CP and innovative analytical techniques for their detection. The newly isolated CP-degrading bacterial strains have been evaluated in order to develop an efficient bioremediation strategy. The proposed pathways and the associated critical enzymes in the bacterial mineralization of CP have also been highlighted. Additionally, the strategic action to control CP toxicity has been discussed.