Cylinder Tube Research Articles

Cover Image

The cover image is based on the article Design, optimization, manufacture, and tests of CFRP hydraulic cylinder tube without metal liner: A bionic thorn‐tooth connection by Yao Li et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28504. image

A Novel Small Form-Factor Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography Probe for Oral Soft Tissue Imaging.

Tissue imaging is crucial in oral cancer diagnostics. Imaging techniques such as X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and computed tomography (CT) enable the visualization and analysis of tissues, aiding in the detection and diagnosis of cancers. A significant amount of research has been conducted on designing OCT probes for tissue imaging, but most probes are either heavy, bulky and require external mounting or are lightweight but straight. This study addresses these challenges, resulting in a curved lightweight, low-voltage and compact handheld imaging probe for oral soft tissue examination. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first curved handheld OCT probe with its shape optimized for oral applications. This probe features highly compact all-fiber optics with a diameter of 125 μm and utilizes innovative central deflection magnetic actuation for controlled beam scanning. To ensure vertical stability while scanning oral soft tissues, the fiber was secured through multiple narrow slits at the probe's distal end. This apparatus was encased in a 3D-printed angular cylinder tube (15 mm outer diameter, 12 mm inner diameter and 160 mm in length, weighing < 20 g). An angle of 115° makes the probe easy to hold and suitable for scanning in space-limited locations. To validate the feasibility of this probe, we conducted assessments on a multi-layered imaging phantom and human tissues, visualizing microstructural features with high contrast.

Design, optimization, manufacture, and tests of CFRP hydraulic cylinder tube without metal liner: A bionic thorn‐tooth connection

AbstractHydraulic cylinders are widely used in rudder surface control, landing gear retraction of aircraft. The aircraft could benefit a lot on weight reduction, by the application of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFPR) on the hydraulic cylinder. The design, optimization, manufacture of the CFRP hydraulic cylinder tube without metal liner is systematically studied in this article. In terms of structure design, inspired by natural thorn plants, a bionic thorn‐tooth connection structure is designed to connect CFRP and the metal end. Then the theoretical design method of thorn‐tooth is proposed. It also provides a new solution for the generic technology of CFRP‐to‐metal connection. In terms of CFRP parameters design method, an accurate mechanical model of CFRP hydraulic tube is established, the influence law of CFRP parameters on mechanical properties is explored, and the optimization method of CFRP parameters adapted to new characteristics is proposed. In terms of the manufacturing process, the split manufacturing‐combined molding process with high precision and low cost is developed to fit the characteristics of CFRP hydraulic tube without metal liner. The prototype manufactured by the proposed method has a weight reduction ratio of 62.37% while maintaining performances compared to the original metal hydraulic cylinder tube. This research will bring significant performance gains and considerable economic and environmental benefits to aircrafts.Highlights The systematic study of CFRP hydraulic tube without metal liner is presented for weight reduction. The bionic thorn‐tooth connection and its parameter design method are proposed. The CFRP parameters design method of CFRP hydraulic tube is established. A manufacturing process adapted to CFRP hydraulic tube without metal liner is developed.

Biomechanical comparisons of all--suture suspensory button vs. interference screw for inlay subpectoral bicep tenodesis

All-suture buttons (ASBs) and interference screw (IS) are commonly utilized in the inlay subpectoral biceps tendon tenodesis. However, the biomechanical characteristics of these two methods have not been compared directly. The aim of present study was to compare the biomechanical properties of ASB vs. IS for inlay subpectoral biceps tendon tenodesis in a human cadaveric model. Sixteen fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were randomly divided into two experimental inlay biceps tenodesis groups: ASB or IS. After tenodesis, every specimen was preloaded at 5N for 2minutes, followed with a cyclic loading test from 5 to 70N for 500 load cycles. Then the load-to-failure test was performed. Afterward, the humerus was placed in a cylinder tube and secured with anchoring cement. Lastly, a two-point bending test was performed to determine the strength of the humerus. Destructive axial force was applied, and the failure strength and displacement were recorded. No difference in stiffness was observed between the two groups (ASB=27.4±3.5N/mm vs. IS=29.7±3.0N/mm; P=.270). Cyclic displacement was significantly greater in the ASB group (6.8±2.6mm) than the IS group (3.8±1.1mm; P=.021). In terms of failure load, there were no statistical differences among the two groups (P=.234). The ASB group was able to withstand significantly greater displacement (11.9±1.6mm) before failure than the IS group (7.8±1.5mm; P=.001). During the humeral bending test, the ASB group exhibited significantly greater maximal load (2354.8±285.1N vs. 2086.4±296.1N; P=.046) and larger displacement (17.8±2.8mm vs. 14.1±2.8mm; P=.027) before fracture. In inlay subpectoral bicep tenodesis, ASB fixation appears to offer comparable stiffness and failure load to that of IS fixation. Additionally, the ASB group exhibited greater resistance to load and displacement before humeral fracture. However, the ASB group did demonstrate increased cyclic displacement compared to IS group.

Research and Manufacture of Hydraulic Butt Fusion Welding Machine for Different Plastic Material Pipes

This paper introduces the research and manufacture of a hydraulic butt fusion welding machine that permits to weld dissimilar plastic pipes. In welding of dissimilar plastic pipes, the welding parameters at two pipe ends will be different. The butt fusion welding cycle of two dissimilar plastic pipes is established. The fabricated welding machine consists of the following basic components: machine body, two heating plates, four movable clamp rings, hydraulic movement mechanism to move the heater plate, hydraulic system to control the pressure and also to move the pipe ends during welding process. The pressed system has four movable cylinder tubes that move on four fixed pistons. At each side (left and right), a pair of two clamp rings is mounted on two movable cylinder tubes to provide forward and backward movement of a pipe during welding process. Two heater plates heat the two plastic pipe ends at different temperatures depending on the welding temperature of each plastic pipe material. The welding process is built in order to weld two dissimilar plastic pipes. The fabricated hydraulic butt fusion welding machine and the established welding process ensure accuracy and quality for the welding joint of dissimilar plastic pipes.

Hollow metal tubes for efficient electron manipulation using terahertz surface waves.

Compact electron sources have been instrumental in multidiscipline sciences including fundamental physics, oncology treatments, and advanced industries. Of particular interest is the terahertz-driven electron manipulation that holds great promise for an efficient high gradient of multi-GeV/m inside a regular dielectric-lined waveguide (DLW). The recent study relying on terahertz surface waves has demonstrated both high terahertz energy and improved coupling efficiency with the DLW. However, the large energy spread pertaining to the laser-induced electron pulse impedes the practical use of the system. Here, we propose a scheme for extending the idea of surface-wave-driven electron manipulation to mature electron sources such as commercial direct-current and radio-frequency electron guns. By using a simple hollow cylinder tube for electron transmission, we show that the electron energy modulation can reach up to 860 keV, or compress the electron pulse width to 15 fs using a 2.9 mJ single-cycle terahertz pulse. The trafficability of the hollow tube also allows for a cascade of the system, which is expected to pave the way for compact and highly efficient THz-driven electron sources.

Design, manufacture, and experiments of lightweight CFRP hydraulic cylinder tube without metal liner

AbstractHydraulic cylinders are widely used in aircraft rudder surface control, landing gear retraction, flaps and speed brakes retraction, ground steering driving, and engine thrust reverser control. The huge weight of hydraulic cylinders severely limits the aircraft's potential for increased range, maneuverability, energy efficiency, and carrying capacity. To achieve the maximum weight reduction, the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) hydraulic tube without a metal liner is designed in this paper. In response to the lack of a parameter calculation method for CFRP hydraulic tubes, the accurate calculation method is developed through mechanical modeling and analysis of parameter influence law. For the structure design challenges of connection, sealing, and friction of CFRP hydraulic tube without metal liner, we have proposed and verified the wave contour inlaid structure, three leak‐proof solutions of the connection interface, the leak‐proof structure of the wound CFRP body and the seal friction pair. For the difficulties of multi‐material and high‐precision molding, a new process of split manufacturing‐combined molding is developed to achieve high‐precision and low‐cost manufacturing. Finally, the prototype is manufactured and tested by the presented method, and its weight reduction ratio is 56.64% compared with the original metal hydraulic tube. This study has further matured the application of CFRP hydraulic tubes without metal liners and has great lightweight benefits in aircraft.Highlights CFRP hydraulic tube without metal liner is designed to reduce weight. An accurate calculation method of CFRP parameters is developed. Connection structure, leak‐proof structure, and seal friction pair are designed. The high‐precision and low‐cost molding process is innovatively proposed.

Natural convection of power-law fluid in a horizontal annulus between outer cylinder and inner flat tube

Natural convection of power-law fluid in a horizontal annulus between outer cylinder and inner flat tube

Transfer-Matrix Method for Calculus of Long Cylinder Tube with Industrial Applications

The Transfer-Matrix Method (TMM) is an original and relatively simple mathematical approach for the calculus of thin-walled cylindrical tubes presented in this work. Calculation with TMM is much less used than calculation with the Finite Elements Method (FEM), even though it is much easier to apply in different fields. That is why it was considered imperative to present this original study. The calculus is based on Dirac’s and Heaviside’s functions and operators and on matrix calculation. The state vectors, the transfer-matrix, and the vector corresponding to the external efforts were defined, which were then used in the calculations. A matrix relation can be written, which gives the state vector of the last section depending on the state vector of the first section, a relation in which the conditions of the two end supports can be set. As an application, a heat exchanger was studied, with a large cylinder subjected to a uniformly distributed internal load, and from the inner cylinder bundle, a cylinder subjected to both uniform internal and external loads was considered. For the second cylinder, two possibilities of action for the external forces were considered, a successive action and a simultaneous action, achieving the same results in both situations. The TMM is intended to be used for iterative calculus in optimization problems where rapid successive results are required. In the future, we want to expand this method to other applications, and we want to develop related programs. This is an original theoretical study and is a complement to the research in the field on thin-walled cylinder tubes and their applications in heat exchangers.

Design and construction of coffee roasting machine with rounding cylinder tube using electric heat source

Design and construction of coffee roasting machine with rounding cylinder tube using electric heat source

Investigation of Erosion/Corrosion Behavior of GRP under Harsh Operating Conditions.

Glass-fiber-reinforced pipe (GRP) is a strong alternative to many other materials, such as cast iron and concrete. It is characterized by high corrosion resistance, resulting in good erosion/corrosion. For the erosion/corrosion test, commercially available GRPs were used, which are frequently utilized for oil field wastewater in harsh environments. This type of GRP material was subjected to simulated conditions replicating in situ or harsh environments. An extensive experiment was conducted. Three quantities of abrasive sand (250 g, 400 g and 500 g with a size of 65 µm) were mixed with 0.015 m3 of water. The abrasive sand samples were taken at a 90 degree angle from the wall of the cylinder tubes. Three flow rate conditions were selected, 0.01 m3/min, 0.0067 m3/min and 0.01 m3/min, with 10 wt.% chlorine. Furthermore, these tests were conducted at five different times: 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 5 h. The results show that the erosion rate increased both with an increasing amount of abrasive sand and with increasing flow rate. The maximum value for the erosion rate was more than three for a flow rate of 0.015 m3 with chlorine for 500 g of sand. The corrosion rate also showed the same trend, with the maximum corrosion rate being reached under the same conditions. It was found that the corrosion rate largely depends on the amount of weight loss, which is an indicator of the erosion effect. Therefore, GFRP provides better erosion/corrosion resistance in a harsh environment or in situ conditions.

Characteristics of roasting arabica and robusta coffee beans with rotary cylinder tube roast machine with electric heat source

Arabica and Robusta coffee beans have physical differences in general. In the process of roasting coffee beans with different physical forms, it is possible that there will be differences in the roasting temperature and water content of the beans after the roasting process. Arabica and Robusta coffee beans have physical differences in general. In the process of roasting coffee beans with different physical forms, it is possible that there will be differences in the roasting temperature and water content of the beans after the roasting process. In brewing coffee, it can also be affected by the roasting process. There are several factors that need to be considered in the roasting coffea bean namely early moisture of coffea beans, temperature in the roaster and the time it takes for the coffee beans to ripen as desired. The use of heat energy to get a specific aroma and taste in coffee beans is very necessary. The objective of the research is to determine how the criteria of the roast of Arabica coffea beans and Robusta coffee beans using cylindrical roaster rotates with electrical energy as its heat source. The results obtained at the treatment temperature of 205°C using a rotating cylinder tube coffee roaster using an electric heat source takes 78 minutes to reach coffee maturity with a dark roast level of maturity. Analysis of the color of coffee beans after roasting, it was found that Arabica coffee and Robusta coffee were more dominant, showing on the color track-60 with the Agtron Color Classification System scale, where the initial moisture content of dry robusta beans is 12.50% reduced to 3.66% after roasting, while the initial moisture content of arabica beans is 12.36% reduced to 3.54%.

Influence of boundary condition on the sound velocity in granular assembly: Spiral tube versus cylinder

The properties of elastic wave propagation in granular assemblies have become a subject of immense interest in recent years, however, the influence of different confinements on the sound velocity is seldom investigated. This study provides a method to determine the contact point between spherical, super-ellipsoidal particles and complex boundaries, in order to investigate how the anisotropy induced by particle shape or boundary affects velocity. Taking cylinder and spiral tube confinements as examples, the falling process of spherical and super-ellipsoidal assemblies are simulated to verify the validation by the discrete element method (DEM). The convergence of the kinetic energy during the falling process and the equilibrium state with zero residual kinetic energy guarantees the stability and correctness. On the basis, elastic wave propagation of spherical and super-ellipsoidal systems in spiral tube and cylindrical confinements under different pressures are modelled, and sound velocities are calculated. The effective medium theory (EMT), granular solid hydrodynamics (GSH), and elastic stiffness are used to interpret the relationship between velocity and stress in cylindrical confinement. However, the results in the spiral tube deviate from EMT and GSH, which means the boundary affects velocity significantly. The difference of velocity between spiral tube and cylinder is qualitatively explained from the perspective of anisotropy of contact force distribution in the system. The simulation results show that anisotropy introduced by the curved surface affects the acoustic properties greatly. The method used for spiral boundary is also suitable for other complicated confinements.

Semi-supervised learning approach for localization and pose estimation of texture-less objects in cluttered scenes

3D object recognition and 6D pose estimation are crucial and fundamental endeavours for industrial assembly line automation such as robotic controlled pick-and-place. While the problem on textured objects is extensively studied, it is still an open research topic for texture-less industrial parts, e.g, solid cylinder and hollow tube, which are symmetric and appear similar in shapes from many viewing perspectives, causing pose ambiguity. Also, the industrial assembly line environment is usually cluttered and the captured data is noisy, which makes this task even more challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel object localization and pose estimation technique using RGB images and depth maps of industrial assembly parts. Our segmentation model is fully morphological and unsupervised for localizing the region of interest containing the target object extracted from the depth map. Our segmentation technique is effective in the presence of partial occlusion, multiple objects, and cluttered scenes. We use a model based approach for object recognition based on Stochastic Gradient Descent trained on features of Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and invariant moments of the region of interest containing the target object. We generate synthetic training images automatically from the CAD models of the industrial parts. We use a contour matching strategy based on Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm to estimate the optimal 6D pose of the object from a set of candidates. Experimental results show that our proposed approach competes and demonstrates advantages on the challenging T-LESS dataset compared to the state-of-the-art methods. • We introduce a strategy for generating multiple viewpoint synthetic images from a CAD model. • We introduce a non-supervised clustering process for object segmentation based on a depth map that does not require a training stage. • We demonstrate how different HOG feature parameters can be tuned to achieve better prediction and performance. • We present a new real-time strategy for object pose estimation using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) between the target object contour and best prior candidates. • We show that our method achieves better time performance than other works for pose estimation.

Modified Aluminium Tube Profile to Enhance the Performance of Impact Energy Absorption

The use of thin-walled structures as impact energy absorbers are well known. The thin aluminum cylinder tube is a good impact energy absorber. However, the energy-absorbing design must also have sufficient toughness. In this research, we made modifications to improve the performance of the thin aluminum tube. The thin aluminum cylinder's modification is prepared by adding four grooves along the wall in the axial direction. Numerical modeling was carried out using the finite element method. The impact test is carried out by  applying a high  speed of 50 m/s  to a hammer that hits the axial direction's specimen. Explicit dynamic analysis is used in this modeling. The reaction force is obtained by measuring fixed support at the end of the tube. The total energy as a function of time is received in this simulation. The explicit dynamic simulation results show that the toughness of the modified specimens increased compared to the original model. The amount of energy per unit time at the start of the collision appears to be higher. Likewise, the total deformation in the modified specimen is shorter than in the original specimen. Thus, until the collision's end, the modified thin aluminum tube specimen provides better performance and absorption of impact energy.

Impact of Magnetic Field on a Peristaltic Flow with Heat Transfer of a Fractional Maxwell Fluid in a Tube

Magnetic field and the fractional Maxwell fluids’ impacts on peristaltic flows within a circular cylinder tube with heat transfer was evaluated while assuming that they are preset with a low-Reynolds number and a long wavelength. Utilizing, the fractional calculus method, the problem was solved analytically. It was deduced for temperature, axial velocity, tangential stress, and heat transfer coefficient. Many emerging parameters and their effects on the aspects of the flow were illustrated, and the outcomes were expressed via graphs. A special focus was dedicated to some criteria, such as the wave amplitude's effect, Hartman and Grashof numbers, radius and relaxation–retardation ratios, and heat source, which were under discussions on the axial velocity, tangential stress, heat transfer, and temperature coefficients across one wavelength. Multiple graphs of physical interest were provided. The outcomes state that the effect of the criteria mentioned beforehand (the Hartman and Grashof numbers, wave amplitude, radius ratio, heat source, and relaxation–retardation ratio) were quite evident.

Finite element analysis of wind turbine blades subjected to torsional loads: Shell vs solid elements

In this work the modelling of wind turbine blades subjected to torsional loads is explored. Usually, wind turbine blades are modelled using Outer Mold Layer (OML) shell models, whose mid-surface does not coincide with the nodal plane, and have been shown not to capture their behaviour correctly in torsional loadings, highly underestimating the torsional stiffness of the blade. To better understand the differences between using OML shell models and solid element models, a cylinder tube first is analysed and the conclusions from this study are applied for the wind turbine models. It was observed that artificial deformation modes were responsible for the erroneous results when using offset shell elements. These results can be drastically improved by controlling the stiffness associated with the drilling Degree Of Freedom (DOF). Furthermore, a high fidelity definition of the geometry of the blade is crucial to accurately capture its behaviour in torsion. By carefully controlling these parameters, the stiffness difference between the offset shell and solid models was reduced from 35% to 5%.

Heat transfer optimization in a vertical cylinder tube with vertically arranged fins

Heat transfer optimization in a vertical cylinder tube with vertically arranged fins

Effect of Heat and Mass Transfer and Magnetic Field on Peristaltic Flow of a Fractional Maxwell Fluid in a Tube

Magnetic field and the fractional Maxwell fluids’ impacts on peristaltic flows within a circular cylinder tube with heat and mass transfer were evaluated while assuming that they are preset with a low Reynolds number and a long wavelength. The analytical solution was deduced for temperature, concentration, axial velocity, tangential stress, and coefficient of heat transfer. Many emerging parameters and their effects on the aspects of the flow were illustrated, and the outcomes were expressed via graphs. Finally, some graphical presentations were made to assess the impacts of various parameters in a peristaltic motion of the fractional fluid in a tube of different nature. The present investigation is essential in many medical applications, such as the description of the gastric juice movement of the small intestine in inserting an endoscope.

Capillary driven flow in oval tubes under microgravity

The capillary driven flow of a liquid in a tube of elliptical cross section under microgravity is studied in this paper. All the factors including the dynamic contact angle between the liquid and the tube wall, the pressure loss caused by convection, the viscous resistance in the tube and the reservoir, and the curved liquid surface in the reservoir are considered. The equation of capillary driven flow in the tube of elliptical cross section is derived. The flow equation can be transformed into an equation that combines external forces on the control body in the tube. In the case of low Ohnesorge (Oh) numbers, the flow behavior is divided into three time domains by using the capillary force as the driving force that balances with the inertial force in the reservoir, the convective pressure loss in the reservoir, and the viscous resistance in the tube in the three domains, respectively. The liquid climbing height in these three sections is proportional to t2, t, and t, respectively. However, in the case of high Oh numbers, the flow is divided into two regions, something which has not been proposed in previous work about capillary driven flow in cylinder tubes. This study is verified by drop tower experiments and numerical simulation with the volume of fluid method.