Cyclothymic Temperament Research Articles

Investigation of Body Perception, Alexithymic Characteristics, and Self-Esteem in Patients Underwent Septorhinoplasty.

Objective: This study evaluated patients' body perception, self-esteem, and personality traits during the preoperative and postoperative periods of septorhinoplasty. Based on these evaluations, we may provide patient selection recommendations for septorhinoplasty applicants. Methods: In this cross-sectional questionnaire study, 86 patients who underwent primary septorhinoplasty in the Department of Otolaryngology at Bilecik Training and Research Hospital were included between March 2023 and 2024. The same surgeon performed all operations. The preoperative Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) Questionnaire, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Body Perception Scale (BPS), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), and TEMPS-A Temperament Scale in the preoperative period and ROE, RSES, and BPS in the postoperative period were applied. Results: Fifty-four female and 32 male patients participated in our study. The mean age was 24.0 ± 0.6 years. While there was no significant difference in the BPS and RSES scores between the preoperative and postoperative periods, the total ROE score was significantly higher in the postoperative than in the preoperative period. Postoperative ROE scores were positively correlated with RSES and hyperthymic temperament. In contrast, it was negatively correlated with depressive temperament, cyclothymic temperament, anxious temperament, BPS total score, TAS total score, and TAS emotion recognition and expression subscale scores. In the group with alexithymia features separated according to the TAS cutoff score, preoperative and postoperative ROE results were significantly lower, whereas depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious personality traits and total BPS scores were higher. However, the postoperative RSBE scores were lower in this group. Conclusion: This is the first study to evaluate self-esteem, body image, alexithymia, and personality traits in septorhinoplasty patients. Appropriate patient selection is essential for success and patient satisfaction in aesthetic operations such as septorhinoplasty. Performing BPS, TEMPS-A, and TAS may help evaluate psychological factors.

Does Temperament Constitute a Risk Factor for Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?

The aim of this study was to examine the temperament characteristics of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the relationship between ADHD subtypes and temperament. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood ADHD symptoms and temperament. The study included 59 ADHD patients aged between 18 and 60 years and 44 healthy controls. All participants completed the Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and the Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis and Rating Scale. Temperament characteristics were assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire scale (TEMPS-A). The ADHD group had significantly higher scores for cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperament compared to the control group (p<0.001). The number of individuals with cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperament was also significantly higher in the ADHD group (p=0.007, p=0.018, p=0.029, respectively). Positive correlations were found between cyclothymic and depressive temperament scores and WURS scores (r=0.278, p=0.033; r=0.326, p=0.012, respectively), between hyperthymic temperament scores and hyperactivity scores (r=0.399, p=0.002), and between depressive temperament scores and attention deficit scores (r=0.303, p=0.020). There was no relationship between ADHD subtypes and dominant temperament (p>0.05). The most common dominant temperament in the ADHD group was cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious. The positive correlation between WURS scores and cyclothymic temperament suggests that cyclothymic temperament may be a risk factor for adult ADHD.

Mood temperaments in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

BackgroundThe incidence of various mood disorders and temperaments in ADHD patients is well-documented, irrespective of age. These temperamental differences cause emotional and behavioral instability, impacting individual and social functioning, and overall quality of life. This study evaluates different temperaments in adults with ADHD compared to those without ADHD.MethodsThis case–control study was performed on 75 adult ADHD patients as the case group and 75 adults without ADHD as the control group. A demographic questionnaire and a shortened Persian version of the TEMPS-A questionnaire were given and completed to the people included in the study to assess different mood temperaments.ResultsComparing different components of mood temperaments between the patients with and without ADHD showed significantly higher mean scores for irritable, anxious, depressed, and cyclothymic temperaments in those with ADHD as compared to a control group. In the group suffering from ADHD, women had significantly higher mean scores for dysthymic and anxious temperaments as compared to men, while the mean score for cyclothymic temperaments was significantly higher in men than in women. A high academic degree was associated with lower scores for mood temperaments, while mood temperaments were independent of patients’ age.ConclusionsThe higher score of various mood temperaments in patients with ADHD compared to people without this disorder is completely predictable, and this score can potentially affect the gender of the patients as well as their education level. Given the higher scores of temperamental traits in patients with adult ADHD, implementing screening programs aimed at identifying temperamental disorders in these patients is highly emphasized.

The relationship between prodromal symptom levels and affective temperament features and emotional dysregulation in patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and their first-degree relatives: A controlled study

BackgroundThe frequency of developing psychiatric symptoms is higher in the first-degree relatives of bipolar patients compared to the healthy population. This study aims to determine the possible diagnosis of bipolarity by revealing the bipolar prodromal features, temperament changes, and emotional disregulation in the first-degree relatives of bipolar patients and their interrelationships. MethodsA total of 150 patients, including bipolar disorder patients, their first-degree relatives, and a healthy control group, aged 18–65 who met the study inclusion criteria, were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form, Bipolar Prodromal Symptom Scale (BPSS), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), and Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) were administered to all participants. ResultsSignificant differences were found between the BPSS, TEMPS-A, and DERS total and subscale scores of the bipolar patient group, first-degree relatives, and healthy control group (p < 0.001). There were significant differences in BPSS frequency and severity subscale scores, TEMPS-A hyperthymic and cyclothymic subscale scores, and DERS strategy, goal-oriented, and awareness subscale scores between patients and their first-degree relatives (p < 0.001). Additionally, all scale scores of the patient relatives were significantly different from the healthy control group (p < 0.001). A significant relationship was found between the prodromal scores and temperament scores of the patient relatives, and between the temperament scores and DERS scores (p < 0.001). ConclusionIt has been observed that the severity and frequency of bipolar prodromal symptoms, temperament changes, and difficulty in mood regulation are higher in bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives compared to the healthy population. Differences were found in hyperthymic and cyclothymic temperament features and difficulty in mood regulation scores between bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Patient relatives showed significant changes in all parameters compared to the healthy group. The severity of bipolar prodromal symptoms in patient relatives was associated with cyclothymic and anxious temperament features, while the frequency of bipolar symptoms was associated with anxious temperament. Relationships were found between some temperament and mood regulation difficulty sub-scores. In light of these findings, evaluating clinical variables such as the frequency and severity of prodromal symptoms, temperament features, and difficulty in mood regulation in the first-degree relatives of bipolar patients may be an appropriate approach for diagnosing mood disorders.

The affective temperaments as a prognostic factor in the course of alcohol addiction – a key to enhance diagnoses and therapy?

The paper outlines the role of affective temperaments, as defined by Akiskal, in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders with a particular focus on the clinical course of addiction. Among affective temperaments, a cyclothymic temperament seems to play a key role in the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorders, and have the greatest influence on the clinical course of addiction. A high cyclothymic score is associated with inter alia an earlier onset of drinking and alcohol dependence, a negative course of alcohol dependence, relapse and alcohol craving. The structure of affective temperaments is also a predictor of suicidal behavior and drug addiction in the alcohol addict population. Interest has been growing regarding the role of affective temperament in the development and course of alcohol dependence; however, further research in this area is needed. An understanding of the temperamental determinants of alcohol dependence in the affective dimension may significantly support diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Affective temperament profile may be suggestive of alcohol use disorders and may be a primary prognostic factor of craving and relapse, potential suicide, treatment motivation and the co-occurrence of drug dependence among patients with alcohol use disorder.

Exploring the role of affective temperaments: predicting major depressive disorder in the context of borderline personality disorder

ABSTRACT Purpose Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex condition believed to arise from a multifaceted interplay of genetic, environmental, and biological factors. In the pursuit of understanding its etiology, two elements that warrant investigation are borderline personality disorder (BPD) and affective temperaments. We aim to gain deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying this debilitating mental health condition. Method The dataset comprises individuals who sought assistance from psychiatry outpatient clinics for diverse reasons during the period spanning from 2018 to 2022. These individuals underwent SCID-II assessments to diagnose borderline personality disorder (BPD) and also completed the TEMPS-A temperament tests. Results The mean years of schooling was lower in the MDD group (p = 0.014). Two groups are compared in terms of affective temperament. Depressive (p < 0.0001), cyclothymic (p < 0.0001), anxious (p = 0.001), and irritable (p < 0.0001) temperament scores were statistically higher in the MDD group. Apart from the scale scores, the prevalence of affective temperament was evaluated and the same temperaments (depressive (p < 0.0001), cyclothymic (p < 0.0001), anxious (p = 0.001), and irritable (p < 0.0001)) were found to be significantly higher in the MDD group. Diagnosis of BPD is higher in the MDD group (p = 0.002). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of cyclothymic temperament and marital status may be predictor factors for the development of MDD (p < 0.0001, CI: 0.001–0.121 and p = 0.002, CI: 1.550–7.172, respectively). Conclusion Notably, higher scores in cyclothymic temperament and experiencing loneliness have been identified as significantly associated with MDD. Interestingly, in patients with comorbid BPD-MDD, the presence of cyclothymic temperament appears to be a more critical factor than personality traits. This finding underscores the potential role of cyclothymic temperament in contributing to the co-occurrence of BPD and MDD.

The predictivity role of affective temperaments in mood alteration

BackgroundThe affective temperaments are defined as the fundamental predisposition from which normal affective states originate or as the constitutional core of personality. Recently, researchers have started considering the role of affective temperament on the clinical expression of affective disorders. The aim of the study is to learn more about the role of affective temperaments on irritability, anxiety and depression symptoms. Methods748 subjects belonging to Italian population were included. Data were collected through an online survey including IDAS and TEMPS-A questionnaire. Two correlation analysis were performed to assess sex differences in the affective patterns. A linear regression analysis was performed to assess how age, sex and temperamental dimensions could play a role as predictors of depression, anxiety and irritability symptoms. ResultsThe correlation analysis shows that "Cyclothymic," "Depressive," "Irritable", and "Anxious" temperaments, in both genders, positively correlate with Anxiety, Depression, and Irritability. Hyperthymic temperament, instead, negatively correlates with Depression in men and with both Anxiety and Depression in women. Linear regression show that Cyclothymic, depressive and anxious temperaments are significant predictors of anxiety symptoms while depressive and cyclothymic temperaments are predictors of depressive symptoms. The irritability was found to be a significant predictor of depression and anxiety disorders. The results of the linear regression analysis show that the Cyclothymic and Irritable temperaments significantly predicted “Irritability”. Finally, female sex was found to be a predictor of anxiety (β = 0.090, t = 2.906, p = <0.004) ConclusionThe present study confirms the role of affective temperaments as possible risk factors in psychopathological manifestations. Further studies would be necessary in order to investigate the mechanisms of these observed associations.

Antidepressant-associated diagnostic change from major depressive to bipolar disorder.

Anticipating diagnostic change from major depressive (MDD) to bipolar disorder (BD) can support better prognosis and treatment, especially of depression but is challenging and reported research results are inconsistent. We therefore assessed clinical characteristics associated with diagnostic change from MDD to BD with antidepressant treatments. We compared characteristics of 3212 initially MDD patients who became (hypo)manic during antidepressant treatment to those with stable MDD diagnoses as well as with cases of stable, spontaneous BD, using standard bivariate and multivariate statistics. Among MDD patients, 6.69% [CI: 5.85-7.61] changed to BD, mostly type II (BD2, 76.7%). BD-converters had higher rates of familial mood disorders (74.1% vs. 57.1%) or BD (33.7% vs. 21.0%) and 2.8-years younger onset than stable MDD patients. They also had more prior depressive recurrences/year, years-of-illness, mood-stabilizer treatment, divorces, fewer children, more suicide attempts and drug-abuse, and higher intake cyclothymia, YMRS and MDQ scores. Predictors independently associated with diagnostic conversion were: more familial BD, depressions/year, unemployment, cyclothymic temperament, suicidal ideation or acts, and fewer children. BD-converters vs. spontaneous BD cases had significantly more suicide attempts, BD2 diagnoses, and affected relatives. Converting to vs. spontaneous BD1 was associated with more ADHD, more suicidal ideation or behavior, MDI course, and younger onset; converting to vs. spontaneous BD2 had more episodes/year, unemployment, ADHD, substance abuse, suicidal ideation or attempts, and more relatives with BD. Few (6.69%) initially MDD subjects converted to BD, most (76.7%) to BD2. Independent predictive associations with diagnostic change included: familial BD, more depressions/year, unemployment, cyclothymic temperament, suicidal behavior and fewer children. Notably, several characteristics were stronger among those changing to BD during antidepressant treatment vs. others with spontaneous BD.

Adherence to dietary recommendations mediates the effect of affective temperaments on infertility treatment outcomes

Affective temperaments have been shown to robustly affect infertility treatment success. However, identification of possible mediating factors through which they exert their influence is still lacking. A growing number of results suggest that adherence to recommended treatments may be such a mediator, on the one hand, because affective temperaments are known to influence adherence and, on the other hand, because non-adherence negatively influences the treatment outcome. Recommended treatment of infertility involves, beyond medications, dietary and lifestyle changes. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate whether adherence to physician-prescribed diet and physical activity recommendations mediates the effect of affective temperaments on infertility treatment outcomes. Among 308 women who underwent infertility treatment in an Assisted Reproduction Center, affective temperaments, adherence to diet, adherence to physical exercise, and infertility treatment success (clinical pregnancy) were assessed besides detailed medical history and demographic parameters. Associations between affective temperaments, adherence to diet and recommended physical activity, and assisted reproduction outcomes were analyzed using generalized linear models and causal mediation analysis. Adherence to physical activity didn’t have an effect, but diet adherence increased the odds of infertility treatment success by 130% suggesting its role as a potential mediator. Based on causal mediation analysis, higher depressive and anxious temperament scores were directly associated with 63% and 45% lower odds of achieving clinical pregnancy, respectively, with effects not mediated by diet adherence. Higher irritable temperament scores indirectly decreased the odds of achieving clinical pregnancy by 14%, mediated by diet adherence; while higher cyclothymic temperament scores decreased the odds of achieving clinical pregnancy both directly by 51% and indirectly, mediated by diet adherence by 11%. Our results suggest that diet adherence mediates the mechanism by which irritable and cyclothymic affective temperaments influence IVF treatment success. Since adherence is a modifiable risk factor of infertility treatment success, screening for affective temperaments may help to identify potentially high-risk non-adherent patient groups and offer patient-tailored treatment, which may help increase the chances of a successful pregnancy and live birth in women undergoing IVF treatment.

Using machine learning algorithms and techniques for defining the impact of affective temperament types, content search and activities on the internet on the development of problematic internet use in adolescents' population.

By using algorithms and Machine Learning - ML techniques, the aim of this research was to determine the impact of the following factors on the development of Problematic Internet Use (PIU): sociodemographic factors, the intensity of using the Internet, different contents accessed on the Internet by adolescents, adolescents' online activities, life habits and different affective temperament types. Sample included 2,113 adolescents. The following instruments were used: questionnaire about: socio-demographic characteristics, intensity of the Internet use, content categories and online activities on the Internet; Facebook (FB) usage and life habits; The Internet Use Disorder Scale (IUDS). Based on their scores on the scale, subjects were divided into two groups - with or without PIU; Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego scale for adolescents (A-TEMPS-A). Various ML classification models on our data set were trained. Binary classification models were created (class-label attribute was PIU value). Models hyperparameters were optimized using grid search method and models were validated using k-fold cross-validation technique. Random forest was the model with the best overall results and the time spent on FB and the cyclothymic temperament were variables of highest importance for these model. We also applied the ML techniques Lasso and ElasticNet. The three most important variables for the development of PIU with both techniques were: cyclothymic temperament, the longer use of the Internet and the desire to use the Internet more than at present time. Group of variables having a protective effect (regarding the prevention of the development of PIU) was found with both techniques. The three most important were: achievement, search for contents related to art and culture and hyperthymic temperament. Next, 34 important variables that explain 0.76% of variance were detected using the genetic algorithms. Finally, the binary classification model (with or without PIU) with the best characteristics was trained using artificial neural network. Variables related to the temporal determinants of Internet usage, cyclothymic temperament, the desire for increased Internet usage, anxious and irritable temperament, on line gaming, pornography, and some variables related to FB usage consistently appear as important variables for the development of PIU.

Temperamental differences in the Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

IntroductionAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by difficulties in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Its subtypes—predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined—vary in symptom presentation and impact on daily functioning. Understanding these subtypes is crucial for tailored interventions and support.ObjectivesOur aim is to clinically characterize the psychopathological aspects of the subtypes of ADHD.MethodsOur study is conducted on patients (&gt;18 years) referred to the adult ADHD outpatient service of the Psychiatric Clinic of Ancona (Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy). The Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults (DIVA 5.0) was used for diagnosing ADHD. The following rating scale were administered: Temperament Evaluation in Memphis, Pisa and San Diego (TEMPS-M), and Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R).Results76% (n=170) of all screened patients were diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood. 57.6% (n=98) were diagnosed with ADHD combined subtype, 35.3% (n=60) with ADHD inattentive subtype, and 7.1% (n=12) with ADHD hyperactive subtype. Only 12.9% (n=22) were diagnosed with ADHD in childhood. Based on the results obtained at TEMPS-M, 43.8% (n=32) of patients were found to have cyclothymic temperament. Subjects with ADHD combined subtype scored significantly higher mean on the irritable temperament subscale of the TEMPS-M than those with ADHD inattentive subtype (p=0.016), while patients with ADHD inattentive subtype had a significantly higher mean score on the disorderliness subscale of the TCI-R than those with ADHD hyperactive and combined subtype (p=0.010). Given the logistic regression analyses using the TCI-R, developing an inattentive type of ADHD is negatively predicted by the disorderliness subscale of the TCI-R (exp(B)=0.788, IC95%=0.669-0.929, p=0.005) and positively predicted by the extravagance subscale of the TCI-R (exp(B)=1.104, IC95%=1.009-1.208, p=0.031), the hyperactive subtype of ADHD is negatively predicted by the fatigability subscale of the TCI-R (exp(B)=0.775, IC95%=0.597-1.005, p=0.055) and the combined subtype that is positively predicted by the disorderliness subscale of the TCI-R (exp(B)=1.140, IC95%=1.011-1.287, p=0.033). Regarding temperament, through a logistic regression analysis, the inattentive subtype of ADHD is negatively predicted by the irritable temperament subscale of the TEMPS-M (exp(B)=0.904, IC95%=8.39-0.974, p=0.008), while for the combined subtype of ADHD it is positively predicted by the irritable temperament subscale of the TEMPS-M (exp(B)=1.088, IC95%=1.014-1.167, p=0.019).ConclusionsThe results show that irritable temperament is a predictor for the inattentive and combined subtype, but with different polarities. In addition, how different patterns of personality are specific to the various subtypes of ADHD are highlighted.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Dominant depressive, anxious and cyclothymic affective temperaments lower the chance of infertility treatment success

IntroductionAffective temperaments can play a significant role in the development, progression and outcome of various somatic diseases, as well as in the effectiveness of their treatment. Although infertility is influenced by both physical and psychological factors, the relationship between affective temperaments and infertility treatment success remains unexplored.ObjectivesThe aim of this retrospective cohort study was to assess how dominant affective temperaments influence the outcome of infertility treatments.MethodsData was collected from a cohort of infertile women who underwent infertility treatment at an Assisted Reproduction Center in Budapest, Hungary. The study recorded treatment success defined as clinical pregnancy, detailed medical history, demographic parameters, and administered the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). TEMPS-A scores then were classified into nondominant and dominant temperaments for each scale, based on their score being above or below the mean+2 standard deviation for the given temperament. The predictive value of dominant temperaments on assisted reproduction outcomes were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression models, using age, BMI and previous miscarriage as covariates.ResultsIn the cohort of 578 women who underwent infertility treatment, besides age, BMI, and previous miscarriage, dominant depressive, anxious and cyclothymic temperament decreased the odds of achieving clinical pregnancy by 85% (p=0.01), 64% (p=0.03), and 60% (p=0.050), respectively).ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that dominant affective temperaments have a significant impact on the outcomes of infertility treatments. As a clinical consequence, creening for affective temperaments, Identifying dominant affective temperaments, stratifying high-risk patient groups, and offering personalized treatment options may enhance the likelihood of successful pregnancy and live birth for women undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Affective temperament and emotional dysregulation in cyclothymia and adult ADHD: differential characteristics and clinical implications.

IntroductionEmotional dysregulation is central to the problem of the overlap between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cyclothymia.ObjectivesWe aimed to compare clinical characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, affective temperament, and emotional dysregulation among subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cyclothymia.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 187 participants were consecutively recruited between January 2018 and December 2019 at the outpatient clinic of the 2nd Psychiatry Unit of the University Hospital of Pisa. Eighty-one subjects were diagnosed with ADHD, 62 with cyclothymic disorder, and 44 with both conditions. Participating psychiatrists collected socio-demographic and clinical data, psychiatric comorbidities according to DSM-5 criteria, familiarity for psychiatric disorders, and any previous responses to antidepressant drug therapy. To study the temperamental characteristics of the participants, the short version of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Temperament Assessment (Brief-TEMPS-M) was administered, while emotional dysregulation was measured through the Reactivity, Intensity, Polarity, Stability questionnaire (RIPoSt-40).ResultsCyclothymic subjects, both with and without ADHD, were more often female (p&lt;0.001) than subjects with ADHD. Participants with ADHD showed significantly lower educational attainment than subjects without ADHD (p&lt;0.001). In addition, participants with ADHD alone showed comorbid substance use disorder more frequently (p&lt;0.001) than subjects with cyclothymia alone. On the other hand, the latter showed higher rates of eating disorders (p=0.033) and familiarity for major depressive disorder (p=0.009) and panic disorder (p=0.029). Depressive and anxious temperament was significantly more represented in cyclothymic subjects without ADHD, as was negative emotionality, while hyperthymic temperament showed an opposite trend. No significant differences were observed between groups for cyclothymic temperament and overall negative emotional dysregulation, but patients comorbid with both conditions had the highest scores in these subscales.ConclusionsADHD and cyclothymia show high and overall similar levels of emotional dysregulation. However, cyclothymic patients may be more prone to negative emotionality (“dark cyclothymia”). It is possible that individuals with “sunny” cyclothymic features may escape clinical attention if ADHD is not present in comorbidity.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Current Status and Treatment of Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder.

Rapid cycling (RC) at least 4 recurrent episodes per year in bipolar disorder (BD) has been recognized since the 1970s. We now comment on our recent review of the topic and extensive RC analysis in a large clinical cohort, emphasizing therapeutics research. Prevalence of RC-BD averages 36% for any year versus 22% in the preceding year. Rapid cycling is not a consistent feature over many years, although average long-term, annual recurrence rates are greater in RC-BD patients. Risk of RC may be somewhat greater among women and with older ages. It is also associated with cyclothymic temperament, prominent depression, and mood-switching with antidepressant treatment and is associated with increased suicidal risk. Treatment of individual episodes in RC-BD and effective long-term prevention remain inadequately studied, although antidepressant treatment can worsen RC. Some research supports treatment with aripiprazole, lamotrigine, and lithium, and interest in second-generation antipsychotics is emerging. All such options are used in various inadequately evaluated combinations. Rapid cycling is prevalent among BD patients but seems to vary in risk over time without evidence of progressive worsening. Treatment of acute episodes in RC-BD patients and effective long-term preventive management require much more intensive investigation.

The role of affective temperaments in binge watching addiction

BackgroundBinge-watching is a new type of behaviour that has started to gain popularity since 2013 and is defined as “watching multiple episodes of TV series (at least two to six) in a single session”. Binge-watching is a phenomenon that affects the general population up to over 65 years of age, with a trend in the 18–39 age group. It is plausible to think that affective temperament dimensions may have an impact on the excessive use of watching serious TV. The affective temperaments play a significant role on motivated behaviour, impulsivity, and decision-making of binge watching. This behaviour provides instant gratification, leading a person to lose self-control.The aim of the present study is to learn about the possible role of affective temperaments on motivated behaviour, impulsivity, and decision-making of binge watching in the general Italian population. MethodsThe sample consisted of 1,701 subject belonging Italian population. Data were collected by an online survey including the Binge-Watching Addiction Questionnaire (BWAQ) and the short form of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS-A) questionnaire. A multivariate regression analysis, in which the BWAQ variables (Anticipation, Avoidance, Craving, Dependency) were considered dependent variables and all the TEMPS-A factors were included in the equation, was performed to assess what kind of temperamental dimension could play the role of specific predictor towards the different aspects of binge watching. ResultsAnxious and cyclothymic temperaments are highly significant. The factors that have a weaker impact on the dependent variables (significance at the 5 % level) are depressive and hyperthymic temperaments on the craving and avoidance dimensions, respectively. The irritable temperament is significant at the 5 % level for the models associated with the avoidance and dependency dimensions. ConclusionIn summary, the results of multivariate regression analysis show that subjects with anxious and cyclothymic temperaments have a higher risk of engaging in binge-watching behaviour. It is important to obtain further knowledge on the psychological consequences of this phenomenon for future diagnosis, prevention and therapeutic implementations.

Effects of oral isotretinoin treatment for acne vulgaris patients on anger responses and the relationship with temperament.

Isotretinoin is the only medication against all the factors involved in acne vulgaris pathogenesis. The aim of our study was to verify whether patients with acne vulgaris receiving isotretinoin therapy exhibit elevated anger levels and to observe the correlation between age, temperament traits, and anger. The study group comprised a sum of 100 cases, involving 50 individuals with acne vulgaris-required high-dose retinol therapy and 50 controls who did not start any medication. Our study showed that anger levels increased with drug use. A positive correlation between cyclothymic temperament, the anxiety-related behavior subdimension, and the introvert and passive-aggressive subdimension of interpersonal anger reactions has been recognized. In addition, a positive one was observed between hyperthymic temperament and the introvert subdimension, which is one of the anger-related thoughts and interpersonal anger reactions. This study elucidates anger dimensions such as anger-related thoughts, behaviors, and reactions in individuals who received retinol treatment for acne vulgaris. In addition to anger and its dimensions, temperament was also investigated. Although several studies have investigated the relationship between acne vulgaris and psychiatric symptoms, to the best of our knowledge, no research has been reported in the English-language literature regarding the relationship between anger dimensions and temperament after retinol treatment that might make our study an original and valuable contribution to the literature.

Functional Impairment, Attachment, and Affective Temperaments in Euthymic Patients with Bipolar Disorder.

Functional impairment in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder is a compelling issue, and revealing unknown related factors with functional impairment is a substantial topic. We aimed to assess the effects of clinical factors, affective temperaments, and attachment on overall functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Sixty-three patients with bipolar disorder and 61 healthy controls participated in this study. The assessment involved Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; Young Mania Rating Scale; Relationship Scales Questionnaire; Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego; and Functioning Assessment Short Test. Secure attachment scores were significantly higher in the control group than in the bipolar disorder group. Depressive, anxious, and cyclothymic temperament scores were significantly higher in the bipolar disorder group. In the bipolar disordergroup higher occupational, cognitive, autonomy, interpersonal relationships, and leisure subdomain and overall functional impairment scores were found than in the healthy control group. Secure attachment scores were significantly and negatively correlated with anxious and depressive temperaments. Secure attachment scores were positively and significantly correlated with hyperthymic temperament scores. Years of education; subclinical depressive symptoms; secure attachment; and cyclothymic, irritable, depressive, hyperthymic, and anxious temperaments were all significantly correlated with the overall functional impairment in the patient group. The cyclothymic and anxious temperament positively predicted the overall functional impairment in the bipolar group, while the secure attachment negatively predicted the overall functional impairment in the regression analysis. The results suggest that, when following up the patients with bipolar disorder in relation to functional impairment, secure attachment, cyclothymic, and anxious temperaments should be taken into consideration.

All is fair in love and hypomania

BackgroundMany studies have found increased hypomanic scores in people in love. However, none controlled for the presence of cyclothymic or hyperthymic temperaments. Our primary objective was to test the hypothesis postulating that passionate love is similar to a hypomanic state while controlling for the presence of a susceptible underlying temperament. Our secondary objective was to look for an association between hypomanic symptoms and love intensity as measured by the Passionate Love Scale. MethodsAn online survey including the hypomanic check list-32 (HCL-32) and the passionate love scale (PLS) was administered to university students. ResultsTwo-hundred and eighty-two responses were retained. The mean age of the participants was 21.1 years (SD 2.8) and 62.1% (n=175) were females. 74.6% of participants in love were found to have a positive HCL-32 result as compared to 63.1% of participants who were not in love (p=0.038). The association remained significant and the difference more prominent after excluding people in whom a hyperthymic or cyclothymic temperament was suspected (70.3% vs 45%; p= =0.025). A statistically significant but weak correlation was found between the HCL-32 and PLS scores (Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.239; P=0.005). The latter association was lost after excluding participants in whom a hyperthymic or cyclothymic temperament was suspected. ConclusionsLove seems similar to hypomania, at least phenomenologically. It also seems that hypomanic symptoms are linked to the state of love per se, rather than to its intensity. The positive association between love and hypomania is also discussed from psychiatric, neurobiological, and anthropological perspectives.

Perceived Social Support and Parental Emotional Temperament Among Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder.

This research examined how the emotional temperaments of parents of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder correlated with their perceptions of their children's social support from friends, teachers, and families. Additionally, the parents' emotional temperaments in terms of their association with children's low and high perceptions of family support were examined. The study included 50 children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, 40 neurotypical control subjects, and their parents. The Symptom Checklist-90-R was used to analyze the parents' psychopathology. The parents' affective temperaments were assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-auto questionnaire version. The children's perceptions of their support from their families, peers, and teachers were evaluated using the Social Support Appraisal Scale. Mothers' depressive (r = -0.419, P = .002) and anxious temperaments (r = -0.338, P = .016) were inversely correlated with perceived social support from parents among children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Mothers' hyperthymic (r = 0.443, P = .001) and cyclothymic temperaments (r = 0.310, P = .029) and fathers' hyperthymic temperament (r = 0.371, P = .008) were positively correlated with perceived social support from parents. Regression analyses revealed that perceived social support from friends was predicted by paternal low cyclothymic and high anxious temperament. They also showed that inattention and mother's general psychopathology predicted perceived social support from family. Perceived social support from teacher was predicted by hyperactivity, maternal low cyclothymic temperament, and paternal high anxious temperament. While parents' depressive and anxious temperaments were associated with low perceived social support from family, hyperthymic and cyclothymic temperaments were associated with increased perceived social support from the family among children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.

Job satisfaction in the health professions: The role of affective temperaments.

Job satisfaction, as a multidimensional psychological response to work experience, includes both cognitive and affective components which influence individuals' appraisals and state of minds. In recent years, researchers have begun to explore the psychological processes that might underlie the dispositional causes of job satisfaction. Affective temperaments can influence the experience of emotionally significant events at work and this, in turn, may influence job satisfaction. To investigate possible associations between affective temperamental features and job satisfaction in the health professions. The sample consisted of 294 subjects selected among health professionals. Data were collected by an online survey including the Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) questionnaire and the short form of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS-A) questionnaire. Hyperthymic, depressive, irritable and anxious temperaments predicted the risk of experiencing job dissatisfaction in healthcare professionals. No associations between cyclothymic temperament and job satisfaction were found. The identification of affective temperamental assets and liabilities is potentially useful in the development of supportive and psycho-educational strategies, aimed at preventing work-related stress and promoting mental health in workplaces, also reducing the risk of job dissatisfaction.