Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppressed Model Research Articles

Investigation of immunomodulatory activity of hericium erinaceus on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice

The study was conducted to assess the immunostimulatory effect of Hericium Erinaceus on cyclophosphamide-induced immunodeficient mice. Animals were administered Hericium Erinaceus orally at 0.72 g/kg b.w and 1.44 g/kg b.w for seven consecutive days. On the 4th day, CP (200 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into mice. The results illustrated that Hericium Erinaceus at 0.72 g/kg b.w only posed an immunostimulating potency in the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model. Besides, Hericium Erinaceus at 1.44 g/kg b.w ameliorated the effects of CP on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, relative spleen weight, serum IL-2, TNF-α concentration, and micro-histological images of spleen and thymus substantially. This suggested the potential of Hericium Erinaceus to treat immunosuppression diseases in clinical practice.

Characteristics of the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model in Balb/c mice

Characteristics of the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model in Balb/c mice

Studies on immunostimulatory effect of efcovida powder on Cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice

To evaluate the immunostimulatory activity of Efcovida powder, we induced immunosuppression in Swiss mice by cyclophosphamide (CP). Efcovida powder at two doses of 60 mg/kg b.w and 120 mg/kg b.w were administered orally for seven consecutive days to animals. CP (200 mg/kg i.p.) was injected on the 4th day. The result showed that Efcovida powder at the dose of 60 mg/kg b.w only posed an immunostimulating potency in the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model while Efcovida powder at the dose of 120 mg/kg b.w significantly ameliorated the effects of CP on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, leukocyte quantity, relative thymus weight, serum IL-4, IL-6 concentration, and micro-histological images of spleen and thymus. This suggested the potential of Efcovida powder to treat immunosuppression diseases in clinical practice.

Immunomodulatory Effect of Fermented Vinegar on Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppression Model

Immunity is the defense against external invasion and breakdown of the immune system that causes various diseases. In this study, the immunomodulatory function of brown rice fermented vinegar (FV) was investigated using a cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced immunosuppression model. In the in vitro study, splenocytes were treated with CP to induce immunosuppression and to measure splenocyte proliferation and natural killer (NK) cell activity. Here, 5 mg/kg of CP was orally administered to induce immunosuppression in the animal model, and was then orally treated with 0.5 ml/kg, 1 ml/kg, and 2 ml/kg of FV each. The results from the in vitro studies showed that CP treatment decreased the activities of splenocytes, cytokines, and NK cells, which was later increased with FV treatment. Additionally, in the CP-induced immunosuppression animal model the number of immune cells, cytokines, and weights of the immune organs decreased, and the spleen tissues were destroyed compared to the normal control group. However, in the FV-treated groups, the immune cells and cytokines increased, in addition to the weights of the liver, thymus, and spleen, and the damaged spleen tissues recovered. Therefore, these results demonstrate that FV had an immunomodulatory function.

UHPLC Q-Exactive MS-Based Serum Metabolomics to Explore the Effect Mechanisms of Immunological Activity of Astragalus Polysaccharides With Different Molecular Weights.

Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) have a wide range of biological activities. Most researchers discuss total APS as the main research object. However, because the relative molecular weight of APS has a wide distribution, in-depth studies on the mechanisms of the biological activity of notable molecules are limited. For example, the relationship between the immunomodulatory effect of APS and its relative molecular weight has not been clearly defined. Therefore, in this paper, we separated and obtained APS of different molecular weights by ultrafiltration technology and then constructed a mouse cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model to investigate the immune activity of APS of different molecular weights. The immune enhancement mechanism of APS was explored by examining changes in routine blood indicators, body weight, immune organs, and differential metabolites in mouse serum. Results showed that APS-I (molecular weight, >2,000 kDa), APS-II (molecular weight, 1.02 × 104 Da) and APS-III (molecular weight, 286 Da) could increase the number of immune cells in mouse serum and improve immune organ damage to varying degrees. Among the samples obtained, APS-II showed the best effects. Compared with those in the blank group, 29 metabolites determined by UHPLC Q-Exactive MS in the serum of the model group changed remarkably, and APS-I, APS-II, and APS-III respectively restored 13, 25, and 19 of these metabolites to normal levels. Metabolomics analysis revealed that APS-II is mainly responsible for the immunomodulatory activity of APS. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the mechanisms of this specific molecule may involve the regulation of phenylalanine metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and arginine and proline metabolism.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Lactococcus lactis GCWB1176 in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression Model.

Recently, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis has been reported to have immunostimulating properties in an immunosuppressed-animal model. However, the immunological activities of Lactococcus lactis and the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this report, we evaluated the immunostimulating activity and associated mechanisms of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis GCWB1176 (GCWB1176) in macrophages and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice. In a series of safety tests, GCWB1176 was found to have a negative response to hemolysis, as well as susceptibility to antibiotics. Administration of GCWB1176 elevated natural killer (NK) cell activities; concanavalin A-induced T cell proliferation; and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. In RAW264.7 macrophages, treatment with GCWB1176 induced phagocytic activity and increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of inducible NO synthase. Simultaneously, GCWB1176 increased the production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-12 from mouse splenocytes and RAW264.7 cells. In addition, GCWB1176 significantly increased the transcriptional activities of NF-κB and iNOS. Taken together, GCWB1176 improved immune function through the activation of macrophages and NK cells. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation of GCWB1176 may be used to enhance immunity.

Biological Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Polysaccharides in Aged Rat Using Global Proteomic Approach.

Much has been written on the physiological benefits of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG). Among its various components, ginsenosides have been widely investigated for their various pharmacological effects. However, polysaccharides are a major KRG component that has not received scrutiny similar to that of ginsenosides. The present study aims to fill that gap in the existing literature and to investigate the possible functions of polysaccharide in KRG. The researchers evaluated proteomic changes in non-saponin fractions with rich polysaccharides (NFP) in KRG. Based on the serum analysis, proteomics analysis of the liver and the spleen was additionally conducted to identify related functions. We validated the suggested functions of NFP with the galactosamine-induced liver injury model and the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model. Then, we evaluated the antimetastatic potential of NFP in the lungs. Further proteomics analysis of the spleen and liver after ingestion confirmed functions related to immunity, cancer, hepatoprotection, and others. Then, we validated the suggested corresponding functions of the NFP in vivo model. NFP showed immune-enhancing effects, inhibited melanoma cell metastasis in the lung, and decreased liver damage. The results show that using the proteomic approach uncovers the potential effects of polysaccharides in KRG, which include enhancing the immune system and protecting the liver.

Extraction, structural characterization, and immunoregulatory effect of a polysaccharide fraction from Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Fuzi)

A water-soluble polysaccharide fraction named FZPS-1 was obtained from Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Fuzi in Chinese). Physicochemical and instrumental analyses indicated that the purified FZPS-1 with an average molecular weight of 6.29 × 106 Da was composed of D-arabinose and d-glucose with a molar ratio of 7.5:92.5. It would contain the main chain fragments of →4)-α-D-Glc-(1 → 4)-α-D-Glc-(1→, with the side chain of terminal α-L-Ara-(1 → linked at C6 of D-Glc skeleton. FZPS-1 exhibited significant antioxidative activity and immunomodulatory activity, wherein it promotes macrophage phagocytosis and increases the secretion of macrophage-derived biological factors in RAW 264.7 cells, and a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed model in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of FZPS-1 ameliorated chronic diarrhea in rhubarb-induced spleen deficiency rats and was related to its immunomodulatory activity. Therefore, the obtained FZPS-1 could be potentially utilized as a natural immunomodulatory agent in functional food supplements or drugs.

Cyclophosphamide에 의한 면역저하 동물모델에서 블루베리 효모 발효 분말의 면역증강 효과

Cyclophosphamide에 의한 면역저하 동물모델에서 블루베리 효모 발효 분말의 면역증강 효과

A comparative study on immune-stimulatory and antioxidant activities of various types of ginseng extracts in murine and rodent models

BackgroundGinseng (Panax ginseng) is a widely used traditional herbal supplement that possesses various health-enhancing efficacies. Various ginseng products are available in market, especially in the Korean peninsula, in the form of drinks, tablets, and capsules. The different ginseng types include the traditional red ginseng extract (RGE), white ginseng, and black red ginseng extract (BRGE). Their fermented and enzyme-treated products are also available. Different treatment regimens alter the bioavailability of certain compounds present in the respective ginseng extracts. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities of RGE, BRGE, and fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE). MethodsWe used an acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress model for investigating the reduction of oxidative stress by RGE, BRGE, and FRGE in Sprague Dawley rats. A cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model was used to evaluate the immune-stimulating activities of these ginseng extracts in BALB/c mice. ResultsOur results showed that most prominently, RGE (in almost all experiments) exhibited excellent antioxidant effects via increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver and decreasing serum 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels compared with the groups treated with FRGE and BRGE. Moreover, RGE significantly increased the number of white blood cells, especially T and B lymphocytes, and antibody-forming cells in the spleen and thymus, and it also activated a number of immune cell subtypes. ConclusionTaken together, these results indicate that RGE is the best supplement for consumption in everyday life for overall health-enhancing properties.

Immunomodulating Properties of Polygonum multiflorum Extracts on Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppression Model

The objective of the present study was to investigate the immunomodulating property of Polygonum multiflorum extracts using various in vitro and in vivo tests. In this study, Polygonum multiflorum extracts were shown to exhibit immunomodulating activities such as cytokine production in normal rat splenocyte and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model. The immunostimulant effects of Polygonum multiflorum extracts were further tested for various immunological markers. Polygonum multiflorum extracts significantly enhanced cytokines production activity in rat splenocyte. Consistently oral administration of Polygonum multiflorum extracts enhanced blood cytokine production and ameliorated spleen damage in cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed rat. In conclusion, the present investigation revealed that Polygonum multiflorum extracts possessed immunomodulating and immunostimulating properties.

Anti-colitis effect of Lactobacillus sakei K040706 via suppression of inflammatory responses in the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice model

Lactobacillus strains are used in the functional food industry as promising probiotics with purported beneficial effects. We recently reported on the immunostimulatory effects of Lactobacillus sakei K040706 (K040706) in macrophages and in a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression model. And this study assessed the anti-inflammatory effects and molecular mechanisms involving K040706 in a mouse model of colitis with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). K040706 significantly attenuated the clinical signs and histological characteristics in DSS-induced colitic mice, which are well-correlated with the restoration of tight junction protein expression and the significant reduction of immune cell infiltration and expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Moreover, K040706 reduced the abnormal expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and the activation of NF-κB, STAT3 and TLR4. K040706 also improved the composition of intestinal microbiota. These results suggest K040706 has shown significant anti-inflammatory effects in a DSS-induced colitis model and has the potential to treat IBD.

Adaptogenic activity of lanostane triterpenoid isolated from Carissa carandas fruit against physically and chemically challenged experimental mice

ObjectiveCarissa carandas L. an important plant bearing minor fruit has been traditionally, used for the aphrodisiac, aperitive, antipyretic and astringent properties. Lanostane triterpenoid isolated from the ethanolic fruit extract and investigated for adaptogenic activity in experimental mice. MethodsThe lanostane triterpenoid was isolated from the ethanolic extract of the fruit and characterized as Lanost-5-en-3β-ol-21-oic acid on the basis of spectroscopic (UV, IR, 1H, 13C NMR and MS) methods. Ethanolic extract at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg/day as well as lanostane triterpenoid (10 mg/kg/day) were screened for adaptogenic activity using anoxia stress tolerance, swimming endurance and Cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression model. The levels of Hb, RBC, WBC and organ and body weight suppressed by Cyclophosphamide were estimated. ResultsThe isolated compound was amorphous brownish white powder yielded 0.44% (w/w), melting point 130–132 °C, Rf value at 0.81 in methanol:chloroform (90:10) solvent system, UV absorption maxima at 283 nm and molecular peak [M + H]+ at 458.4 m/z. It was observed that extract and lanostane triterpenoid significantly increased the anoxia stress tolerance, swimming endurance, duration of stay on rota rod and normalized the Hb, RBC, WBC level, altered organ and body weight (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) suppressed by Cyclophosphamide. ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that extract and isolated compound showed significant adaptogenic activity. Mass spectra and 13C NMR confirmed the isolated compound structure which was supported by 1H NMR.

“IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECT OF POLYHERBAL COMPOUND - BHARANGYADI”.

Bharangyadi compound is a polyherbal drug use in Ayurveda system of medicine for the management of allergic disoders such as allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma etc. The present study was carried out to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract of polyherbal compound “Bharangyadi” on swiss albino mice. Cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression model was used to assess the activity of drug. Cyclophosphamide was given in the dose of 30mg/kg body weight through i.p route. 500mg/kg body weight of Bharangyadi polyherbal drug was given through oral route. The extent of protection against immunosuppression caused by Cyclophosphsmide was evaluated after 14 days of drug administration, by estimating hematological parameter and neutrophil adhesion test.Ethanolic extracts of Bharangyadi Compound showed pronounced immunoprotective activity by increasing the depleted levels of total WBC count and RBC, % Hb, and % neutrophils adhesion.The extract was found to be an effective immunomodulatory agent. Keywords: Bharangyadi Compound, ethanolic extract, Immunomodulatory activity, Cyclophosphamide.  Â