Cyclooxygenase Pathway Research Articles

Exploring the Promising Role of Guggulipid in Rheumatoid Arthritis Management: An In-depth Analysis.

Guggulipid, an oleo-gum resin extracted from the bark of Commiphora wightii of the Burseraceae family, holds a significant place in Ayurvedic medicine due to its historical use in treating various disorders, including inflammation, gout, rheumatism, obesity, and lipid metabolism imbalances. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the molecular targets of guggulipids and explore their cellular responses. Furthermore, it summarizes the findings from in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical investigations related to arthritis and various inflammatory conditions. A comprehensive survey encompassing in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical studies has been conducted to explore the therapeutic capacity of guggulipid in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Various molecular pathways, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), PI3-kinase/AKT, JAK/STAT, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and NFκB signaling pathways, have been targeted to assess the antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory effects of this compound. The research findings reveal that guggulipid demonstrates notable antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory effects by targeting key molecular pathways involved in inflammatory responses. These pathways include COX-2, VEGF, PI3-kinase/AKT, JAK/STAT, iNOS, and NFκB signaling pathways. in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical studies collectively support the therapeutic potential of guggulipid in managing rheumatoid arthritis and related inflammatory conditions. This review provides a deeper understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms and potential of guggulipid in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. The collective evidence strongly supports the promising role of guggulipid as a therapeutic agent, encouraging further research and development in guggulipid-based treatments for these conditions.

The role of the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway in tissue ischemia and revascularization following skeletal muscle injury induced by bothropic snake venom

Bothrops asper venom (Bav) contains metalloproteinases that disrupt the microvascular system, impairing muscle tissue regeneration after injury. This study investigated the impact of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway on vascular injury and revascularization in muscle injuries induced by Bav. Mice were injected with Bav into the gastrocnemius muscle and treated with lumiracoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, 30 min, 2 days, and 6 days post-Bav injection. Muscle tissue was analyzed at 24 h, 7 days, and 21 days post-injection. A decrease in COX-2 expression at 24 h post-Bav injection indicated significant necrosis and tissue loss. Both Bav injection and lumiracoxib treatment influenced the decrease of prostaglandin (PG)D2 and PGE2 production. Seven and 21 days post-Bav injections, COX-2 expression increased, along with PGDs levels unaffected by lumiracoxib, indicating that the other isoform COX-1 pathway could contribute to the release of PGs. Bav/lumiracoxib treated animals presented exacerbated limb ischemia, implying that COX-2-derived prostaglandins preserve vessel integrity. CD31, an angiogenesis marker, initially (24 h) decreased post-Bav injection but increased at 7 and 21 days in Bav/lumiracoxib mice, suggesting a down-modulatory role for COX-2-derived prostaglandins in early angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production rose 7 days post-Bav injection, supporting its role in angiogenesis. Previous treatment with lumiracoxib promoted release of VEGF levels 21 days post-Bav injury showing that the inhibition of COX-2 pathway in the early stage of revascularization stimulates the neovascularization regulated by elevated release of VEGF. Similarly, metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP-9, MMP-10, and MMP-13, crucial for vascular remodeling, were elevated 21 days after Bav/lumiracoxib treatment. In conclusion, the COX-2 pathway is essential to decrease the high grade of ischemia caused by acute injury induced by Bav. However, the decrease of activity in the COX-2 pathway in the first stages of revascularization contributes to the elevated production of key pro-angiogenic mediators that up-regulate the restoration of microvasculature and blood flow in muscle tissue injured by botropic venoms.

Melissa officinalis Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV2 Microglial Activation via MAPK and Nrf2 Signaling.

Neuroinflammation and microglial activation play critical roles in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Modulating microglial activation may help prevent the progression of these disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Melissa officinalis ethanol extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation in BV2 cells. Cell viability and nitric oxide (NO) production were assessed using MTT assay and Griess reagent, while inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by qPCR. Key inflammatory pathways, including MAPK, TLR4, and antioxidant biomarkers, were analyzed through western blot and immunofluorescence. Rosmarinic acid content in M. officinalis was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results demonstrated that M. officinalis ethanol extract significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression. Additionally, it downregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TLR4, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways (p38, JNK, ERK), while increasing the expression of antioxidant markers, including Nrf2, HO-1, catalase, and SOD2. In conclusion, M. officinalis ethanol extract exerts neuroprotective effects by modulating inflammation and enhancing antioxidant defenses, suggesting its potential in the prevention and treatment of inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Coronary microvascular dysfunction in postmenopausal minipigs with multiple risk factors

Abstract Background Coronary microvascular angina occurs in both men and women, however, the majority of patients are postmenopausal women with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dyslipidemia. No treatment is available for coronary microvascular dysfunction, requiring more in depth knowledge on the mechanisms underlying this syndrome in this expanding group of patients. Purpose Here we studied microvascular function in vivo and and in vitro in isolated small coronary arteries, in post-menopausal miniswine with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Methods DM (streptozotocin), hypercholesterolemia (HC, high fat, high sugar diet), CKD (renal artery embolization) and menopause (ovariectomy, OVX) were induced in 5 adult female minipigs (1.5-2 years old, ~40kg, DM+HC+CKD+OVX) for 6 months, while 11 healthy age- and weight-matched female minipigs on normal pig chow served as controls (Normal). At sacrifice, coronary flow reserve (CFR) in response to intracoronary infusion of adenosine was measured under anesthesia. Isolated small coronary arteries were used to study the endothelium-dependent response to bradykinin in the presence and absence of eNOS blockade with LNAME, and cyclooxygenase inhibition by indomethacin, and endothelium-independent response to the nitric oxide (NO) donor, SNAP. Results 6 months of sustained hyperglycemia (17.5±1.0 in DM+HC+CKD+OVX vs 8.2±0.9 mmol/l in Normal, P<0.05 by t-test), hypercholesterolemia (15.4±2.0 vs 1.7±0.1 mmol/l, P<0.05), renal dysfunction (NGAL: 205±72 vs 67±5 ng/ml, P<0.05) and low progesterone levels (13.1±5.7 in DM+HC+CKD+OVX vs 92.0±30.0 nmol/l in Normal, P=0.1) were accompanied by systemic inflammation (TNFα: 62±7 vs 47±1 pg/ml, P<0.05). CFR was significantly reduced in DM+HC+CKD+OVX as compared to the healthy animals (panel A). Coronary small arteries from DM+HC+CKD+OVX animals showed impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation to bradykinin (panel B), which was mediated by a loss of NO (panels C & D). The loss of NO was partly compensated for by activation of the cyclooxygenase pathway, as indomethacin blunted the dilation to bradykinin in the DM+HC+CKD+OVX animals, but had no effect on the dilation to bradykinin in Normals (panels C & D). Endothelium-independent dilation to SNAP was also impaired in DM+HC+CKD+OVX animals, indicating blunted vascular smooth muscle responsiveness to nitric oxide (panel E). Conclusion Postmenopausal minipigs with multiple risk factors, displayed severe coronary microvascular dysfunction as evidenced by a significantly reduced coronary flow reserve and both reduced NO sensitivity/ production, indicating endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunction. Loss of NO-mediated vasodilation was partially compensated by activation of cyclooxygenase pathway. Such perturbations may contribute to reduced myocardial perfusion that is often observed in post-menopausal women with multiple cardiovascular risk factors.

Involvement of Cholinergic and Cyclooxygenase Pathways in the Diuretic Effects of Rosmarinic Acid.

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural antioxidant known for its diverse biological activities. Although its diuretic activity has been previously established, the mode of action remained unclear. To investigate this, we examined the diuretic activity of RA alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), amiloride (AML), atropine (ATR), and indomethacin (INDO) to see if any of these drugs could interfere with RA's activity in an 8-hour acute diuresis animal model. We observed that RA increases urine excretion and may have a synergistic effect in the HCTZ+RA group, with a potassium-sparing capacity. In the AML+RA group, we also noted increased urine excretion while sodium and potassium excretion decreased. ATR and INDO prevented RA from increasing urine excretion, suggesting a potential interaction with muscarinic receptors or a role in promoting prostaglandin production. Additionally, molecular docking analysis indicated possible interactions with key receptors involved in increased diuresis or free-electrolyte water excretion.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Wet Cupping on Uterine Inflammation in Primary Dysmenorrhea: An In Vivo Investigation Targeting Bilateral L4/L5 Vertebrae

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a prevalent problem in gynecology affecting the quality of life for young women. This medical condition is often responsible for the absence of young women from school or work, increasing the risk of developing hyperemesis gravidarum in the future. Furthermore, PD causes pain due to the activation of the local PGF2α pathway in the endometrium, which triggers oxidative stress processes, uterine ischemia and spasmodic uterine contractions. The first-line therapies for PD, Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and oral contraceptives, can cause side effects such as headache, nausea, intestinal ulcers and platelet abnormalities. To overcome the impact of PD, cupping has been proven effective as an alternative pain therapy with minimal side effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of cupping on writing latency threshold time, PGF2α levels and FP receptor expression in PD model rats. The experiment was conducted using female Sprague Dawley rats to analyze the effects of wet cupping therapy (WCT) on inflammatory repair in the uterus. The method used was a pre- and post-test control group design, with 35 female rats randomly divided into 5 groups. These consisted of normal control (NC), negative control (C−), positive control (C+) + ibuprofen 7.2 mg, as well as treatment groups, comprising dry cupping (DC) and WCT. The results showed that writhing time threshold of WCT was the same as C+ (p = 0.368), while PGF2α decreased in DC (43.43 pg/mL, p = 0.008) and WCT (189.25 pg/mL, p = 0.0154). Similar to C+, WCT significantly decreased serum PGF2α levels compared to C−. WCT also influenced the expression of PTGFR subunit similarly to NC, showing the capacity to control the inflammatory pathway. The study suggested that WCT was a promising therapeutic strategy for PD by decreasing PGF2α and PTGFR expression. HIGHLIGHTS Previous investigations conducted on experimental animals using wet cupping therapy (WCT) have shown histopathological results associated with primary dysmenorrhea (PD) caused by estradiol benzoate and oxytocin. Moreover, this study shows the potential of WCT in reducing inflammation-induced PD pain by inhibiting the expression of PGF2α and PTGFR in the cyclooxygenase pathway, potentially increasing the pain threshold. The results show that WCT offers a potential alternative therapy for PD caused by estradiol benzoate and oxytocin. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Mechanistic Insights into the Neuroprotective Effects of Natural Products in Diabetic Neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the prominent complications of diabetes, which can result in pain, impaired movement, and even amputation. There are different types of DN, which can cause pain in fatal situations. In addition to altering insulin signaling, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia cause a number of pathological changes in vascular cells, glia, as well as in neurons that can cause nerve damage and, in the end, neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy has a poor prognosis since it doesn't show symptoms for years after diabetes starts. Despite the abundance of medications on the market, pharmacological ineffectiveness and a wide spectrum of adverse effects restrict adherence. As a result, there is a growing need to find novel compounds that show promising effects in the management of severe pain disorders. The most promising sources of novel chemical entities with potential use in medicine continue to be plant-derived products. Those products influenced the various signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT pathway, MAPK pathway, Oxidative stress, TNF-α signaling, cyclo-oxygenase (COX 2) pathway and other molecular pathways to act as novel therapeutics for diabetic neuropathy. Basically, this mechanistic approach is implemented to improve neuroprotective activity, especially phytoconstituents derived from bioactive compounds. As neurodegenerative diseases have a complicated pathogenesis, the medications that are available on the market only treat the symptoms. Therefore, it would be highly desirable to design pharmacophores for the management of DN, with bioactive substances that have strong neuroprotective effects, using a multi-target strategy.

Dual COX/ 5-LOX inhibitory potential and antioxidant activities by extracts isolated from Melia Azedarach L. leaves

This study was aimed at evaluating the dual cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity of the crude extract (CE) and various solvent fractions from Melia azedarach leaves. Multiple solvents were used to fractionate the 80% ethanolic extract of the leaves, which was then examined for enzyme inhibitory effectiveness against COX and 5-LOX enzymes. All fractions and CE were examined for antioxidant activity, and phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified using Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). The ethyl acetate fraction (EaF) had the greatest COX/5-LOX inhibitory impact among tested fractions.In vitro, COX activity studies showed that EaF and butanol fraction (BF) possess a higher COX-2 selectivity index than Indomethacin. Besides, the EaF exhibited the highest reduction potential among the control and the CE when tested for antioxidant activities. These findings support the traditional use of Melia azedarachas an anti-inflammatory drug, as the plant inhibited both COX/5-LOX and COX-2 with high selectivity.1.Introduction The most frequent chemical species that cause oxidative damage in the body are reactive oxygen species (ROS) like peroxides, superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxides, and so on. These species produced in the body can cause various cardiovascular and other chronic diseases [1-3], neurodegenerative diseases [4,5], and inflammatory diseases [6,7]. Different inflammatory diseases are linked to oxidative stress (an imbalance between ROS and their removal by protective mechanisms such as antioxidants) [7-9]. Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins produced by the arachidonic acid pathway need to be reduced and inhibited as they mainly cause inflammation, pain, and fever in the body [10]. Currently, the symptomatic treatment of inflammation is mainly done by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, the traditional NSAIDs used in COX reduction are non-selective, lead to gastrointestinal side effects, heart strokes and renal failure. On the other hand, the currently used selective COX-2 inhibitors like ‘coxibs' are reported for cardiovascular side effects [11]. In addition to COX-2, the increased level of leukotriene from the 5-LOX enzyme can result in bronchospasm [11]. In this regard, medicinal preparations that inhibit both Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathways are superior to commonly used NSAIDs since they could produce a synergetic effect to achieve optimal anti-inflammatory activities [10,11]. This can be done by blocking the production of both leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Hence, indeed, there is a need for new, effective, and safe anti-inflammatory drugs with dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibition capacities, which may obliterate the side effects caused by the inhibition of COX-2 alone [12,13]. Melia azedarachL. (known commonly as “Chinaberry, bead tree, Bakain and Persian lilac") is a deciduous tree belonging to the Meliaceae family that is native to tropical Asia and Australia but has now spread throughout the world. [14-16]. The antioxidantand anti-inflammatory potential of Melia azedarachL. from various regions werereported by other groups [14,15, 17-21]. The plant with different species and some species of different cultivars markedly differin their phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activities [18,20]. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of plant extracts are closely linked to phytoconstituents like total phenolics and flavonoids [22-25]. There is no scientific report on the anti-inflammatory action and antioxidant potential of Taiwanese-originMelia azedarach. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to investigate the dual COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitor potential, antioxidant potential, quantification of key flavonoids and phenolic acids, as well as total phenolic and flavonoid content of Melia azedarach.

Exploration of 4-tolyl-5-(p-tolyloxymethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole thioethers as potent 15-LOX inhibitors supported by in vitro, in silico, MD simulation and DNA binding studies

Inflammation is an intricate process exacerbated by the sequential release of lipid mediators during arachidonic acid metabolism through the LOX and COX pathways. The inhibition of enzymes accountable for the arachidonic acid metabolism is attributed to a synergistic anti-inflammatory impact with a broader spectrum of activity. The present study was concerned with the search for lead 15-LOX inhibitors. A new series of alkyl/aralkyl substituted 4-tolyl-5-(p-tolyloxymethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole (6a-h) was designed, synthesized, and characterized to determine their 15-LOX inhibitory potential. The analogue 3-(phenethylthio)-4-tolyl-5-(p-tolyloxymethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole (6h) was the most potent with IC50 2.73 ± 0.15 µM while 6g, 6d, 6f, 6c exhibited excellent inhibitory activities with IC50 values between 11.39 ± 0.13 and 14.63 ± 0.17 µM. All analogues maintained > 72 % blood mononuclear cells viability at 0.25 mM concentration during MTT assay. In silico ADME profiles predicted druggability potential. The molecular docking studies disclosed binding free energies of -9.78 to -7.94 kcal/mol and His373 and His378 were majorly involved in π-interactions in all molecules. Van der Waals interactions dominated hydrogen bonding in the stabilization of ligand-receptor complexes. MD simulations and free energy calculations revealed the significance of complexes in stabilizing the biomolecular system and helped in identifying the key active site residues that contributed towards the energetics. Studies against DNA dodecamer displayed minor groove binding and intercalation, suggesting a possible role in modulating DNA-related processes. The results approve the active analogues possessing promising druglike properties and work is in progress on the synthesis of more analogues in search for leads as 15-LOX inhibitors.

The Role of Ginseng as an Anti-Asthmatic Agent

Objective: Ginseng is one of the most commonly used herbal medicines in Asia owing to its anti-inflammatory, cognitive, and immune effects. Many of these properties can be attributed to the ginsenosides, major pharmacological agents of ginseng. Ginsenosides influence the innate and humoral immune responses, and previous studies have described ginsenosides as potential therapeutic agents for respiratory disorders. Asthma affects over 300 million people worldwide and is underdiagnosed and undertreated, despite the availability of diagnostic tools and therapies. This review summarizes current studies on ginseng as an anti-asthmatic agent in murine models. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were used to conduct a systematic search of published literature until March 29, 2023. Eight full-text articles that examined the association between ginseng and asthma were reviewed. Results: The findings of this study demonstrate that Korean red ginseng, Korean white ginseng, and ginsenosides exert an anti-asthmatic effect, primarily through reduction in mucus cell hypersecretion, inflammatory cell infiltration, Th2 cytokines, and inhibition of inflammatory NFB and COX2 pathways. Conclusion: We suggest that ginseng has a therapeutic potential for the treatment of asthma. As this analysis utilized murine models, the anti-asthmatic effects of ginseng must be further supported by laboratory studies and clinical trials.

Targeted lipidomics uncovers oxylipin perturbations and potential circulation biomarkers in Bietti's crystalline dystrophy.

Abnormalities in lipid metabolism have been proposed in Bietti's crystalline dystrophy (BCD). We aim to characterize the lipid profiles in a case-control study. All participants were genetically confirmed by CYP4V2 gene sequencing and underwent chorioretinopathy evaluation by calculating the percentages of AF atrophy (PAFA). Fasting blood samples of BCD patients and controls were collected, and plasma was analyzed for routine lipid profiles. Targeted lipidomic evaluation includes long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and associated eicosanoid metabolites. Routine lipids profiles showed elevated plasma levels of triglyceride (P = 0.043) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.024) in BCD patients. Lipidomic analysis showed significantly decreased levels of ω-3 LCPUFA including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, P = 0.00068) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, P = 0.0016), as well as ω-6 LCPUFA arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4, P < 0.0001) in BCD patients. Eicosanoid metabolites, either derived from ω-3 and/ or ω-6 LCPUFAs via cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, including 5-HEPE, 12-HEPE, 13-HDHA, 15-HETE, 12-HETE, 5-HETE, 6k-PGF1a, PGE2, PGJ2, and TXB2, exhibited significant differences (P < 0.0001) between BCD patients and controls. Genotypes of CYP4V2, specifically the biallelic null mutations, were observed to correlate with more remarkably reduced levels of oxylipins, involving major LOX pathway metabolites including 5-HETE, 5-HEPE, 12-HEPE and LTB4. BCD patients demonstrated significant decreases in plasma levels of ω-3 and ω-6 LCPUFA (DHA, EPA, and ARA), as well as their downstream metabolites via the COX and LOX pathways, suggesting that these might be implicated in BCD pathogenesis and could serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets of the disease. What is known BCD is a vision-threatening hereditary disease the causative gene of which is CYP4V2. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism have been proposed and demonstrated previously in BCD studies. The detailed pathogenesis remains unclear and controversial. What is new We observed prominent lipidomic alterations in the circulation when compared with age, gender, and bodymass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls. BCD patients demonstrated significant decreases in plasma levels of ω-3 and ω-6 LCPUFA (DHA, EPA, and ARA). Remarkable changes were observed in the downstream metabolites of the LCPUFA via the COX and LOX pathways. Genotypes of CYP4V2, specifically the biallelic null mutations, were observed to correlate with more remarkably reduced levels of oxylipins, involving major LOX pathway metabolites.

New Horizons in Diabetic Neuropathies: An Updated Review on their Pathology, Diagnosis, Mechanism, Screening Techniques, Pharmacological, and Future Approaches.

One of the largest problems for global public health is diabetes mellitus (DM) and its micro and macrovascular consequences. Although prevention, diagnosis, and treatment have generally improved, its incidence is predicted to keep rising over the coming years. Due to the intricacy of the molecular mechanisms, which include inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, among others, discovering treatments to stop or slow the course of diabetic complications is still a current unmet need. The pathogenesis and development of diabetic neuropathies may be explained by a wide variety of molecular pathways, hexosamine pathways, such as MAPK pathway, PARP pathway, oxidative stress pathway polyol (sorbitol) pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway, and lipoxygenase pathway. Although diabetic neuropathies can be treated symptomatically, there are limited options for treating the underlying cause. Various pathways and screening models involved in diabetic neuropathies are discussed, along with their possible outcomes. Moreover, both medicinal and non-medical approaches to therapy are also explored. This study highlights the probable involvement of several processes and pathways in the establishment of diabetic neuropathies and presents in-depth knowledge of new therapeutic approaches intended to stop, delay, or reverse different types of diabetic complications.

Exploring the Anticonvulsant Properties of a Celecoxib-Phospholipid Conjugate: Synthesis, Activation, and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity.

Epilepsy poses a significant global health challenge, particularly in regions with limited financial resources hindering access to treatment. Recent research highlights neuroinflammation, particularly involving cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways, as a promising avenue for epilepsy management. This study aimed to develop a Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor with potential anticonvulsant properties. A promising drug candidate was identified and chemically linked with phospholipids through docking analyses. The activation of this prodrug was assessed using phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated hydrolysis studies. The conjugate's confirmation and cytotoxicity were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Sulphoramide B (SRB) assays. Docking studies revealed that the Celecoxib-Phospholipid conjugate exhibited a superior affinity for PLA2 compared to other drug-phospholipid conjugates. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of the conjugate, while DSC analysis confirmed its purity and formation. PLA2-mediated hydrolysis experiments demonstrated selective activation of the prodrug depending on PLA2 concentration. SRB experiments indicated dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of Celecoxib, phospholipid non-toxicity, and efficient celecoxib-phospholipid conjugation. This study successfully developed a Celecoxib-phospholipid conjugate with potential anticonvulsant properties. The prodrug's specific activation and cytotoxicity profile makes it a promising therapeutic candidate. Further investigation into underlying mechanisms and in vivo studies is necessary to assess its translational potential fully.

REVIEW: THE ROLE OF HERBAL AS A THERAPY FOR ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: NARRATIVE REVIEW

Atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and aging are examples of cardiovascular illnesses, the pathogenesis of which is affected by endothelial dysfunction. Many patients with cardiovascular disease already use herbs or combine herbs with medications prescribed by doctors. Herbs have emerged as alternative treatments for health maintenance. Herbs are in increasing demand by patients and health professionals. An overview of the role of herbal plants, their active substances, and their mechanisms of action as therapies for endothelial dysfunction to prevent the worsening of cardiovascular disease is presented in this review. The research was carried out by reviewing published scientific papers using online sources, such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Herbs can be used as a therapy for endothelial dysfunction to prevent the worsening of cardiovascular disease through various mechanisms, including inhibition of oxidative stress through the COX-2 and NOX2 pathways, inhibition of NADPH oxidase, inhibition of ROS formation through Src/EGFR/Akt, and increasing nitric oxide (NO) production by activating eNOS. The benefits and potential of herbal plants in dysfunction therapy to prevent cardiovascular disease need to be further developed for plants that grow widely in Indonesia. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop mechanisms for other targets, such as immunomodulatory therapy, to prevent cardiovascular disease from worsening. Keywords: Herbals, Endothelial Dysfunction, Cardiovascular Disease

Phase II trial of pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, and aspirin in melanoma: clinical outcomes and translational predictors of response

ObjectiveMany patients with melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) do not derive response. Preclinical and retrospective studies identified that inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway may improve response to ICI treatment.MethodsThis prospective single site phase II trial accrued patients with advanced/metastatic melanoma. Participants underwent high-dose aspirin daily combined with pembrolizumab and ipilimumab every 3 weeks for 4 cycles followed by high-dose aspirin and pembrolizumab monotherapy. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Longitudinal sampling of blood was performed to assess peripheral immune correlates.ResultsTwenty-seven subjects were enrolled with median follow-up of 32 months. An ORR of 62.9% was reached prior to discontinuation due to low likelihood of achieving the pre-specified ORR of 80%. 17 patients (63%) experienced a treatment-related adverse event (TRAEs) grade 3 or higher. A per-protocol analysis showed that patients able to continue aspirin alongside ICI through the induction period experienced significant survival benefit. Ten cytokines and increased regulatory T cells in the periphery correlated with beneficial response.ConclusionsThe addition of high-dose aspirin to combination ICI within this study results in response comparable to ICI alone. Future clinical studies of COX inhibition will need to focus on mitigation of AEs to establish the clinical utility of this combination.

Generation of monoclonal antibody against 6-Keto PGF1α and development of ELISA for its quantification in culture medium

Prostacyclin or prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), a metabolite of arachidonic cyclooxygenase pathway, has been demonstrated as an effector of adipocyte differentiation. However, due to its instability in biological fluid, it is difficult to evaluate the role of PGI2 in regulating adipocyte differentiation in different stages in culture. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a simple and rapid method for the production of monoclonal antibody against 6-Keto PGF1α, a stable PGI2 metabolite, and its quantification to determine the role of PGI2 in culture medium. Eight-week-old female BALB/c mice were immunized with the hapten of 6-Keto PGF1α and BSA for several weeks until a higher antibody titer (absorbance value > 0.9 at 1000-times dilution) against 6-Keto PGF1α was found. Then, fusion of antibody-producing spleen lymphocytes with SP-2 myeloma cells and thymocytes was performed and cultured in HAT-medium supplemented with hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymine. Specific antibody-producing cells (M2-A4-B8-D10) against 6-Keto PGF1α were identified and separated. A standard ELISA calibration curve was developed with 100% reactivity for 6-Keto-PGF 1 α ranging from 0.26 pg to 6.44 ng corresponding to 90% and 10% of the maximum binding capacity for the immobilized antigen respectively. This method can easily be applied to monitor PGI2 regulation in different stages of cultured adipocytes to reveal the regulatory roles of PGI2 in maintaining homeostasis and adipocyte differentiation.

A Narrative Review of the Published Pre-Clinical Evaluations: Multiple Effects of Arachidonic Acid, its Metabolic Enzymes and Metabolites in Epilepsy.

Arachidonic acid (AA), an important polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain, is hydrolyzed by a direct action of phospholipase A2(PLA2) or through the combined action of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase, and released into the cytoplasm. Various derivatives of AA can be synthesized mainly through the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme pathways. AA and its metabolic enzymes and metabolites play important roles in a variety of neurophysiological activities. The abnormal metabolites and their catalytic enzymes in the AA cascade are related to the pathogenesis of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including epilepsy. Here, we systematically reviewed literatures in PubMed about the latest randomized controlled trials, animal studies and clinical studies concerning the known features of AA, its metabolic enzymes and metabolites, and their roles in epilepsy. The exclusion criteria include non-original studies and articles not in English.

Chronotropic Responses to GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Sitagliptin in Atria From Diabetic Rats.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, elucidation of the cardiovascular effects of antidiabetics is crucial. Incretin-based therapies are increasingly used for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment as monotherapy and in combination. We aimed to study the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and sitagliptin on beating rates in isolated atria from diabetic rats. The chronotropic responses to GLP-1 RAs and sitagliptin as monotherapy and in combinations with metformin, pioglitazone, and glimepiride in isolated atria from control and diabetic rats were determined. GLP-1 (7-36), GLP-1 (9-36), and exendin-4 (1-39) produced increases in beating rates in both control and diabetic rat atria. However, sitagliptin increased the beating frequency only in the diabetic group. Exendin (9-39), nitro- l -arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, and indomethacin blocked responses to GLP-1 RAs but not the response to sitagliptin. Glibenclamide, 4-aminopyridine, apamin, charybdotoxin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase incubations did not change responses to GLP-1 RAs and sitagliptin. GLP-1 RAs increase beating rates in isolated rat atrium through GLP-1 receptor, nitric oxide, and cyclooxygenase pathways but not potassium channels and reactive oxygen radicals.

Retraction: inhibitory effect of lovastatin on human lung cancer cell proliferation by regulating the ERK1/2 and COX-2 pathways.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.21037/tcr-22-346.].

FSGT capsule inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammation in chondrocytes and ameliorates osteoarthritis by upregulating LncRNA PACER and downregulating COX2/PGE2.

To explore the efficacy and potential mechanism of Fengshi Gutong capsule (FSGTC) in osteoarthritis (OA) inflammation. The impact of FSGTC on laboratory indicators of OA patients was explored using data mining technology and association rule analysis. Then, the OA cell model was constructed by inducing chondrocytes (CHs) with interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In the presence of FSGTC intervention, the regulatory mechanism of PACER/COX2/PGE2 in OA-CH viability and inflammatory responses was evaluated. Retrospective data mining showed that FSGTC effectively reduced inflammation indexes (ESR, HCRP) of OA patients. Cell experiments showed that LncRNA PACER (PACER) silencing inhibited the proliferation activity of OA-CHs, increased the level of COX2 protein, elevated the levels of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and decreased the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 (p < .01). On the contrary, FSGTC-containing serum reversed the effect of PACER silencing on OA-CHs (p < .01). After the addition of COX2 pathway inhibitor, the proliferation activity of OA-CHs was enhanced; the levels of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β were decreased while the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were increased (p < .01). FSGTC inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammation in CHs and ameliorates OA by upregulating PACER and downregulating COX2/PGE2.