Paraffin Wax Research Articles

Numerical Investigation of Solar Collector Performance with Encapsulated PCM: A Transient, 3D Approach

This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation into the thermal performance of solar collectors integrated with encapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) using a transient three-dimensional (3D) approach. The performance of two distinct PCMs—paraffin wax and RT60—was evaluated under varying operational conditions, including seasonal variations, inlet pipe velocities, and inlet temperatures. The results indicate that paraffin wax exhibits a higher peak temperature, reaching approximately 360 K, compared to RT60’s peak of 345 K, making paraffin wax more effective for consistent thermal energy storage. Paraffin wax also maintained higher fluid fractions, with a maximum of 0.9 in summer, indicating superior heat absorption and retention capabilities. In contrast, RT60 demonstrated a quicker phase transition, fully liquefying at a lower fluid fraction, which is advantageous for rapid heat release. Seasonal variations significantly impacted system efficiency, with the highest efficiency observed in June at 365 K and the lowest in December at 340 K. The study also found that lower inlet velocities (e.g., 0.25 L/s) significantly improved heat retention, resulting in higher outlet temperatures, while increasing the inlet temperature from 290 K to 310 K led to a marked increase in outlet temperatures throughout the day. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing PCM selection, inlet velocity, and temperature in enhancing the performance of solar thermal systems, offering quantitative insights that contribute to the development of more efficient and reliable renewable energy solutions.

Performance analysis of photovoltaic module using eutectic phase change material

ABSTRACT Geographical factors and environmental variables affect the performance of the solar photovoltaic (SPV) system. The incident solar radiation on the SPV will generate power and increase the surface temperature. Thermal regulation is needed for the SPV system to enhance its performance. In this work, a passive cooling approach is adopted to reduce the surface temperature of the SPV system. The eutectic phase change material is synthesized with the composition of RT35 paraffin wax and sodium sulfate decahydrate. The thermophysical properties of the eutectic mixture are analyzed using a differential scanning calorimeter, and thermal conductivity is measured. The developed eutectic PCM is integrated into the SPV modules’ rear-side packing in the aluminum container. The output of the PV module is increased by 10% and up to 6.1°C reduces the surface temperature of the SPV module compared to the conventional SPV system.

Tuning Barrier Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene: Impact of Amorphous Region Nanostructure on Gas Transmission Rate

This work focused on determining the factors that are of key importance in the oxygen barrier properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). It has been shown that, depending on the type and amount of the low-molecular-weight compound (tetracosane, paraffin wax, paraffin oil) introduced into the LDPE matrix, it can contribute to the improvement or deterioration of barrier properties. Tetracosane and paraffin wax incorporated into the LDPE matrix caused a reduction in oxygen permeability parameters compared to neat polyethylene. As their content increased, the barrier properties of the samples towards oxygen also increased. A completely opposite effect was achieved with paraffin oil. The results of comprehensive studies provide evidence that in the case of LDPE blends, two mechanisms are responsible for changing/controlling their transport properties. The first mechanism is associated with changes in the molecular packing in the interlamellar amorphous regions, while the second is related to the crystallinity of the samples. In cases where there are no changes in crystallinity, the density of the amorphous phase becomes the decisive factor in barrier properties, as clearly shown by results assessing chain dynamics.

Optimizing cord pyramid solar distillers: A comprehensive study on square baffles, reflectors, and phase transition materials

Limited access to safe drinking water is a critical global issue, particularly in areas with inadequate infrastructure. Solar stills offer a promising alternative for such regions. This study investigates the influence of square baffles within a modified solar still design on its overall efficiency. Additionally, the integration of reflectors is explored to enhance both evaporation and condensation rates. Furthermore, the effectiveness of a paraffin wax phase change material (PCM) combined with silver nanoparticles is assessed within the modified still. Thermo-economic analyses are conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed system. The findings demonstrate a significant improvement in distillation yield. The modified still with square baffles achieved a yield of 9800 mL/m2.day compared to 3550 mL/m2.day for the reference still, representing a 193 % increase. Moreover, incorporating the nano-PCM at an optimal configuration (25 cords) resulted in a further 265 % productivity increase for the modified still with both square baffles and reflectors. This configuration also achieved an efficiency of 63 %. Economic analysis revealed a minimal cost difference between the reference still (0.014 $/L) and the modified still with square baffles and nano-PCM (0.01 $/L). In terms of environmental impact, the modified still exhibited a lower annual CO2 emission of 28.8 tons.

Development and characterisation of myristic acid-paraffin wax, silica fume and zinc oxide cementitious composites for thermal control in buildings

This study focuses on the development of a cement-based phase change material (CBPCM) to improve thermal performance in construction applications. The CBPCM was synthesised by blending 90 wt% of myristic acid with 10 wt% of paraffin wax, absorbed into 10 wt% of silica fume to prevent leakage. Additionally, 5 wt% of zinc oxide was added to improve thermal conductivity. A leakage test conducted with 10 wt% of SF exhibited no signs of leakage during thermal cycling. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) established the uniform dispersion of the nano-enhanced phase change material (NEPCM) within the cement. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed no chemical structure changes after 100 thermal cycles. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed thermal stability in the temperature range of 74.8–236.64 °C with a mass loss of 6.3 wt%. The material demonstrated minimal variation in phase change temperatures and latent heats after 100 cycles. The latent heat of the CBPCM was 1.09 J/g during melting and 1.887 J/g during solidification. Incorporating NEPCM into the cement increased the thermal conductivity of the cement matrix to 0.559 W/m K. These findings underline the potential of the CBPCM for energy-efficient construction, offering enhanced thermal storage, stability, and conductivity.

3D printing, leakage-proof, and flexible phase change composites for thermal management application

Phase change composites (PCCs) have attracted much attention in the fields of thermal management due to their high latent heat. However, their risk of leakage and poor shape designability greatly limit their industrial applications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop leakage-proof and customizable PCCs to meet the emerging requirements of thermal management applications. Some scholars have proposed the concept of preparing PCCs by 3D printing technology, aiming to meet customized thermal management requirements of various electronic devices. Nevertheless, the phase change material leaking of PCCs under high temperature is still a tough problem to solve. In this study, expanded graphite (EG) is used as the carrier for paraffin wax (PW), which names as EP can tightly enveloping PW in its porous structure. Then, an innovative carbomer gel ink is prepared for 3D printing using EP and short carbon fiber (SCF) as thermal conductive fillers. Freeze-drying and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) infiltrating procedures are furtherly performed to ensure the flexibility of final PCCs samples. A maximum thermal conductivity of 2.89 W/(m·K) is obtained when the content of SCF/EP filler is 10 wt%. Importantly, the flexible PCCs prepared through this method effectively prevent the PW leaking during thermal management applications, thereby avoiding the consequent safety risks and enhancing the lifespan of electronic devices. This work opens up a promising pathway for the rapid fabrication of leakage-proof, customizable and flexible PCCs.

Hydrogen-free deoxygenation of oleic acid on acidic and basic ZSM-5 and Y-zeolites: Products for biofuel and reaction pathways

A large volume of highly acidic vegetable oils generated as waste could be utilized to produce low-cost biofuels without competing with food production. This study investigated the conversion of oleic acid (OA), used as a model fatty compound, in a micropyrolysis apparatus under conditions similar to those employed in fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) of petroleum feedstocks. The influence of small-micropore size zeolites (ZSM-5) and large-micropore size zeolites (Y), in both their acidic H- and basic Na-forms, on the product distribution was evaluated. Oleic acid was pre-adsorbed onto the zeolites at a mass ratio Catalyst:OA = 10:1. Thermal cracking of pure oleic acid was limited, predominantly producing linear 1-alkenes and carboxylic acids. Conversion in the presence of catalysts was enhanced, resulting in the formation of a greater variety of hydrocarbons. Branched and cyclic alkanes, as well as polyaromatics hydrocarbons, were produced in greater quantities on Y zeolites compared to ZSM-5, due to the larger micropore diameter of the Y zeolite. Among the catalysts, Na-Y produced the highest number of hydrocarbons, predominantly within the gasoline range. These results are promising for the co-processing of fatty residues in the FCC, promoting the production of second-generation drop-in biofuels and bio-based chemicals, and contributing to industrial decarbonization.

Effect of air layer on PCMs melting process inside a spherical container: A numerical investigation

Efficient latent heat storage technology is getting significant interest from the researchers, scientist, and engineers who are involved in solar heating and cooling, waste heat utilization, and building energy management applications. The latter materials are employed most frequently in this connection owing to their pronounced energy storage capacity and moderate cost. The present work involves a numerical analysis for the assessment of heat transfer through paraffin wax RT42 when it is fully converted from solid to liquid phase in a spherical container with and without air layer. The interaction of the py-porosity combination was evaluated numerically with the use of ANSYS/FLUENT 16 program. The results show that the presence of a 1 mm thick air layer increased the total melting time by 33.33%, while a 2 mm thick air layer resulted in a 66.67% increase compared to the control without an air layer. In this research, it is clear that air layers play a major role in the delay of the melting of paraffin wax.

Experimental study on the effects of integrating phase change material with a solar updraft tower

AbstractThe solar updraft tower power plant presents a promising renewable energy solution but faces limitations in thermal efficiency and energy production during nonsunny hours. This study addresses a critical gap in the literature by investigating the integration of latent heat storage systems utilizing paraffin wax as phase change materials (PCMs) to enhance solar updraft tower (SUT) performance. Two identical small‐scale SUTs were constructed, both using the same tank configuration; however, the PCM device was filled with paraffin wax as a PCM, while the non‐PCM device contained only atmospheric air. Three scenarios were explored, featuring varying PCM tank heights of 2, 4, and 6 cm (the full capacity of the PCM tank). Results indicated that, from 3 p.m. until sunset, the PCM‐integrated SUT in Case 3 (with 6 cm of PCM) achieved the best performance, with an average absorber temperature rise of 25°C, compared with 12°C for the non‐PCM device. During the same period, the average air velocity at the tower neck, where a wind turbine could be installed, was 1.21 m/s for the PCM device, versus 0.82 m/s for the non‐PCM device. Notably, the nocturnal operating time extended significantly with PCM use, rising from 90 min for the 2 cm case to 125 min for the 6 cm case. In contrast, the non‐PCM device exhibited no operational time after sunset. This research not only demonstrates the effectiveness of PCM in improving the thermal performance and operational longevity of SUTs but also introduces a novel tank configuration that allows for flexible PCM integration, representing a significant advancement in the development of more efficient SUT systems.

Enhancing conical solar still performance using high conductive hollow cylindrical copper fins embedded by PCM

The present study aims to enhance the efficiency of the conical solar distiller in producing water during both day and night. This will be achieved through design enhancements, such as increasing the surface area of the distiller to maximize solar energy absorption and improve condensation rates. High thermal-conductivity cylindrical fins have been used, and their role will be investigated. These fins may be hollow and extended, with or without the inclusion of phase change material (PCM). Consequently, copper tubes are positioned at the base of the distiller basin, both with and without the inclusion of phase-changing paraffin wax material inside the hollow tubes. A comparison is made between the performance of three configurations: the first configuration is traditional, the second configuration includes fins without the incorporation of PCM, and the third configuration includes PCM-based fins. This comparison is crucial as it provides a clear understanding of the impact of each design enhancement on the distiller’s performance. The study findings indicated that the arrangement with hollow fins filled with PCM had the highest level of freshwater output. Furthermore, the results showed that the combined output of conical solar distillers equipped with fins made of copper tubes, both with and without PCM, were 7.50 and 6.75 L/m2/day, respectively. The cumulative production of conventional conical distillers is 4.85 L/m2/day. Freshwater output improved by 54.64 and 39.17 % when using hollow copper tubes with and without PCM within 24 h, compared with the conventional configuration. During night-time hours, it was observed that the freshwater output of distilled water from salt water significantly improved by 550 % when utilizing copper tubes loaded with PCM, compared to distillation using empty copper tubes. The maximum daily efficiency of conical distillers with fins with and without PCM were 73.6 % and 80.3 %, respectively. These results showed that conical distillers using copper tubes hollow filled with PCM represent good options for obtaining higher performance than distillation.

Exploring the integrated potential of pyrolysis and low-temperature wet torrefaction for typical medical waste valorization: A multifaceted approach leveraging online TG-FTIR-MS, 2D-COS, iso-conversional kinetics, and reaction mechanisms

The rapid growth of medical waste, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and advancements in healthcare, has drawn increased public scrutiny regarding its proper disposal and treatment. This research aimed to characterize the wet torrefaction of a typical medical waste biomass (MWB) composition, comprising bamboo swabs, skewers, splints, cotton balls, tongue depressors, toothpicks, and chopsticks, followed by its co-pyrolysis with medical waste plastic (MWP) including catheter bags, drapes, IV tubing, IV bags, oxygen masks, syringes, and test tubes. The study employed thermogravimetric analysis, TG-FTIR, 2D correlation spectroscopy, iso-conversional kinetics, and mass spectrometry techniques elucidated the driving factors, behaviors, products, mechanisms, and pathways involved. The pyrolysis temperature ranges were 180.15 to 400 °C for TMWB and 380.04 to 550 °C for MWP, with average activation energies of 150.22 and 221.59 kJ/mol for their respective devolatilization processes. Incorporating 20 % and 40 % MWP into the co-pyrolysis process yielded the best performance, characterized by the lowest activation energy. The co-pyrolysis process promoted the release of cyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbons, but decreased the yields of alcohols, esters, ethers, phenols, and acids, through synergistic mechanisms. Unraveling the pyrolysis pathways and dynamics of these representative medical waste streams offers valuable insights into improving energy recovery, mitigating pollution, diminishing waste volumes, and optimizing industrial thermochemical conversion processes for safely treating these hazardous materials.

Enhancing MIMO-VLC system performance using reflective phase change materials

Abstract In this paper, the impact of phase change materials (PCM) as reflecting surfaces on the bit error rate (BER) performance of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) visible light communication (VLC) systems has been investigated. The optical properties of PCM, including absorption and reflection characteristics have been analyzed to optimize the design and functionality of PCM-based VLC systems. The current study investigates the BER performance of 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 MIMO-VLC systems using non-line of sight (NLoS) signal under varying refractive index, temperature, and incidence angle conditions. Additionally, different types of PCM has been assessed, such as organic compounds, salt hydrates, and paraffin wax, to determine their suitability for implementation in MIMO-VLC systems.

B-037 Zeon original coating technology COP microplates for cell imaging

Abstract Background Zeon has developed high quality microplate made of Cyclo Olefin Polymer (COP) and special coat reagent for cell culture for Aurora microplates. The new 96 well-microplates have best-in-class properties for analysis of cultured cells can reduce the background of fluorescence images absolutely and excellent bottom flatness for observation of target. This enables to obtain high-precision data for cell analysis. Also, we developed Zeon original coating (ZOC) reagent specialized for COP surface. It is suitable for various cells including neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), primary cells, general cell lines, and so on. ZOC coated COP microplates (ZOC plates) are fully-precoated and ready-to-use. Methods We evaluated the following points regarding ZOC plates. The cells used were derived from human iPSC. [1. Storage stability] ZOC plates were stored at room temperature for a long time. After that, cardiomyocyte cells were cultured for 3 days on the plates. The cell adhesion and beat rate were evaluated. [2. Neurite extension] Dopaminergic neurons were cultured for 14 days, then the neurite extension was evaluated. For comparison, a conventional poly-D-lysine* (PDL) coating was used. [3. Lot-to-lot variation] COP microplates coated with different lots of ZOC reagents were prepared. Glutamatergic neurons were cultured for 14 days on those plates, then the neurite extension and cell morphology were evaluated. *The typical coating reagent applied for neuronal culture. Results [1.] ZOC plates stored over 12 months at room temperature showed excellent cell adhesion, and the beat rate was equivalent to prepared just before use. [2.] ZOC plates tended to extend neurites more than PDL coated plates. [3.] No variation between lots was observed on ZOC plates regarding the neurite extension and cell morphology. Conclusions We suggest applying the combination of high accuracy for cell imaging using COP microplates and high performance for cell culture using ZOC can provide high precision data at bioassay research. This would be a significant value for development of drug screening processes at pharmaceutical company.

Tribological properties of oil impregnated carbon nanocapsules modified with polydopamine-polyethyleneimine

Self-lubricating microcapsules can reduce the coefficient of friction/wear and improve the tribological properties of polymer composites. Impregnation of prefabricated shell with core substances is a versatile and applicable route to obtain the microcapsules. In this work, double shell nanocapsules (PA@C HSM) with particle size of 448nm, shell thickness of 65nm are obtained by incorporating paraffin wax (PA) into the pre-synthesized hollow carbon nanospheres (PHCs)and then packaged by co-depositing with polydopamine (PDA) and polyethylenimine (PEI). The PDA/PEI transition shell increase the surface roughness of the nanocapsule and enhance the compatibility with the polymer matrix which will contribute to the improved oil storage ability and thermal stability of the nanocapsules as well. The distinguished mechanical interlocking and chemical interface bonding between PDA/PEI layer and EP matrix effectively facilitates mitigating the unfavorable impact of PA@C HSM on the mechanical properties of the composite with the modulus of the 7.5wt.% PA@C HSM/EP composites increased by 17.44%. As for the tribological performance of PA@C HSM/EP composite, the tribological properties are boosted remarkably and the friction coefficient and wear rate of 7.5%PA@C HSM/EP composite are reduced by 77.69% and 98.79% compared with pure EP material.

Synergetic integration of photothermal and self-cleaning features in a composite phase change material based on layered double hydroxides and polypyrrole

Composite phase change materials (PCMs) with photothermal functionality play a crucial role in efficiently storing and utilizing solar energy. However, the challenge of effectively removing of contaminants on photothermal conversion coatings has long puzzled researchers. In this study, we propose a novel approach to enhancing both photothermal conversion performance and self-cleaning properties of wood-based composite phase change materials, ultimately facilitating the sustainable and effective utilization of solar energy. The method utilized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a precursor to form rough layered double hydroxides (LDH) on the wood surface through hydrolysis-induced exchange. Subsequently, polypyrrole (PPy) was deposited through vapor phase onto the LDH, and paraffin wax (PW) is utilized as the phase change material to prepare a novel composite phase change material. This modified wood structure facilitates leak-proof PW encapsulation and effective heat storage (167.6 J/g). PPy acts as a proficient photothermal converter and improves the composite material's heat transfer efficiency by establishing thermal conduction pathways, resulting in an 87.4 % enhancement in thermal conductivity compared to pure PW. The rough surface of LDH promotes multiple light reflections and scattering within the material, leading to increased light absorption by the PPy coating and achieving a photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 96.4 %. Furthermore, the high roughness of the LDH layer combined with the low surface energy of PW imparts superhydrophobic self-cleaning properties to the material, ensuring sustained effectiveness of the photothermal conversion coating over time. This research presents a viable approach for maintaining the cleanliness and efficiency of solar energy systems.

Analysis of Implication of Phase Change Material Enclosed Design on Thermal Performance of Solar Collector

Abstract The energy, which is converted from the sun rays, was called solar energy. This is very essential renewable energy converting methods that had a higher influence for water distilling system. Here, the implication of the Phase Change Materials (PCM) in that exit was analyzed. This energy from the sun is trapped in paraffin wax for the storing system whiles the greater radioactive effect. This trapped heat power than utilized for increase the fluid temperature during the lesser radioactive times. Here, the Implication of the heat storing units on the exit temperature was analyzed. Furthermore, Thermal solar collector was analyzed for the following years 2021 and 2022. The Concentric PC is placed over the top of the collector of the solar rays. And then, a paraffin wax layer was placed under the solar absorber plate like the back-up to store the LH Energy. The uniform rate of flow was produced a greater exit temperature of water the two years. The efficiency rate increased 11–14% and the collected energy gain rate enhanced 18–19%. The peak water temperature was 61°C & 60°C for the 2 consecutive years for Paraffin wax integrated solar collecting unit. At the same time the efficiency of heat energy is peak at 49% in January 2022. The solar collector efficiency primarily relies on the design and construction of collector itself.

Improving vehicle warm-up performance in cold conditions using phase change materials

In cold climates, improving vehicle warm-up performance is crucial for reducing emissions and fuel consumption. Traditional methods often fail to efficiently address this issue, particularly during initial cold start periods. This study aims to enhance vehicle warm-up performance in cold conditions using phase change materials (PCMs). A thermal storage device was developed using paraffin wax, selected for its high energy density and a melting point of 69.3 °C, integrated with an optimized heat exchanger. Real road driving tests were conducted under urban and highway conditions, with temperatures ranging from −5 to 0 °C, using a 2.2L diesel engine vehicle. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in engine warm-up time by 20–30 %, leading to a decrease in fuel consumption and CO emissions by 365–517 g annually. The thermal storage device supplied up to 694.63 kJ of heat energy to the coolant, further improving vehicle efficiency and reducing environmental impact. Furthermore, evaluating PCM-based systems under real-world driving conditions is crucial for validating their practical effectiveness. Real-world variables introduce challenges that help confirm the applicability of PCM systems in everyday use. This approach shows potential for enhancing warm-up performance in cold climates without additional fuel consumption, outperforming conventional methods.

Identification of conservation and restoration materials for iron relics through ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence imaging and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Understanding the previous protection and restoration efforts and the current state of cultural relics is essential before compiling a conservation and restoration plan. The lack of detailed archival records for some early conservation operations, the identification of restoration materials necessitates the use of scientific analytical methods. In this study, the composition and spatial distribution of historical restoration materials on five iron relics were investigated through pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence imaging (UVL). The relics studied were iron weight 20791, iron adze head 2335, and iron axe 2334 from the Gansu Provincial Museum, iron sword D0008 from the Zhaotong Municipal Museum, and iron sword 450 from the National Museum of China. All five relics had undergone restoration without accompanying archival records. UVL revealed the distribution of various conservation materials. Notably, two distinct layers of the conservation material were observed on iron axe 2334. Differences in the fluorescence color and intensity of iron sword 450 provided information regarding the sampling strategy. The samples were collected under ultraviolet light emitting diode illumination to ensure representativeness and minimize damage to the relics. Through Py-GC/MS, the coating materials for iron weight 20791 and iron adze head 2335 were identified as boiled tung oil mixed with rosin resin. Iron axis 2334 had a two-layer coating: a base layer of boiled tung oil and a top layer of shellac. The coating material for iron sword D0008 was determined to be paraffin wax. The protective layer of iron sword 450 included multiple materials, including shellac, polystyrene, and bisphenol-A-type epoxy resin. This study confirms that UVL combined with Py-GC/MS serves as an effective technique for analyzing historical restoration materials. UVL guided the selection of representative samples for Py-GC/MS, reducing the time and amount of sampling required and minimizing further damage to the relics. This research provides valuable data for the restoration archives of five iron artifacts, offering a scientific basis for conservators to evaluate conservation methods, devise future conservation strategies, and exclude ineffective conservation materials.

Preparation and Properties of Thermoregulated Seaweed Fibers Based on Magnetic Paraffin wax@calcium Carbonate Microcapsules

In order to enhance the application of thermoregulated materials, magnetic phase change microcapsules were prepared using a self-assembly method. Paraffin wax was chosen for its fine thermoregulation properties as the core material, while Fe3O4 nanoparticles doped in calcium carbonate served as the hybrid shell material. The microcapsules were then blended with sodium alginate and processed into seaweed fibers through wet spinning. The microstructure, thermal, and magnetic properties of the microcapsules were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, a laser particle size analyzer, an X-ray diffractometer, a differential scanning calorimeter, a thermogravimetric analyzer, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. The thermoregulation of the fibers was evaluated using a thermal infrared imager. The results indicated that the microcapsules had a uniform size distribution and good thermal properties. When the mass fraction of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was 8%, the microcapsules exhibited a saturation magnetization of 2.44 emu/g and an enthalpy value of 94.25 J/g, indicating effective phase change and magnetic properties. Furthermore, the thermoregulated seaweed fibers showed a high enthalpy value of 19.8 J/g with fine shape, offering potential for developing multifunctional fiber products.

The Importance of Cited-1 and HIF-1α Immune Activity of Granulosa Cells in IVF Treatment

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the Cited-1 and HIF-1α immune activity in granulosa cells in follicular development in patients who underwent IVF for infertility. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 40 patients who were admitted to the assisted reproductive program with the complaint of infertility at the Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic IVF center between January 2022 and November 2022 and had primary or secondary infertility while starting the Ovum-Pick-Up (OPU) procedure. The fluid containing the granulosa cells was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The samples were fixed and processed for routine paraffine wax tissue embedding protocol. Sections were taken from paraffin blocks and immune stained with Cited-1 and HIF-1α. The preparations were examined under the microscope. Results: HIF-1α expression was positive in membrane of granulosa cells. The nuclei were apoptotic and pyknotic. Cited1 expression was positive in membrane of granulosa cells. the cells were pyknotic. Conclusion: The high level of HIF-1α immunopositivity and negative Cited1 immunoreactivity in the immunohistochemical staining after the granulosa cells around the oocytes collected from female patients admitted to the IVF clinic and diagnosed with infertility showed that granulosa cell viability may be important on oocyte quality.