Cyberspace Research Articles

Cyber Fraud, Causes and Its Effect on Money Deposit Banks

The study examined cyber fraud, causes and its effect on money deposit banks (DMB) in Nigeria: a study of Zenith Bank. The main objective is to examine electronic frauds, causes and its challenges in the banking sector. The study is hinged on two hypotheses; 49 branches; sample of 557 staff. Structured questionnaire was used to capture the response of the bank staff and it was analyzed using statistical package for social science version 27 (SPSS). Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were employed in the data analysis. Among the findings were accounting fraud by bank staff, identity theft, money laundering, phishing, pharming, computer virus, lack of oversight function,lack of standards, financial loss, absence of national central control, lack of credible infrastructure, porous internet, lack of national functional database, and inadequate awareness by bank customers were the challenges militating the effort towards curbing the cyber fraud in the banking system in Nigeria. The findings also revealed that cybercrime reduced productivity; vulnerability of banks Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems and security audit. The study recommends adequate antivirus and antimalware software technology and the use of multi-factor authentication, use of biometrics, automatic logout are the solutions identified to curb cybercrimes in banks. The study concluded that the place of security in the cyber space of banks in Nigeria cannot be oversemphasied, therefore necessary measures should be put in place towards mitigating cybercrime in Zenith Bank. Equally, Zenith Bank should employ stringent measures to monitor staff activities especially in the confidentiality of customer information, cyber security audit should be done on regular basis, sensitization of bank customers, and Multifactor authentication, biometrics and automatic log out, and strong firewall should be adopted by Zenith Bank.

Мотивационные корреляты жизнестойкости и виртуальной идентичности молодых геймеров

The research is relevant due to the necessity to explore how gaming motivational mechanisms reduce internal tension and shape gamers’ identity in massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG). The aim of the research is to investigate the role of gaming motivation shaping virtual identity and hardiness of young gamers. Hypothesis: gaming motivation correlates with reduced internal tension and influences the formation of gamers’ virtual identity in cyber space. Participants: N = 120 aged 18–25 years (n male = 72; n female = 48; M = 20.4; SD = 2.5) living in the central region of the Russian Federation. Methods (tools): The Gaming Motivation Scale (Nick Yee adapted by N. V. Bogacheva, V. E. Epishina, A. V. Milyanskaya) was used to assess game motivation for playing massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG); an abridged version of the Hardiness Test (S. Maddi adapted by E. N. Osin, E. I. Rasskazova) was used to assess resilience; the Virtual Identity Status Inventory (VISI) (M. V. Klementyeva) was used to assess the status of virtual identities; the Game Experience Questionnaire (W. A. Ijsselsteijn, Y. A. W. de Kort, and K. Poels adapted by M. V. Klementyeva, M. V. Kurguzov) was used to assess players’ competence. Results: the research demonstrated significant differences in the manifestation of gamers’ “hardines”: higher values were recorded during gameplay. We found strong links between gaming motives, hardines, gaming skills and virtual identity. Despite their seamless gaming motivation and perfect gaming competence, gamers experience internal tension, helplessness in real life and strive to escape reality while forming a virtual identity based on the images of their gaming avatars. Main conclusions: in an online game, young gamers are able to cope more effectively with internal stress, compared with the real environment; they are able to maintain identity, and successfully implement gaming motives. Practical application: the research results can be used to develop techniques aimed at strengthening hardines and supporting identity formation in young gamers.

Recursive state estimation for delayed complex networks with random link failures and stochastic inner coupling under cyber attacks

This paper focuses on the filtering issue regarding a class of uncertain time-delayed complex networks (CNs) subject to random link failures (RLF) and stochastic inner coupling (SIC) under cyber attacks, where the attacks occur in a random way with uncertain occurrence probabilities. The phenomena of RLF and SIC are described via a Bernoulli distributed random variable and a Gaussian noise, respectively. The former reflects the presence or absence of connections between different nodes, while the latter presents the uncertainty of the inner coupling strength. In addition, denial of service attacks (DoSAs) and false data injection attacks (FDIAs) are both taken into account in the discussed cyber space, where the switching behavior of attack modes is described by two independent Bernoulli distributed random variables. A novel recursive estimator is constructed with consideration of RLF, uncertain time-delay, SIC and cyber attacks, wherein a state estimation error covariance upper bound (SEECUB) is obtained. And such upper bound is minimized via reasonable design of the estimator gain. Through theoretical deduction and analysis, it is proved that the presented SEECUB is uniformly bounded under certain conditions. Finally, the availability of the proposed filtering strategy and the gained results are verified through simulation examples.

Use of cyber space as a tool of information terrorism

The article analyzes the main approaches to the definition of information terrorism, formulates its signs and principles. The problems of using cyberspace as a tool of information terrorism are highlighted, as well as the growing trends of the technical level of cyber threats. The main acts of information terrorism in the cyberspace of Ukraine and the activities of the Center for countering disinformation of the NSDC of Ukraine to identify this phenomenon are analyzed. Innovations in the approaches of NATO countries in the field of combating information terrorism are analyzed. Ways to improve international cooperation with NATO on countering information terrorism are proposed.

경제안보기술의 특허출원에 대한 비공개 방안 - 일본의 특허출원비공개제도를 중심으로

In establishing the 6th Basic Plan for Science and Technology (2021.4.1-2026.3.31), Japan recognized the need for innovation in converging humanities and social sciences with science technology and revised the “Basic Act on Science and Technology” to the “Basic Act on Science and Technology and Innovation” and the “R&D Power Enhancement Act” to the “Act on Promotion of Science and Technology and Innovation Creation”. In its basic plan and important policies, goals such as the development of innovative technologies related to the convergence of cyber and physical spaces are set. Even though the purpose of developing such innovative technologies is set, in order to strongly promote the R&D and patent protection policy of high-tech (specific important technologies) that can be used maliciously in international disputes or cyber terrorism, etc., the “Economic Security Promotion Act” has been enacted and implemented as a separate legislation. The Act stipulates R&D policies for securing specific critical materials and specific critical technologies to protect national security and public safety and the system that allows patent applications to be non-disclosed was introduced and implemented on May 1, 2024 in cases where patent applications of research results could harm Japan's economic security and public stability. It is necessary to reflect it in Korea's technical security policy through in-depth analysis and review of the law relating to measures to secure specific important materials, research and development and research funding policy of specific critical technologies, and the Non-Disclosure System of Patent Applications of research results thereof. In particular, by analyzing in-depth the purpose and intention of the Japanese government to strongly promote it by separately legislating it, not by ordinary legislation, it is necessary to refer to the research and development related to national security in Korea and the patent protection policy of the research results. In particular, it is necessary to analyze in-depth the purpose and intention of the Japanese government to promote it separately, not by ordinary legislation, and refer to Korea's national security-related research and development and patent protection policies of its research results.

Managing remaining useful life of cyber-aeroengine systems using a graph spatio-temporal attention recurrent network with phase-lag index

The decision-making process concerning the maintenance of equipment significantly impacts the safety and reliability of the aeroengine system. A cyber-aeroengine system (CAS) integrates intricate aeroengine components with a cyber decision-making space based on the communication network, thereby facilitating computational support for forecasting the health status of the aeroengine system. Within the cyber realm, we introduce a novel approach termed the graph spatio-temporal attention recurrent network with phase-lag index (PLI-GSTARN) to assess the degradation states of aeroengine systems. This method constructs a spatio-temporal graph based on sensor signal correlations and information reachability across distributed sensors within the physical equipment. Subsequently, the proposed framework employs a graph attention network to capture spatial features and a long short-term memory (LSTM) layer equipped with an attention mechanism to capture temporal features inherent in the constructed graph. Ultimately, this methodology is applied to cyber–physical systems within aircraft engines to manage remaining health life and diagnose faults, yielding commendable outcomes.

Cybertorture: Transformation of Humanitarian Crime and Development of Normative Construction in Indonesia

The development and social transformation of technology has had an impact on changes in the types and forms of violence and even torture aimed as an instrument of terror, punishment and even extermination. The practice of cybertorture has not become a popular narrative or discourse in Indonesia even though it has been realized about the serious impact, especially on psychological, mental and social aspects. Such actions are part of crimes against humanity and violations of human rights. This study aims to further examine the concepts, characteristics and efforts to develop law enforcement based on the perspective of human rights and civil and political rights. There are 2 problematic issues in this paper, namely 1. What are the concepts and characteristics of cybertortortue; 2. What are the opportunities for the development of Cybertortue law enforcement in Indonesia? Literature study (library research) is used as a method to examine existing concepts and legal materials so that an analytical description can be produced that can answer the problems posed. The study concluded that Cybertorture is a new type of torture that is intentionally carried out in the cyber space to provide pain, in the form of threats to physical, psychological, bullying, sexual violence, or other inhumane acts of torture, causing severe mental, psychological, social and physical suffering. Cybertorture is a new form of torture that has the potential to continue to grow, but there is no serious and focused legal politics to tackle it. It is necessary to further develop strategies and approaches in law enforcement instruments in Indonesia with a human rights perspective and victim protection.

Assessing Attribution and Credible Deterrence in Cyberspace

This study examines the issues that states face in discerning actors within the realm of cyberspace, characterizing these challenges as akin to navigating the unregulated landscape. Lack of an effective attribution mechanism and a credible deterrence framework have significantly contributed to the volatility in cyber domain in contemporary times. This paper argues that states often accuse their adversaries of orchestrating cyber-attacks against them, yet they frequently fail to provide substantial evidence because actors behind attacks in cyberspace leverage the inherent anonymity of cyberspace to evade accountability, complicating the process of attribution even further. In addition, this study also underscores the importance of establishing an effective mechanism of deterrence in cyberspace to dissuade the attacking actors from engaging in malicious cyber activities. In line with this, this paper looks at the cyber space activities through novel perspective of no biasness, without subjectivity and tends to offer the answers of why attribution is problem, is there any possible solution to it in practice. Therefore, this study aims to highlight the ways to attribute the cyber-attacks and highlight the challenges to attribution, especially in the current scenario of states sponsoring indirectly cyber-attacks against many other states by outsourcing their aggressive designs in cyberspace to non-state actors.

Cyber Security Challenges: Safeguarding Data in the Digital Era

The Internet is one of the fastest-growing areas of technical infrastructure development. In today’s business environment, disruptive technologies such as cloud computing, social computing, and next-generation mobile computing are fundamentally changing how organizations utilize information technology for sharing information and conducting commerce online. Today more than 80 percent of total commercial transactions are done online, so this field required a high quality of security for transparent and best transactions. The scope of Cyber Security extends not only to the security of IT systems within the enterprise, but also to the broader digital networks upon which they rely including cyber space itself and critical infrastructures. Cyber Security plays an important role in the development of information technology as well as Internet services. Our attention is usually drawn on “Cyber Security” when we hear about “Cyber Crimes”. Our first thought on “National Cyber Security” therefore starts on how good is our infrastructure for handling “Cyber Crimes”. This paper focus on cyber laws and security emerging trends, issues and challenges while adopting new technologies such as mobile computing, e-commerce, and social networking.

Cybercrime and its Implications on the Economy of Nigeria

One of the tenets of globalization is the advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) mainly achieved through computer interconnectivity enabled by the internet in a presumed market place known as cyber space where both buyers, sellers and users in the form of individuals, corporate bodies and government meet. These interconnectivity brought about economic opportunities and inclusion. One of the areas so developed is the e-commerce sector where communication and interactions in the form of transaction is hinged on instant exchange of information, goods and services but, as friendly as these interactions are, they are not without their consequences- Cybercrime is one which often comes with huge financial loss and economic impact. Nigeria in its quest to liberalize trade and digitalize its transactions adopted the use of emerging technologies and services to drive the change but the tools and methods used to enhance the transactions are oftentimes misused by cybercriminals to their benefit thereby causing huge financial losses for the victims and invariably impact negatively on the economy. This research reviewed some existing literature on the subject of cybercrime, and its manifestations within the financial sector while relying on the Social Learning Theory as the reason for the prevalence of cybercrime among youths. Data was drawn and questionnaires administered. Analysis was done using CHI square in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study, therefore, concluded that there is a significant relationship between Cybercrime and the Nigerian economy and that Cybercrime had impacted negatively on the growth and development of the digital economy, in particular, and the Nigerian economy at large. Finally, the study offers solutions on how the Internet can engage the various Internet-based platforms, particularly calling on institutions responsible for combating this crime to put every effort required to end this menace.

From the Informatic Crime to the Informatic Criminality

Although the digital world brings enormous benefits, it is also vulnerable. Cyber space incidents, either intentional or accidental, are rising to an alarming level and could disrupt the provision of essential services. State economies are already affected, to a great extent, by cybercrime activities against individuals, public and private sectors. Virtual criminals use more and more complex methods for penetrating into computer systems, such as critical data theft or repositories. Cyber security has become a component of the security of all states, which, according to international conventions and treaties, can be achieved through the knowledge, prevention and counteraction of attacks and threats, as well as by diminishing the vulnerabilities of cyber infrastructure for the effective management of all security risks prevention, and fight against cybercrime and, last but not least, cyber defense. The provision in the new Criminal Code of possible or facilitated offenses by new information and communication technologies, in particular crimes against the security and integrity of systems and computer data, is a necessary action to synchronize our criminal law at the highest level with European law and as well as the necessary response to the exponential growth of this type of crime.

Control of Personal Data and Cyber ​​Space by Global Digital Platforms in Relation to Indonesia's Digital Sovereignty

The dominance of foreign digital platforms in the application ecosystem within Indonesia poses significant implications for the sovereignty of the Indonesian state; the utilization of such foreign digital technologies results in the inadvertent surrender and delegation of citizen data to foreign entities for monitoring and processing purposes. This phenomenon has elicited concern among legal scholars, as the usage of foreign applications signifies the applicability of the legal frameworks from the countries of origin of these applications. This raises critical questions regarding the sovereignty of the Indonesian state, particularly concerning its ability to exert control over data and cyberspace in the context of global platforms. The methodological approach employed in this investigation is grounded in normative legal research, utilizing a conceptual framework that examines relevant legal statutes. The aggregation and distribution of personal data constitutes an infringement upon individual privacy rights, as the right to privacy inherently encompasses the prerogative to determine the provision of personal information. The strategic policies and initiatives undertaken by the Indonesian government to bolster national digital sovereignty can be realized through several measures: the implementation of comprehensive personal data protection standards to enhance national digital sovereignty, the establishment of an independent authority for personal data protection, the fortification of cybersecurity measures to mitigate data security risks, and the jurisdictional enforcement of cyberspace law towards achieving digital economic sovereignty. There exists a pressing need for extensive regulatory frameworks to safeguard personal data as an integral component of human rights. A balance must be struck in the management of personal data processing, ensuring the protection of rights and fostering awareness among data subjects, thereby facilitating the development of a secure digital economic ecosystem that offers legal certainty for enterprises and enhances consumer confidence. Furthermore, the establishment of equitable international personal data protection regulations is essential to support the advancement of the digital economy through arrangements governing cross-border data flow.

Consciência situacional como ferramenta estratégica da defesa cibernética

The technological growth of the last decades has changed the way many sectors of society and the state carry out their respective activities. The defense sector is part of this framework due to its essentially technological nature. With these changes, discussions began about phenomena known as ‘cyberspace’, ‘cyber power’, and ‘cyber domain’. Because cyberspace permeates and can even influence the other operational domains (sea, land, air, and space), having the right knowledge of cyberspace – both one’s own and that of one’s adversaries – has become a competitive advantage in interstate conflicts. This knowledge is called situational awareness, a concept conceived in the 1980's by Mica Endsley, then Chief Scientist of the United States Air Force, and which can be defined as the ability to perceive and understand activities in a given time and space and to predict the future evolution of the situation. This concept can be unfolded in the cyber domain, giving rise to the socalled cyber situational awareness, which generally means the full knowledge of the actions occurring in the cyber space of interest. Thus, this article aims to elucidate the strategic role of cyber situational awareness, identifying the theories and models of its emerging concept and, subsequently, its developments in military strategy.

IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED CYBER EDUCATION IN EUROPE

The development of partnerships between European countries in the field of cyber education is currently playing a significant role in enhancing countries’ cyber potential and comprehensive and systemic counteraction to cyber threats. The research aims to outline the main principles of implementing an integrated cyber education system in European countries. To solve the tasks set, the research uses the following methods: cognition methods to study theoretical foundations of digital education development; comparative and analytical methods to analyze National Cybersecurity Indices and Digital Development Level Indices of the EU and Ukraine; heuristic (expert) methods to formulate the goal, objectives, conclusions and recommendations to form a multilevel generalized model of cyber education; and logical and formalized methods to outline the relevance of cyber education to counter cyber threats. The research discusses the issue of digital education, presents National Cybersecurity Indices and Digital Development Level Indices of countries, explores the gaps between National Cybersecurity Indices and Digital Development Level Indices of the EU and Ukraine, and outlines the basic principles of the European Cybersecurity Taxonomy. The main research results are the proposed categorical apparatus of integrated cyber education in European countries and the multi-level generalized model of cyber education to gradually acquire skills and abilities to combat cyber threats introduced from primary school to adult education. Thus, a comprehensive acquisition of skills to combat cyber threats will help to develop knowledge, skills and abilities of European citizens in the field of cybersecurity and improve the cyber potential of European countries. The introduction of unified regulatory courses and methodological support developed in accordance with the best international practices and harmonized with the terminology of EU and NATO member states will enable effective cooperation in a single information and cyber space.

A trust management solution for 5G-based future generation Internet of Vehicles

In recent years, 5G Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV) related standards have drawn attention in both academia and industry for supporting an efficient and reliable communication among vehicles in the network. However, notice that 5G-IoV related issues are defined as critical in both real and cyber space environments, as malfunctioning in such systems could cause traffic paralysis, serious accidents, and privacy leaks. Therefore, in order to overcome these challenges, a trusted and ideal framework is proposed using Dempster–Shafer Theory (DST), which is combined with a recommender mechanism in order to identify several DDoS threats. The major trust elements in order to identify the legitimacy of a node include frequency statistics, trust factor, residual energy, and trust policy. The proposed trusted mechanism is designed to provide an improved and efficient security solution by avoiding intruders which attempt to disrupt a 5G-IoV network. The proposed mechanism is further analyzed against several security measures, and validated using traditional security schemes in IoV environments.

Exploration of human activity fragmentation in cyber and physical spaces using massive mobile phone data

ABSTRACT The rapid development of information and communications technology (ICT) in recent years leads to the emergence of cyber space and results in the fragmentation of human activities to some extent. Nevertheless, few studies focused on the exploration of fragmentation, the new characteristic of human activities, partially due to the limited access to proper datasets. In this work, massive Call Detail Records (CDR) data and Uniform Resource Locator (URL) data from millions of mobile phone users are used to extract the activity fragmentation in both cyber and physical spaces. The relationships between activity fragmentation in the two spaces and built environment factors are further examined at different geographical scales. The results show that: 1) the spatial distributions of physical human activity fragmentation (PHAF) and cyber human activity fragmentation (CHAF) are inversely correlated; 2) compared with PHAF, CHAF are less associated with the built environment, probably because cyber activities are less restricted in time and space; 3) CHAF are more influenced by physical fragmentations and the relationships are stable across different cites, indicating that cyber space cannot be completely detached from physical space; and 4) the impact of built environment on CHAF and PHAF are different across different cities. The findings not only shed deeper light on activity fragmentation, but also enlighten the future exploration of its association with both cyber and physical spaces.

Implications of the jihadist terrorism in cyberspace

The terrorist attack on the 11th of September, 2001, marked the change in the West’s perception of the Middle East and vice versa. Followed by the US military presence in the Middle East, this event contributed to the development of the means of terrorist actions around the world and the popularization of jihad. The hostile attitude of the West thus succeeded in maintaining the state of tension between the two spaces. Over time, jihadist and terrorist groups have been joined by members originating from the West who were convinced by the importance of the “missions” they later undertook. In the present paper, we will focus on the transposition and continuation of hostilities in both geographic and cyber spaces, with reference even to the current Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Typology of State Actors' Behavior in Cyber Space

Cyberwar is no longer subject to "if" but "when." Despite growing interest in cyberspace and cyber war readiness and resilience among academics, researchers, policymakers, and the media, the area needs to be more robust with different terminology that strategically captures the activities of state actors in cyberspace. The paper aims to provide a strategic classification of the activities of state actors in cyberspace. A typology is developed to encapsulate the strategic complexity of the activities of state actors in this terrain. The typology can illuminate the current global proportion and payoff of each type.

Combining Cyber Security Intelligence to Refine Automotive Cyber Threats

Modern vehicles increasingly rely on electronics, software, and communication technologies (cyber space) to perform their driving task. Over-The-Air (OTA) connectivity further extends the cyber space by creating remote access entry points. Accordingly, the vehicle is exposed to security attacks that are able to impact road safety. A profound understanding of security attacks, vulnerabilities, and mitigations is necessary to protect vehicles against cyber threats. While automotive threat descriptions, such as in UN R155, are still abstract, this creates a risk that potential vulnerabilities are overlooked and the vehicle is not secured against them. So far, there is no common understanding of the relationship of automotive attacks, the concrete vulnerabilities they exploit, and security mechanisms that would protect the system against these attacks. In this article, we aim at closing this gap by creating a mapping between UN R155, Microsoft STRIDE classification, Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC), and Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE). In this way, already existing detailed knowledge of attacks, vulnerabilities, and mitigations is combined and linked to the automotive domain. In practice, this refines the list of UN R155 threats and therefore supports vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, and approval authorities to meet and assess the requirements for vehicle development in terms of cybersecurity. Overall, 204 mappings between UN threats, STRIDE, CAPEC attack patterns, and CWE weaknesses were created. We validated these mappings by applying our Automotive Attack Database (AAD) that consists of 361 real-world attacks on vehicles. Furthermore, 25 additional attack patterns were defined based on automotive-related attacks.

The viability of social media theatre in Nigeria and the proliferation of actors and audience in the cyberspace

The emergence of the social media has indubitably altered the Nigerian theatre space. The social media stage has created a niche for individuals to somewhat independently practise theatre. The horde of actors and acting on the social media space or cyber space draws to itself a teeming audience that is better described as participators as they take active part in the performance through their views, reactions, comments, and replies. This deportment is so evident on the Nigeria social media space, creating new personalities such as Mama Uka, Ada Egara Nsukka, Oliver Nayoka, Mr. Funny (Oga Sabinus), and Brain Jotter. Using the media richness theory to attempt the development of social media theatre theory, this study takes an analysis of select Nigerian social media actors, their theatrics and relationship with their participators to appraise the viability of theatre on the social media stage. Their teeming followers – participators comprise people of disparate backgrounds who could have been cut off from the show if they were to attend the performances of those actors in the physical theatre, thus the proliferation of actors and participators on the social media space. Our conclusion is that the social media has improved, defying the physical limits of the traditional theatre. As individuals and groups begin to cultivate their theatre adventures on the cyber space which have observably received widespread participation, resulting from its elastic spatiality and impartation, professional theatre artists and groups need to cultivate more, the social media space for a sustainable theatre culture.