Cyber-physical Technologies Research Articles

Quantifying the decentralization elements for robust smart manufacturing systems

Recent years have seen the emergence of several new manufacturing paradigms due to consumer demand for more customized, intelligent, and sustainable products and the explosive rise of the industrial Internet and cyber-physical technology leasing to the development of smart manufacturing systems. However, the quantification of several capabilities for smart manufacturing systems, such as decentralization, customization, interoperability, etc., is a matter of concern. The current research makes an attempt in this direction by questioning the need for this "multiplicity" of definitions and employs a methodical methodology to quantify the decentralization components to produce a coherent "blueprint" that justifies and integrates all of these many points of view. Further, a conceptual analysis of the model is made to discuss the alterations in the intelligence offerings with the enhancing implementation level of smart manufacturing systems. Based on the graphical analysis, the various level of organizational maturity with the enhancing smart manufacturing implementation is deliberated. The research provides significant directions to the managers to effectively plan, design, and execute the decentralization aspects with the increasing deployment level of smart manufacturing systems at a limited investment.

Innovative tools and methods for digitizing both visible and non-visible attributes of cultural heritage items. Part I: needed tools and strategies

Digitization marks the initial phase of digital transformation, encompassing a spectrum of socio-technical developments that unfold thereafter. These processes are pivotal components within a broader domain that: 1) encompasses physical inspection methodologies, business models geared towards enhancing inspection efficiency, integrity engineering, and decision-making; and 2) furnishes invaluable data to enrich the design, production, and maintenance over the lifespan of cultural heritage artifacts. Vrana and Sing (2020) advocate for designating this domain as Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) 4.0, underscoring its characterization as "a suite of cyber-physical technologies." These technologies encompass Digital Twin (DT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Semantic Interoperability and Ontologies, Industry 4.0 Data Processing (Big Data Analysis), Blockchains, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and Artificial Intelligence. The concept of Digital Twin, introduced in 2003 at the University of Michigan during the Executive Course on Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), as articulated by Grieves (2014), holds particular significance. Glaessgen and Stargel (2012) subsequently advocated for Digital Twins to support the production of NASA and U.S. Air Force vehicles, envisioning them as enabling "integrated multiphysics, multiscale, probabilistic simulation of an as-built vehicle or system that utilizes the best available physical models, sensor updates, fleet history, etc." Within this framework, a methodology will be elucidated for devising and implementing innovative tools and techniques for digitizing and digitalizing attributes of cultural heritage items.

4th Industry Revolution Digital Marketing Adoption Challenges in SMEs and its Effect on Customer Responsiveness

4th industrial revolution of cyber-physical technologies (4IR) intersecting digital technologies and entrepreneurship serves as an external stimulus in fostering a new method of venture creation transforming customers’ purchasing and consuming behavior. Large corporations are leading in leveraging on 4IR digital marketing for their marketing strategy but SMEs are lacking behind. This study explores the conundrum using an exploratory sequential mixed method. Semi-structured interviews were carried out on a sample selected using non-probability purposive sampling and determined through attaining thematic saturation of discursive patterns. Scale development for quantitative instruments performed using SPSS statistical software. A quantitative study was carried out on a sample size of 153 SME respondents. Analysis was undertaken by paired-sample T-test. Kuskal-Wallis H test and Spearman’s rho correlation test due to the nonparametric nature of data distribution. The outcome reveals that although SMEs are increasingly reliant on DM for their marketing strategy, most of these SMEs are only willing to invest in building low-level DM capability citing a lack of financial budget, inadequate technology infrastructure to support such setup, cyber security issues and lack of DM knowledge. Financial budget and technology infrastructure are considered the most critical concerns by SMEs with low and moderate DM adoption. However, these concerns are less pronounced in SMEs with high DM adoption. Finally, the weak but significant correlation between SMEs’ DM adoption and customer responsiveness infers the significant role of 4IR technology as an enabler of digital marketing strategy that also depends on other critical contributing factors such as price and quality

A Comprehensive Review on Smart Grid Ecosystem

A smart grid is an intervention technology for the massive energy demand of the world today. It combines cyber-physical technologies, information communication technology, and electrical power networks from the generating company stations to the end-users while ensuring bidirectional communication among the actors. The smart grid is a complex growing technology that is yet to reach its maturity state. This paper seeks to examine the literature on the state of the art of smart grid technology both from the industry perspective and from academia. To this end, a literature review with a qualitative deductive approach built on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) guideline and the simplified International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) five-domain model were used as a guide to this research. Furthermore, the paper reviewed Smart Grid data centre topologies and identified prospects in spine-leaf architecture as a promising architecture that can be adapted in a smart grid ecosystem data centre design. The literature was searched from the databases: IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Springer Link Digital Library, and Google Scholar, IET Digital Library, Frontiers Library, ACM Digital Library repositories resulting in 151 papers after several exclusions. The work reviewed relevant literatures published from 2002 to 2021 and grouped the reviewed papers according to the key domains of the NIST/ITU-T model. Based on the evaluated literature, the need for more built-in predictive learning curves in smart grid systems and robust Smart grid architecture with enhanced data centre design for Smart grid systems is observed and recommended Keywords: Smart Grid, Smart Metre, Data Centre Computing, Distributed Energy, Protocols

Research of mathematical methods and models of long-term industrial development

The importance of the study of relevant mathematical methods and models of long-term development of the national industry is substantiated. It has been proven that causal econometric models of production are relatively simple and convenient to use in practice, as well as the most common tools for researching the long-term economic future. It was defined that the production functions, adapted to individual circumstances, proved their ability to solve the assigned tasks. However, the problem of more accurate adjustment to the features of the simulated object of research is particularly relevant in the current conditions of development of Ukraine, in the conditions of concentration of attention on certain sectors, on particular branch of industry, and in connection with the revolutionary transformations of production forces and relations, in accordance with the spread of cyber-physical technologies of the Fourth Industrial revolution.In such specific circumstances, it makes sense to ask for more sophisticated models. On the one hand, they are better, as they allow more accurate tuning of the modeled object, including by adding important factors that are outside the production system. On the other hand, they are worse because they complicate the analysis and significantly increase the number of variables needed to describe the dynamics of economic growth. In this connection, expert research methods cannot be neglected. Choosing the type of model, the range of influencing factors, possible development scenarios, etc., usually requires expert assessments (often implicit). Therefore, when analyzing long-term factors and development trends, it is important to adhere to the main methodological message of expert approaches in the construction of foresights: for long time horizons in conditions of significant uncertainty, it is appropriate to ask questions not about the calculation of the "correct future", but about the assessment of the spectrum of probable scenarios of development, expansion and rethinking its new opportunities and challenges, in particular – to avoid potentially harmful ideas and expectations, embedded in the current policy.

A Symmetric Scheme for Securing Data in Cyber-Physical Systems / IoT Sensor-Based Systems based on AES and SHA256

Cyber-Physical technologies and Internet have modernized and enhanced the lifestyle of people in this present era. Internet of Things (IoT) is also being seen as the new technology that is changing human discernment about daily life. Many cyber physical devices generate a lot of sensitive data, which needs to be secured. All the applications of CPS / IoT fundamentally, need symmetric keys for the encryption / decryption of the sensitive data generated. This paper seeks to propose a symmetric scheme for securing data in a Cyber-Physical system using IoT sensor-based technology, which will be based on AES and SHA256 encryption / decryption method.

The implementation of Industry 4.0 in manufacturing: from lean manufacturing to product design

With the emergence of Industry 4.0, digitalization and intelligent manufacturing are vital to ensure competitivity, especially for manufacturers reliant on legacy machines. Upgrading legacy machines with cyber physical technology under Industry 4.0 frameworks can enable connection of these machines to existing IoT networks to allow the sharing and exchange of production information. In this paper, a legacy machine used in sheet metal folding operations is upgraded by integrating switch sensors which provide detailed data on the machine status to stakeholders, enabling in-depth analysis of the production activity before and after the implementation of lean manufacturing methods. Furthermore, it is shown that the data collected can be applied to conduct dynamic value stream mapping (DVSM) in near real time to provide deeper level insight into manufacturing processes. More detailed mapping enables identification of wastes involved with labour and design. Therefore, an innovative graphical technique is proposed to improve the flattened pattern to reduce manual handling and ease bottlenecks identified by VSM. From the collected VSM data, a leanness measure was established to provide objective and quantitative evaluation of the process performance.

Motivating Users to Manage Privacy Concerns in Cyber-Physical Settings—A Design Science Approach Considering Self-Determination Theory

Connectivity is key to the latest technologies propagating into everyday life. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications enable users, machines, and technologically enriched objects (‘Things’) to sense, communicate, and interact with their environment. Albeit making human beings’ lives more comfortable, these systems collect huge quantities of data that may affect human privacy and their digital sovereignty. Engaging in control over individuals by digital means, the data and the artefacts that process privacy-relevant data can be addressed by Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and its established instruments. In this paper, we discuss how the theory and its methodological knowledge can be considered for user-centric privacy management. We set the stage for studying motivational factors to improve user engagement in identifying privacy needs and preserving privacy when utilizing or aiming to adapt CPS or IoT applications according to their privacy needs. SDT considers user autonomy, self-perceived competence, and social relatedness relevant for human engagement. Embodying these factors into a Design Science-based CPS development framework could help to motivate users to articulate privacy needs and adopt cyber-physical technologies for personal task accomplishment.

Cyber-animism: the art of being alive in hybrid society

The boundaries of social acceptance and models of convergence of human and non-human (for example, subjects of artificial intelligence) actors of digital reality are defined.The constructive creative possibilities of convergent processes in distributed neural networks are analyzed from the point of view of possible scenarios for building “friendly” human-dimensional symbioses of natural and artificial intelligence. A comprehensive analysis of new management challenges related to the development of cyber-physical and cybersocial systems is carried out.A model of social organizations and organizational behavior in the conditions of cyberphysical reality is developed.The possibilities of reconciling human moral principles and “machine ethics” in the processes of modeling and managing digital reality are studied. The significance of various concepts of digital, machine and cyber-anymism for the socio-cultural understanding of the development of modern cyber-physical technologies, the anthropological dimension of a smart city is revealed. The article introduces the concept of hybrid society and shows the development of its models as self-organizing collective systems that consist of co-evolving biohybrid and socio-technical spheres. The importance of modern anthropogenic research for sustainable development is analyzed. The process of marking ontological boundaries between heterogeneous modalities in the digital world is investigated. Examples of acute social contexts that are able to set the vector of practical philosophy in the modern digital era are considered.

Guest Editorial: Empowering Sustainable Energy Infrastructures via AI-Assisted Wireless Communications

The global economy is experiencing significant business growth leading to increasing demands for energy. Global energy consumption increased by 2.1 percent in 2017, and according to the 2019 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reports, the expected energy growth in Asia will reach 50 percent by 2050. Since it is unlikely that these demands will be met using conventional energy systems, the world is moving toward sustainable renewable energy systems (RESs) that are supported by cyberphysical technologies. Additionally, climate change is putting more pressure on governments to reduce their dependency on conventional energy resources and invest more in sustainable renewable energies. The shift from conventional energy sources to renewables is clear, as revealed in 2018 where 30 percent of the U.K. gross electricity consumption was generated by RES (according to the Green Match report on Renewable Energy in the United Kingdom). This transformation has led to the emergence of prosumers (i.e., producers and consumers) capable of both generating and consuming energy. Many households and buildings are now equipped with solar panels that can contribute to the overall energy needs. Power systems need to adapt to renewable energy to provide more efficient and sustainable operations. As such, the concept of smart grid needs to be promoted and looked at more closely in the research and development fields to support such sustainable power systems and energy solutions.

Наука и техника на горизонте Четвертой технологической революции современной техногенной цивилизации

The role of science and technics in the life of people and society was different in different periods of civilization’s development. This article examines the specificity and dynamics of science and technics as the most important social institutions of modern civilization, which in philosophy is usually called technogenic. The author analyses the role and degree of influence of science and technics on civilization’s development over several centuries, starting with the modern era. Particular attention is paid to scientific and industrial revolutions; their main results in the social and anthropological dimensions are discussed. Further, the sociocultural functions of science in technogenic civilization are described. It is emphasized that science is gradually becoming the activity and technological foundation for culture. In addition, the paper reveals the specifics of technics as the core of technogenic civilization. The results of the joint evolution of science and technics, which are embodied in the scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological revolution, make the author of this study reflect on the consequences of modern scientific and technological development in terms of major challenges and priorities. It is argued that the key trend of this civilizational process is the Fourth Industrial Revolution based on advanced cyber-physical technologies of Industry 4.0. Moreover, the article emphasizes the acuity, ambiguity, global nature and potential of the development of science, technics and technology in the dynamics of the transition to the next technological order. It is argued that the transformations inherent in the scientific and technological development are coming in the near future and will affect all spheres of human life and society at all levels. Thus, the author concludes that considering the role of science and technics in modern civilization from a philosophical perspective will have a growing worldview and prognostic value.

Study Of Role Of Digitization In Sustainable Business In Auto Industry In India Using Thematic Content Analysis, Spearman Analysis And Review Of Literature.

Progress in digital technologies and Cyber physical technologies in last one decade has created immense opportunities for business firms and companies to adopt sustainable practices in their end to end business cycle. This is helping business to conserve the various resources like energy, material ,manual efforts, water and contributing to lower cost of goods sold ,ultimately making the balance sheet and profit and loss account green and healthy. The consumer and NGO pressures , Government rules and regulations and depleting resources is also acting as a trigger for businesses to adopt sustainability. Digitization is helping companies in achieving the sustainability aspect in their operations ,supply chain and other parts of the business. This paper is based on the interaction and interviews with 40 business leaders from Automobile industry in India during the last 2 years and literature study of digitization and sustainability goals and other related research articles. The interview output was analyzed using thematic sematic analysis (TMC) and collaborated with finding from review of literate. The study concluded that there is enough positive and significant relationship between Digitization and sustainability ( Sustainable business) in Auto industry in India.

Tsyfrova transformatsiia sfery hromadskoho zdorovia v Ukraini

Currently, coronavirus infection is spreading around the world. Public health professionals need to develop new tools to ensure the epidemiological safety of citizens. First of all, it concerns the implementation of public health policy and health culture at the intersectoral level. Big data analytics, smart solutions for COVID-19 vaccination and morbidity monitoring, mobile applications to monitor the movement and contact of individuals, personal smart devices, cyberphysical technologies, and smart city infrastructure help in this regard. Scientific works of researchers are devoted to the impact of the digital economy on the development of society, the application digital communications in the activities of public authorities, the peculiarities of the formation of digital culture, cybersecurity and e-democracy. NGO’s experts offer their projects of digital transformation in the country, including in the field of health care. The issue of electronic tools in the field of public health and related public policy has not yet been addressed in recent scientific publications. The purpose of the article is to find out the current state of digital transformation in public administration and politics of Ukraine and the world, to determine further effective areas of application of IT tools in the field of public health policy. The article examines domestic laws and regulations in the field of e-government. Alternative projects of digital transformation of Ukraine proposed by public organizations are analyzed. It is established that at the national level, the foundations of digital transformation in the field of health care and public health in particular have been formed. The author of the article records a private initiative of professional associations of ICT specialists, the desire and efforts of the third sector in the direction of dynamic development of digitalization of health care. Regions and local communities at the united territorial communities’ level are not sufficiently covered by digital development. The directions of digitalization of public administration and public policy are proposed. Thus, the use of digital and mobile jobs in the public sector and in local governments will bring employees closer to society; will enable them to perform quality service functions, including health care. E-government tools are one of the leading positions in public policy-making. Today, Ukraine has laid the foundations for the digital transformation of public administration and public policy. The necessary legislative and regulatory framework for the development of e-government has been developed, including in terms of morbidity prevention, monitoring and assessment of public health, promotion of healthy lifestyles, anti-epidemiological measures, formation of health culture and development of health-preserving regional and local visions. However, the problem of further development at the regional level of public health remains. There are not enough funds in local budgets and experienced staff. Further research should focus on aspects of human-centred, humanistic public health policy, especially in quarantine.

Taxes in the digital economy and cyberphysical technology

Subject. The article discusses the issues relating to taxation development, such as the taxation in the digital economy. Objectives. We summarize materials and recommendations on the method to enhance the taxation in the digital economy. The article analyzes factors influencing international taxation developments in terms of the taxation in the digital economy. Methods. The study is based on methods of analysis, synthesis, and logic research through the creative data approach. Results. The article analyzes the specifics of tax treatment of cryptocurrencies across the globe. We reveal key difficulties in charging taxes on digital (intangible) products in the e-commerce sector (B2C and C2C). The article also suggests improving the taxation in the digital economy, including the protection of users and developers, new projects of smartphone application, and national economies as a whole. The novelty of the article is that it suggests how taxation principles should be refined in the digital economy and the fiscal theory and methodology should be developed for the digital economy. Conclusions and Relevance. The modern tax treatment of cryptocurrency is effectively regulated just by a handful of countries. Therefore, the long-term financial strategy should rely upon identical or more stringent rules than for fiat currency. In the mid run, Russia should establish the new international cooperation on technologies, supporting it with the tax treatment incentivizing technological research and real production.

Системна модель інформаційної безпеки “розумного міста”

У контексті розгортання Концепції 4.0 в Україні запропоновано системну модель інформаційної безпеки “розумного міста” на рівні: його сегментів; складових – “розумних об’єктів” та багаторівневих кіберфізичних систем (КФС) “фізичний простір (ФП) – комунікаційне середовище (КС) – кібернетичний простір (КП)”; загроз рівням КФС, компонентам рівня та процесам, що відповідають рівню: відбиранню інформації, передаванню/прийманню, обробленню, управлінню; технологій забезпечення безпеки структури та функціоналу сегменту “розумного міста” за профілями – конфіденційність, цілісність, доступність. Модель розгорнута для сегментів: “розумна енергетика”, “розумне довкілля”, “розумна медицина”, “розумна інфраструктура” і побудована за принципами системного аналізу – цілісності, ієрархічності, багатоаспектності. Системна модель на основі КФС дозволяє створювати комплексні системи безпеки (КСБ) “розумних об’єктів” відповідно до: концепції “об’єкт – загроза – захист”, універсальної платформи “загрози – профілі безпеки – інструментарій”, методологічних підходів до багаторівневого захисту інформації, функціональних процесів захищеного обміну. Така системна структура може бути використана також для забезпечення гарантоздатності системи “розумний об’єкт – кіберфізична технологія” у просторі функціональної та інформаційної безпеки. Проаналізовано безпеку МЕМS-давачів як компоненти інтернету речей у ФП кіберфізичних систем: загрози – лінійні навантаження, власні шуми елементів схеми, температурні залежності, зношуваність; технології захисту – лінійні стабілізатори, термотривкі елементи, охолодження, покращання технології виготовлення, методи отримання нових матеріалів та покращання властивостей. На протидію перехопленню інформації в безпровідних каналах зв’язку, характерної розумним об’єктам, розглянуто алгоритм блокового шифрування даних AES в сенсорних мережах з програмною реалізацією мовою програмування C#. Проаналізовано безпеку хмарних технологій як компоненти КС кіберфізичних систем на апаратно-програмному рівні та наведено особливості криптографічних систем шифрування даних в хмарних технологіях відповідно до нормативного забезпечення.

Evaluation of investment efficiency in cyber-physical systems and technologies in the construction industry

Currently, cyber-physical systems and technologies are being actively implemented in the international practice of developing technology companies. The theory and methodology of their implementation are devoted to the works of various scientists who have studied both the technical and economic problems of their implementation. The article focuses on the issues of economic evaluation of the effectiveness of investments in cyber-physical systems. A system of economic indicators for evaluation has been formed, these indicators are gathered into five groups for analysis. The costs of their implementation are structured in six groups and become the basis for the development of a performance evaluation calculator. Also, an assessment of the risks was made, these risks affect the results obtained from the technology implementation. Five organizational steps are proposed for the digital development of an industrial company, which have become the basis for determining its digital maturity. The proposed methods can be used in the implementation of cyber-physical technologies in production of building materials

Student Readiness Vocational High School toward Industrial Revolution 4.0

The 4.0 industrial revolution is currently underway, the Industrial Revolution 4.0 is an industry that combines automation technology with cyber-physical technology. In accordance with the objectives of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 which was coined by Professor Klaus Schwab, a German economist and founder of the World Economic Forum, that the world would be focused on increasing production by utilizing the latest technology. Technological progress is faster then humans should be able to adapt faster. The challenges and opportunities of industry 4.0 greatly impacted people's lives, one of which was the problem of unemployment. The purpose of this study was to determine the readiness of Krian 1 Vocational School Students to face the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Criteria for measuring industry readiness 4.0 A method that compares the skills possessed by vocational students and the demands of life in the 21st century that have been reviewed by several experts. The study found that: (1) improvement of the learning process in vocational schools in the context of facing the 21st century and the 4.0 revolution and (2) improving the quality of teachers related to 21st century skills demands.

Cyber-Physical technologies in freight operations and sustainability: A case study of smart GPS technology in trucking

With the growing rate of urbanization, freight transportation systems have become critical in supporting economic and social needs in the United States. In order to achieve efficient and effective operations, freight transportation systems are recognizing the value of using Cyber-Physical (CP) technologies. This research provides a scenario-based assessment of CP technology penetration to improve sustainability in freight transportation systems with a focus on the use of smart GPS technologies by the trucking industry in Tennessee. Based on the case study, CP technologies can result in significant benefits to the economy, environment, and society. A cost-benefit analysis shows that benefits can be more than 7 times the costs in terms of present values. Social benefits can amount to more than $77M in the period of study when only 3 % of the truck population uses smart GPS technologies. Environmental benefits of 1 % CP technologies penetration in the truck industry are equivalent to GHG emissions savings from 46,930 passenger vehicles driven for one year. Benefits become more significant with higher penetration rates. For example, at 5 % usage rate of GPS technologies in the trucking industry in Tennessee, CO2 emissions will decrease by more than 1 million metric tons per year.

Purposeful ensuring energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of waste and review of used local conservation laws

The constant improvement of technologies is accompanied by an increase in requirements for the energy efficiency of industrial and residential facilities and the environmental friendliness of waste. The existing standards clearly formulate the concepts and limitations in this problem area. The developing class of cyber-physical systems accumulates the capabilities of cybernetics for modeling and controlling physical environments. Building on their basis not only monitoring systems, but also technology management is especially important in energy and ecology. When creating cyber-physical technology control systems, it is necessary to correctly formulate the goal. The article proposes the use of conservation laws in the format of their local forms. It shows how differential equations corresponding to these forms, transformed into an input-output form, are used to control the energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of waste and emissions from enterprises and other technogenic facilities.

Formalization of target and assessment of quality of the cyber-physical control systems for emissions reduction technologies

Monitoring and inventory is a necessary but not sufficient condition to reduce emissions in the energy and industry. The ultimate task of controlling air purification technologies in combination with monitoring is effectively achieved while minimizing the human factor. The creation and application of cyber-physical technology management systems provide a solution to a set of related environmental problems. In addition, the development of models based on cyber-physical systems forms new requirements for the development of technologies for their creation. A special feature of such technologies is close interaction between computing methods with design and production facilities. These issues have not been sufficiently reflected in publications. The article presents the target setting for the creation of cyber-physical technology control systems based on local laws of preservation and the decomposition of the target into macroscopic quality assessments. A mathematical model and methods of quality assessment at the life cycle stages of such systems based on recalculation of probability densities of a priori data are presented. Examples of cyber-physical emission reduction systems in the energy and industry developed under the nature-technology concept are given.