Cyber-physical System System Research Articles

CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM FOR REMOTE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF A DRINKING WATER NETWORK

The fundamental aim of this paper is to investigate and explore the design and simulation methods for a cyber-physical system (CPS) for the monitoring and control of drinking water capture, treatment and distribution processes. This research aims to provide a deep understanding of the theoretical concepts underlying CPS systems, as well as a detailed analysis of the technologies and methodologies used in the design and simulation of these complex systems. Through this investigation, we aim to identify effective solutions for the management of drinking water resources, given the critical importance of water in modern society. By analyzing case studies and current practices, we will assess the advantages and challenges associated with implementing a CPS system in the real-world context of water supply infrastructure. This work not only aims to provide a theoretical perspective on the concept of CPS applied in the field of drinking water supply, but also to contribute to the development and implementation of practical solutions in order to ensure universal access to quality water and to protect the environment. Through academic approach and rigorous research, we hope to make a contribution to the field of mechatronic engineering and environmental technologies.

An Evaluation of Cyber Physical System (CPS) or Intelligent System in Which a Mechanism is Controlled or Monitored by Computer Based Algorithms

This article is based on the CPS or cyber-physical system or intelligent system. The term “physical” is associated with natural and also human man-made systems that have been governed by the laws that are connected with physics while operating in continuity. CPS is described as the network of some embedded systems which establishes an interaction with both physical inputs as well as output. CPS faces the challenges of cyber and physical threats as these systems have been found to be of heterogeneous nature that has a reliance on both private and sensitive data. This study has focused on the CPS and CPS components as well. This is the integration of sensing, controlling, networking and computation into some physical objects as well as infrastructures that connect them through the help of the internet with each other. There are some CPS components that have been utilized for sensing different types of information where the CPS components can be classified into Sensing Components (SC) and also Controlling Components (CC). this study also shed light on the “Programmable Logic Controllers” (PLC) have been created for replacing hard-wired relays and have been assumed in the form of “industrial digital computers” controlling manufacturing processes including the performance of robotic performance. This study has also shed light on the improvements in unsupervised intrusion detection within CPS. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) have been becoming certain building blocks for developing the CPS while detecting its potential threats and also triggering the modules to block and also mitigate those adverse impacts from cyber threats. Development via digital twin through CPS. The CPS paradigm has been involved with physical and software components that have been deeply intertwined with each other where each component has been operating on both spatial and temporal scales possessing multiple behavioural modalities and also interacting with each other. Keywords : CPS systems, intelligent algorithms running, intelligent interfaces, open architecture system CPS, RFID- based position detection.

Cyber-Physical System based E-Health: Knee Joint Physical Therapy Monitoring

A cyber-physical system (CPS) uses sensors/actuators to associate the physical world with a system capable of computing. CPSs include software systems, communication technologies, and sensors/actuators, including intelligent embedded system technologies to interact with the real world. It is possible to monitor and control all physical processes without human factors by connecting the mechanical systems equipped with information technologies and establishing communication among themselves. In this study, a CPS system that offers a cost-effective and easy-to-apply physical therapy opportunity is proposed for post-hospital home follow-up of knee osteoarthritis, which can be seen in many people over a certain age. The proposed system consists of a hardware module consisting of two potentiometers, a microcontroller and a WiFi module, and a software module to monitor the movement of the knee joint point daily and to save the data in the database. Maximum knee flexion angle, exercise duration and success rate measurements were used to measure the progress of physical therapy. The CPS prototype developed for the healthcare field will make significant contributions to reducing the duration of physical therapy and increasing its reliability by eliminating the possibility of wrong/incomplete exercises.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Cyber-Physical System for Severity Classification of Chikungunya Disease.

Background: Artificial intelligence techniques are widely used in solving medical problems. Recently, researchers have used various deep learning techniques for the severity classification of Chikungunya disease. But these techniques suffer from overfitting and hyper-parameters tuning problems. Methods: In this paper, an artificial intelligence-based cyber-physical system (CPS) is proposed for the severity classification of Chikungunya disease. In CPS system, the physical components are integrated with computational algorithms to provide better results. Random forest (RF) is used to design the severity classification model for Chikungunya disease. However, RF suffers from overfitting and poor computational speed problems due to complex architectures and large amounts of connection weights. Therefore, an evolving RF model is proposed using the adaptive crossover-based genetic algorithm (ACGA). Results: ACGA can efficiently optimize the architecture of RF to achieve better results with better computational speed. Extensive experiments are performed by utilizing the Chikungunya disease dataset. Conclusion: Performance analysis demonstrates that ACGA-RF achieves higher performance as compared to the competitive models in terms of F-measure, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The proposed CPS system can prevent users from visiting hospitals and can render services to patients living far away from hospitals.

An Improved Genetic Algorithm for Safety and Availability Checking in Cyber-Physical Systems

Cross-IoT infrastructure access frequently occurs when performing tasks in a distributed computing infrastructure of a cyber-physical system (CPS). The access control technology that ensure secure access cross-IoT infrastructure usually automatically establish relationships between user-attribute/role-permission. How to efficiently determine whether an automatic authorization access control state satisfies the safety and availability requirements of a system is a huge challenge. Existing work often focuses on a single aspect of safety or availability, while ignoring the differences between permissions and the differences between users. In this paper, we first propose a fine-grained personalization policy that takes into account the specificity of permissions/users and describes the safety, availability and efficiency requirements of an access control system in CPS. Second, we define a Personalization Policy Checking (PPC) Problem to determine whether a given personalization policy is satisfied in an access control state. We give the computational complexity of the PPC problem in different subcases, and show that it is NP-complete in general. Third, we design a binary genetic search algorithm, whose improvements mainly include continuous update and selection of the best chromosomes in the population for iteration, and exploring and determining the optimal crossover and mutation probabilities, thereby improving the convergence efficiency of the algorithm. Finally, simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm, which is especially fit for the case that the computational overhead is even more important than the accuracy in a large-scale CPS system.

Construction of approximate reasoning model for dynamic CPS network and system parameter identification

CPS (Cyber Physical System) is a large and complex real-time feedback system that integrates computing processes, physical processes, communication networks, sensor networks, and control systems. It has the powerful function of sensing and controlling the physical environment, which is a big wave following the Internet technology. Because the forms of communication, interaction, and collaboration between heterogeneous units within the CPS are intricate and complex, a comprehensive model needs to be established to describe and analyze the CPS. This paper analyzes the CPS architecture and proposes a new and more complete CPS architecture, decomposes according to this architecture, and classifies the physical entities in the CPS. At the same time, event-based modeling thinking is used to define, classify and formalize event messages. Considering the higher real-time requirements of CPS, an event weighting algorithm was designed according to the different priorities of real-time events. In order to reduce the congestion caused by the limited network bandwidth in the CPS system, improve the ability to identify abnormal data with great uncertainty, and fully guarantee the response rate of the CPS system to emergencies, this paper analyzes the complexity of the CPS system from the perspective of information theory. The average dynamic complexity of the CPS system is set as a threshold to determine the level of information entropy of the sensor data in a certain period of time. The CPS system selects high information entropy data to send first. The effectiveness is analyzed through experiments.

Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks: A Cyber Physical System Perspective

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks are playing an important role in various areas due to their agility and versatility, which have attracted significant attention from both the academia and industry in recent years. As an integration of the embedded systems with communication devices, computation capabilities and control modules, the UAV network could build a closed loop from data perceiving, information exchanging, decision making to the final execution, which tightly integrates the cyber processes into the physical devices. Therefore, the UAV network could be considered as a cyber physical system (CPS). Revealing the coupling effects among the three interacted components in this CPS system, i.e., communication, computation and control, is envisioned as the key to properly utilize all the available resources and hence improve the performance of the UAV networks. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on the UAV networks from a CPS perspective. Firstly, we respectively research the basics and advances with respect to the three CPS components in the UAV networks. Then we look inside to investigate how these components contribute to the system performance by classifying the UAV networks into three hierarchies, i.e., the cell level, the system level, and the system of system level. Further, the coupling effects among these CPS components are explicitly illustrated, which could be enlightening to deal with the challenges in each individual aspect. New research directions and open issues are discussed at the end of this survey. With this intensive literature review, we try to provide a novel insight into the state-of-the-art in the UAV networks.

An efficient task scheduling approach using moth‐flame optimization algorithm for cyber‐physical system applications in fog computing

AbstractWith the rapid development of in modern technologies has led to a novel generation of cyberspace equipment and secure analysis methods such as cyber‐physical system (CPS). The CPS system refers to an intelligent dependable system of embedded smart devices used to monitor and control the cyberspace conditions in a fog computing environment. The fog computing environment connects resources even human beings together to enhance the quality of life through performing of CPS applications using computation resources at the network edge. The optimization of task scheduling for the CSP applications as a challenging issue has been considered as the NP‐hard problem in fog computing environment which is not trivial. On the one hand, reasonable tasks scheduling can increase resource utilization, which can avoid less idle resource. This paper presents a task scheduling algorithm based on moth‐flame optimization algorithm to assign an optimal set of tasks to fog nodes to meet the satisfaction of quality of service requirements of CPS applications in such a way that the total execution time of tasks is minimized. The minimization of task execution and transfer time in the proposed algorithm are considered as objective functions. The experimental testing of the proposed solution is carried out in iFogSim toolkit. As a result of the simulation based on proposed algorithm found, the optimal solution for the scheduling of tasks and equal distribution of tasks to fog nodes has been provided, and less total execution time consumption has been achieved compared with other algorithms.

Implementation of smart monitoring system in vertical farming

The agriculture industry is facing labour shortage problem due to the difficulty to employ workers for “3D” (dangerous, dirty and difficult) jobs. This will reduce the number of labours needed and minimize the threats associated with the traditional agricultural system. Cyber-physical system (CPS) can provide farmers with a framework to remotely monitor and control the various factors that affect plant growth. The aim of this project is to implement CPS into a vertical farming system in which an Android-based remote monitoring and control (M&C) system is developed based on CPS for optimal production of the plantation system using Arduino ESP32 and sensors through the Internet. Experiments were carried to evaluate the practicality of implementing CPS in vertical farming process. Growth factors that were monitored and controlled in the experiments include ambient temperature, water temperature, humidity, pH level, light and carbon dioxide. In this study, an android application was developed and evaluated. The controlled parameters were display on the phone. The evaluation results shown that, the CPS system is practical to be used in plant growth monitoring (sensors and feedback system) and plant growth optimisation (sensors, feedback system and actuators). In addition, the automation of plant growth monitoring process can overcome the shortage of manpower in agriculture industry.

Initial Machine Learning Framework Development of Agriculture Cyber Physical Systems

A cyber-physical system (CPS) shows its potential in integrating the computer systems with the physical environment. The progress in such systems has brought large potential to improve human life quality, such as improved health care services, energy consumption and food supply chain system (FSC). In particular, FSC plays an important role in human beings. It comes from the complex agricultural system and lead up to human dining table. The fusion of CPS and agricultural system could improve the quality of food and environment. Therefore, many studies have been conducted to tackle the challenges in this domain, such as lack of information systems and infrastructures, poor collaboration toward larger Internet of Things solutions and dynamic changes of intrinsic and extrinsic conditions of enabler technology in precision agriculture. In this work, we focus on developing an initial framework that could improve prediction rate and handling imprecise data due to the dynamic problem in precision agriculture. As an evaluation, first we predict a rainfall event using weather sensors data and after that the prediction result will be continue to set up as an additional attribute for predicting the action of water sprinkle monitoring system. The results confirm the good accuracy for farmers and could be applicable in real-time.

Toward Industry 4.0 Components: Insights Into and Implementation of Asset Administration Shells

Diverse customer demands are increasing the need for improved flexibility, adaptability, and transparency of production processes; traditional manufacturing systems must change. To meet these requirements, cyberphysical system (CPS) technologies are being increasingly applied in industrial manufacturing, equipping production facilities with autonomous adaptation capabilities. This is achieved by incorporating physical objects and their virtual representations and enabling bidirectional information exchange between them. The Industry 4.0 (I4.0) Component proposed by Germany's 14.0 initiative is an emerging CPS category. The concept of an administration shell or an asset administration shell (AAS) is a virtual digital representation of the 14.0 asset that plays a pivotal role in establishing communication among 14.0 Components. To date, the granularity of information modeled in an AAS remains undefined. Therefore, this article focuses on not only the general form but also the fine-grained details of the AAS. The goal is to present a high-level introduction to this topic, substantiated by an implementation example in a manufacturing system; to provide different 14.0 stakeholders (e.g., manufacturers, integrators, and operators) with best-practice guidelines for carrying out their own AASrelated activities; and to strengthen the interaction between academic research and industrial practice to accelerate the digitalization of industrial production through deploying AASs. We live in the time of the fourth industrial revolution, which is associated with rapid changes in production operations. The CPS approach decentralizes production, rendering production systems autonomous, flexible, and adaptive. The 14.0 Component philosophy links physical assets to their virtual representations, facilitating information interaction. This article provides meaningful insights into an implementation of the AAS within a real manufacturing use case. This implies that an industrial CPS system that contains several 14.0 Components can be developed successfully.

Virtualization of a supply chain from the manufacturing enterprise view using e-catalogues

Virtualization of a supply chain is a basis for constructing a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) for a smart supply chain. Total optimization and furthermore autonomous optimization of the supply chain will become possible using this CPS system. Models of component enterprises are divided into three types: manufacturer model, part/material supplier model and retailer model, and models are cataloging based on these types. Each enterprise is modeled in terms of its behavior. Each component enterprise agent which shows each enterprise’s behavior, is implemented from selected enterprise models in catalogues. An enterprise model is constructed as integrated model of data model and mathematical model. A virtual supply chain is structured as a multi agent system based on balanced cooperation of enterprise agents. A virtual supply chain which is automatically structured using enterprise catalogue, could be used to simulate the various phases including negotiation between enterprises.

Cyber-physical system for thermal stress prevention in 3D printing process

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has been widely applied in the automotive, aerospace, industrial, and medical fields in recent years. However, residual stress and part deformation caused by thermal effects are still significant issues that limit the development of the technology. Improving the temperature control system has been shown to be an efficient way to reduce thermal effects. In this work, nozzle temperature and platform temperature were first studied to provide experimental data for modifying a control system. Identical parts were printed using different settings and distortion was measured for each part. Then, based on the distortion data, a cyber-model was built to predict deformation based on printing settings. The prediction test results show that a linear regression model outperformed an artificial neural network model and a support vector machine model. Based on the linear regression model, a cyber-physical system (CPS) was built to adjust nozzle temperature settings automatically. A performance evaluation experiment showed that this CPS system can reduce the distortion significantly. In future research, printing speed control and platform temperature control will also be included in the CPS system to further decrease the distortion.

An Integrated Cyber Security Risk Management Approach for a Cyber-Physical System

A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a combination of physical system components with cyber capabilities that have a very tight interconnectivity. CPS is a widely used technology in many applications, including electric power systems, communications, and transportation, and healthcare systems. These are critical national infrastructures. Cybersecurity attack is one of the major threats for a CPS because of many reasons, including complexity and interdependencies among various system components, integration of communication, computing, and control technology. Cybersecurity attacks may lead to various risks affecting the critical infrastructure business continuity, including degradation of production and performance, unavailability of critical services, and violation of the regulation. Managing cybersecurity risks is very important to protect CPS. However, risk management is challenging due to the inherent complex and evolving nature of the CPS system and recent attack trends. This paper presents an integrated cybersecurity risk management framework to assess and manage the risks in a proactive manner. Our work follows the existing risk management practice and standard and considers risks from the stakeholder model, cyber, and physical system components along with their dependencies. The approach enables identification of critical CPS assets and assesses the impact of vulnerabilities that affect the assets. It also presents a cybersecurity attack scenario that incorporates a cascading effect of threats and vulnerabilities to the assets. The attack model helps to determine the appropriate risk levels and their corresponding mitigation process. We present a power grid system to illustrate the applicability of our work. The result suggests that risk in a CPS of a critical infrastructure depends mainly on cyber-physical attack scenarios and the context of the organization. The involved risks in the studied context are both from the technical and nontechnical aspects of the CPS.

A Cyber-physical System Architecture in Shop Floor for Intelligent Manufacturing

A Cyber-physical System (CPS) architecture in shop floor is proposed for achieving the goals of intelligent manufacturing. The proposed architecture provides a guideline to construct a CPS system from the hardware interconnection, to the data acquisition, processing, and visualization, and the final knowledge acquisition and learning. Furthermore, three key enabling technologies are discussed, i.e., interconnection and interoperability among different devices, industrial big data analysis for production process management and control, and intelligent decision-making based on knowledge acquisition and learning methodology. Finally, a CPS added on a small-scale flexible automated production line in our Micro Manufacturing System Lab is taken as an example to verify the feasibility of proposed CPS architecture.

Collective Self-adaptive Software Architecture Specification: Understanding Uncertainty in Cyber-Physical Convergence

There had been past attempts at making adaptation strategies with analytic model that used the current environment information in Cyber-physical System (CPS) to keep the software architecture from deteriorating. However, the research is still in its infancy on the closely- related issue of how to take corrective self-adaptive actions to reconcile the CPS system behavior with the variability of the survival environment. In particular, architects have almost no assistance in reasoning about questions such as: How should we stage the architectural evolution to improve self-adaptation to accommodate uncertainties in CPS? In this work, the specification of software architecture is extended using CHAM (Chemical Abstract Machine) in the presence of uncertainty. The key benefits of our approach are that it leverages standard software architecture models, and quantifies behaviors within the system in terms of relevant architectural elements. Compared to the traditional model, the proposed method could arrange optimized response sequence and adjust the behaviors within the software system to be adaptive to the new situations over time in CPS.

A Novel Reliability Assurance Method for Cyberphysical System Components Substitution

Reliability of cyberphysical system (CPS) components substitution is an important issue for CPS troubleshooting and system upgrading. In this paper, decision problem of components substitution is regarded as decision problem of services substitution through a service-oriented architecture of CPS. Further, a reliability assurance method for CPS service substitution is proposed, which comprises two parts. The first one is a qualitative judgment method for CPS service substitution according to the relationship between service compatibility and substitution based on time-space -calculus with time and space operators. The other one is consisted of substitution processes from above judgment results based on service management theory. Finally, a case study is performed to show how to apply this method to ensure CPS components reliable substitution. The experimental result shows that this method is reasonable and feasible.

A dynamic control middleware for cyber physical systems on an IPv6‐based global network

SUMMARYA cyber physical system (CPS) is a deeply embedded system that can be applied to home devices, medical equipment, cars, and so on. Because it is expected that a CPS system will be integrated with other CPSes designed for various areas to ultimately create a global CPS network, IPv6 is suitable for these large‐scale integrated network environments. In addition, it is important to reduce high network load for efficient device control. This paper proposes a dynamic control middleware for an efficient search and control of devices on an IPv6‐based global network from anywhere through smartphones along with a new mechanism intended to drastically reduce the number of messages that are generated for searching devices. We construct an IPv6‐based testbed using laptops and smartphones to demonstrate that this middleware can be adopted by mobile devices for dynamic remote control of home devices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.