Duodenal varices, though rare, are potentially life-threatening complications of portal hypertension. Management is challenging when balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) fails to achieve complete obliteration. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided variceal therapy (EUS-VT) is effective for gastric varices, but reports of duodenal varices remain limited. We present a case of a 71-year-old woman with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and duodenal variceal bleeding. Initial hemostasis was achieved with endoscopic variceal ligation, followed by BRTO. However, rebleeding occurred due to incomplete obliteration caused by dual afferent veins. EUS-VT comprising n-butyl cyanoacrylate was performed as salvage therapy because of ascites and vascular complexity. Despite technical challenges, EUS-VT successfully obliterated the varices. Post-procedural computed tomography showed lipiodol migration into the portal system. No rebleeding or liver dysfunction occurred. Ascites worsened-likely because of BRTO and/or EUS-VT-but was manageable with low-dose diuretics. This case highlights EUS-VT as a feasible option after failed BRTO for duodenal varices. A meticulous technique is essential to preventing glue migration.

To evaluate the effect of a cellulose-based oral wound dressing (OWD) stabilized with flowable resin (FR), in combination with hemostatic sponges, on patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) after palatal graft harvesting. This randomized clinical trial included patients requiring soft tissue augmentation with dental implants. Participants were allocated to three groups: OWD and FR (OWDFR), cyanoacrylate (CY), or palatal plate (PP). The primary outcome was postoperative pain, assessed with a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) over 14 days. Secondary outcomes were analgesic consumption, oral health-related quality of life (OHIP-14), postoperative bleeding, and willingness to repeat the procedure. Sixty-one patients were enrolled. The OWDFR group reported lower VAS values on Days 1, 2, 3, and 7 compared with CY and PP (p < 0.05). On Day 2, VAS scores were significantly lower in OWDFR, with mean differences of -1.94 versus CY and -2.12 versus PP (p < 0.01). Analgesic intake differed significantly on Days 3 and 5; on Day 3, OWDFR consumed -0.89 tablets compared to PP and CY consumed -0.95 tablets compared to PP (both p < 0.05). OHIP-14 scores were similar across groups, but OWDFR patients reported greater early postoperative comfort. No bleeding or adverse events occurred. All OWDFR patients were willing to repeat the procedure, compared with 90% in CY and 85% in PP. The combination of a bioadhesive OWD with FR appears to be a safe and minimally invasive method for protecting palatal donor sites. It reduces postoperative pain and analgesic use while enhancing comfort, supporting its incorporation into routine clinical protocols. Protocol registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06408792).

Latent fingerprint research requires reproducible test materials that realistically mimic natural prints for the evaluation of development techniques. This study presents a novel artificial latent fingerprint solution that incorporates lipid components derived from the human body, simulating the composition of natural sweat and sebum, and combines them with traditional amino acid-based solutions. To improve solubility of non-polar lipid molecules, a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of n-hexane and isopropyl alcohol was used as the solvent, and the solution was loaded into printer cartridges to deposit standardized fingerprint-sized images on A4 paper, OHP film, and thermal paper. Development was carried out using established reagents, including ninhydrin, 1,2-indandione (1,2-IND), oil red O (ORO), and nile red (NR) for porous substrates; cyanoacrylate (CA) fuming with basic yellow 40 (BY 40), black, and fluorescent powders for nonporous substrates; and ThermaNin®, 1,2-IND + polyvinylpyrrolidone (1,2-IND + PVP), ORO, and NR for thermal paper. The artificial prints showed broad compatibility across porous, nonporous, and thermal surfaces. Clear ridge detail and identifiable minutiae were consistently observed with most reagents, although NR exhibited limited fluorescence. All developed prints were identical, ensuring reproducibility for controlled testing. These findings demonstrate that the proposed solution provides a realistic and standardized tool for forensic validation of fingerprint development methods, including challenging substrates such as thermal paper.

Thermal corneal injuries are uncommon but potentially vision-threatening. Full-thickness corneal perforation caused by monopolar electrocautery during cosmetic blepharoplasty is exceptionally rare and scarcely reported in the literature. We report a 27-year-old healthy man who sustained an accidental central full-thickness corneal perforation during elective upper eyelid blepharoplasty due to inadvertent contact with monopolar cautery. The patient presented with severe ocular pain, markedly reduced vision, and a shallow anterior chamber. Prompt intervention was performed under sterile conditions. The corneal perforation was sealed using N-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive, followed by placement of a bandage contact lens. Adjunctive topical and systemic medications were administered to prevent infection, control inflammation, and inhibit collagenolysis. At one-week follow-up, the adhesive remained intact with a stable anterior chamber and no evidence of leakage or infection. Visual acuity improved to 20/200, limited by central stromal opacity. Although long-term follow-up was unavailable, immediate tectonic stabilization was successfully achieved. This case highlights a rare but severe ocular complication of cosmetic blepharoplasty. Early recognition and rapid application of cyanoacrylate glue can effectively preserve globe integrity in small corneal perforations. Proper ocular protection is essential during periocular surgical procedures to prevent such catastrophic injuries.

Adjunctive middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization has been shown to be effective in reducing subdural hematoma recurrence rates after surgical evacuation. In hospitals that do not have a hybrid neurointerventional suite and operating room, embolization and surgical evacuation must be carried out as separate procedures. The objective of this study was to examine whether intraoperative direct catheterization of the MMA for embolization is safe and effective. This operative approach has not been described so far in a larger case series. A prospectively collected single-institution database of 21 consecutive cases of direct MMA embolization during mini-craniotomy for subdural hematoma evacuation was analyzed for safety and efficacy. Direct MMA embolization was technically feasible in 20 of 21 cases. Initial false catheterization of the middle meningeal vein occurred in 7 cases (33%), but the MMA was subsequently successfully catheterized in all but one of these cases. The frontal branch of the MMA was exposed for catheterization in 19 cases, and the parietal branch in 2 cases. For proximal embolization, the catheter tip was most commonly advanced to the radiographic projection of the greater sphenoid wing (47%) and in some cases below the foramen spinosum (11%). Seventeen (81%) proximal (retrograde) and 12 (57%) distal (anterograde) embolizations of the MMA were performed using Onyx, n-butyl cyanoacrylate, or coils. Ophthalmic artery or orbital collaterals were noted in 5 of 20 cases during final pre-embolization runs (25%). The average catheterization and embolization portion of the operation took 32 minutes ±22 minutes. No patient sustained a permanent neurological deficit from the embolization, and no patient required a reoperation. At 90 days, all subdural hematomas showed radiographic improvement or resolution. Intraoperative direct MMA embolization during chronic subdural hematoma evacuation can safely merge 2 procedures into 1 leading to improved workflows for patients and surgeons.

Maximal safe resection-balancing aggressive tumor removal with neurological preservation-is essential in glioblastoma surgery. Cerebral angiography enables identification of the dominant hemisphere, feeding arteries, and vessels crossing eloquent areas, thereby aiding intraoperative planning. Preoperative embolization of glioblastoma feeders may shorten operative time and reduce intraoperative bleeding, similar to its established role in extra-axial tumors. We hypothesized that embolization could serve not as a routine adjunct but as a targeted strategy for selected glioblastomas with deep-seated or hypervascular feeders that increase surgical complexity. Between December 2023 and July 2025, 15 consecutive patients with glioblastoma underwent preoperative embolization under local anesthesia using a 3-Fr distal radial approach. Coils and n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) were used as embolic materials. Cerebral angiography and the Wada test (intracarotid amobarbital procedure) were performed to evaluate vascular anatomy and hemispheric dominance. The embolization procedure required a mean of 1h 26min. Microscope-assisted tumor resection averaged 3h 1min, with a mean blood loss of 389mL. No neurological or ischemic complications occurred, and postoperative MRI confirmed the absence of new ischemic changes. Preoperative embolization of glioblastoma-feeding arteries may provide a clear and bloodless surgical field, enhances spatial orientation through radiopaque contrast marking, and facilitates precise intraoperative localization. By reducing intraoperative bleeding, surgical complexity, and anesthesia time, this selective technique may decrease the overall invasiveness of glioblastoma surgery. When performed via a minimally invasive distal radial approach, preoperative embolization is a safe, feasible, and practical adjunct that enhances the precision and efficiency of glioblastoma resection.

Endovascular treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas - a single center's experience and literature overview.

ObjectivesCommercially available cyanoacrylates are known to release formaldehyde during degradation. However, it is unknown whether venous adhesive cyanoacrylates used in the treatment of saphenous veins release formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is a known contact allergen, carcinogen and sensitiser.MethodsVenaSeal®, VenaBlock®, Glubran® Tiss 2, Histoacryl®, and Supaglue® were investigated in vitro. All adhesive agents were polymerised in phosphate-buffered saline, sealed in glass bottles and incubated at 37°C for up to 12weeks. Headspace-gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to measure formaldehyde release at set time intervals.ResultsPeak levels of formaldehyde were detected in all cyanoacrylate samples within 2weeks of incubation, with peak levels ranging from 0.05% to 0.17% w/w. These peak concentrations emerged as early as 2weeks post-polymerisation and remained consistently elevated throughout the 12-week observation period. Glubran Tiss 2 demonstrated the lowest formaldehyde release at 0.05% w/w, while VenaSeal exhibited the highest, reaching a peak of 0.17% w/w at 2weeks, similar to commercial SupaGlue. Notably, VenaSeal maintained formaldehyde levels above 0.1% w/w for the duration of the 12-week testing period.ConclusionFormaldehyde is released during the post-polymerisation degradation of medical cyanoacrylates. Despite all products containing n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA), formaldehyde release varied-likely due to undisclosed formulation differences. VenaSeal released the highest level (0.17% w/w) compared to other products tested, suggesting that formulation influences degradation behaviour.

Abstract Partial splenic embolization (PSE) is a minimally invasive alternative to splenectomy for conditions such as hypersplenism, portal hypertension, and splenic artery steal syndrome. Although no consensus exists regarding the optimal embolic agent, n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) has gained increasing interest due to its ability to provide rapid, durable occlusion independent of the coagulation cascade, along with its potential antimicrobial effects. This review outlines techniques, outcomes, and challenges of PSE using n-BCA. The procedure is typically performed via femoral or radial/brachial access, often facilitated by long sheaths or “mother-child” systems to navigate tortuous anatomy. A dilute n-BCA-Lipiodol mixture (1:5–1:6) supplemented with tantalum for radiopacity is delivered through a D5W-primed microcatheter under fluoroscopic guidance. Multiple delivery strategies may be used to optimize distal distribution and minimize reflux, with careful catheter withdrawal to avoid entrapment. Post-embolization syndrome and periprocedural pain are common but usually managed effectively with multimodal analgesia, while serious complications such as abscess, portal vein thrombosis, or non-target embolization remain uncommon. Clinical studies demonstrate that n-BCA achieves high technical success, rapid splenic devascularization, and significant early increases in platelet and leukocyte counts, thereby enabling systemic therapies in patients with oncologic hypersplenism. Compared with other embolics, n-BCA reduces recanalization risk, shortens procedure time, and allows viscosity-based customization, although direct head-to-head trials in PSE remain limited. Additionally, n-BCA exhibits antimicrobial activity and favorable infection profiles. n-BCA is a safe and effective embolic agent for PSE, offering both durable mechanical occlusion and potential infection-mitigating properties. Further comparative studies are warranted to confirm long-term outcomes and define its role relative to particulate and mechanical agents.

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA)-based middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) in preventing recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) in elderly patients. We retrospectively analyzed 221 patients aged ≥ 65 years who underwent burr hole surgery (BHS) with or without adjunctive MMAE between April 2023 and March 2025. Clinical, radiological, and perioperative variables were assessed, with the primary outcome being 90-day recurrence requiring retreatment. Among the cohort, 92 patients received BHS with MMAE and 129 underwent BHS alone. The median age was 82.0 years (IQR 77.0-86.0), and 64.3% were male. The overall recurrence rate was 12.7% (n = 28). Multivariate analysis identified male sex as an independent risk factor for recurrence (OR 4.95, 95% CI 1.61-21.7, P = 0.004), while acute hemorrhage within the hematoma (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.01-0.99, P = 0.048) and BHS combined with MMAE (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.13-0.94, P = 0.04) were associated with reduced recurrence risk. Subgroup analyses suggested that MMAE was particularly effective in male patients and in those with septated hematomas. Additionally, the BHS with MMAE group experienced fewer symptomatic complications (0% vs. 4.6%, P = 0.044) and required postoperative Goreisan far less frequently (16.5% vs. 92.3%, P < 0.001). These findings support that NBCA-based MMAE is associated with lower odds of recurrence and fewer symptomatic complications in elderly patients with CSDH, especially in anatomically and clinically favorable subgroups.

Traditional mesh fixation using tacks in laparoscopic repair of lateral incisional hernias (IHs) carries risks near sensitive anatomical areas. This retrospective cohort study evaluates the efficacy and safety of NBCA (n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) surgical glue as an alternative to tacks for mesh fixation. Patients with primary lateral primary incisional hernias who were treated by laparoscopic technique in Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from Jan 2017 to Dec 2023 were recruited in our study. Patients were divided into two groups: surgical glue with tacks group (GT, n=72) and tacks only group (TO, n=72). Demographics, operative details, hematoma, seroma, chronic pain, recurrence and other complications were retrospectively compared between the two groups. A total of 144 patients were recruited in our study. According to different fixation, there were 72 patients in GT group and 72 in TO group. Compared to TO group, the GT group had a significantly lower postoperative pain score at 24 hours, 72 hours and 120 hours(4.0vs.3.0, 3.0vs.2.0, 2.0vs.1.0, respectively, P<0.001). The recurrence was similar between the two group(2.7%vs.2.7%, respectively, P>0.05). GT group had a quicker time to return to normal activities(7vs.11days, respectively, P<0.001). The overall complication rates were equivalent between the two groups (9.7% vs.19.4%, respectively, P>0.05). NBCA surgical glue may provide certain clinical advantages in laparoscopic lateral IH repair, including reduced postoperative pain and faster recovery, although the magnitude of pain reduction is modest. Glue-assisted fixation appears safe and does not increase recurrence or complication rates. Its use may be particularly beneficial in anatomically sensitive regions where traditional fixation poses higher risks. Further prospective multicenter studies are needed to confirm its long-term safety and effectiveness.

To compare the long-term clinical outcomes and quality of life after radiofrequency ablation (RFA), endovenous laser ablation (EVLA), and N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) treatments in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. This retrospective study included 600 patients treated with RFA, EVLA, or NBCA for chronic venous insufficiency at a single center between February 2015 and February 2025. Patients were divided into 3 groups of 200 according to the treatment modality. Clinical and procedural parameters, complication rates, pain scores, time to return to daily activities, Venous Clinical Severity Scores (VCSS), and great saphenous vein (GSV) occlusion rates were compared among groups. Statistically significant differences were found among the groups regarding complication rates, pain scores at 6 hours, procedure duration, time to return to daily activities, long-term GSV occlusion, and 5-year VCSS values (all P < .05). Complication-free rates were highest in the RFA group (89.5%), followed by NBCA (86.0%), and were lowest in the EVLA group (69.0%) (P < .001). EVLA had more frequent pigmentation, paresthesia, and phlebitis. NBCA had the shortest procedure time (13.7 minutes) and the greatest postprocedural pain and delayed return to daily activities. At 5 years, RFA showed the highest GSV occlusion rate (88.4%), whereas NBCA and EVLA had lower rates (70.6% and 75.0%, respectively) (P < .001). VCSS values at 5 years were more favorable in the RFA and NBCA groups compared with the EVLA group (P = .036). All three endovenous techniques are effective and safe for the treatment of GSV insufficiency. However, the choice of modality should consider differences in complication rates, patient comfort, and long-term vein occlusion outcomes.

Comparison of long-term outcomes and quality of life following radiofrequency ablation, endovenous laser ablation, and N-butyl cyanoacrylate treatment of greater saphenous vein insufficiency

We present a rare case of traumatic ureteric artery bleeding successfully treated with transcatheter arterial embolization. A 65-year-old male with blunt abdominal trauma and hypotension was found to have a left retroperitoneal hematoma with active extravasation on CT. Initial angiography showed no visible bleeding; however, cone-beam CT revealed active hemorrhage from a ureteric artery displaced by the hematoma. Selective embolization using n-butyl cyanoacrylate and ethiodized oil was performed, resulting in hemodynamic stabilization. Follow-up imaging demonstrated resolution of bleeding and positional change of the ureteric artery as the hematoma resolved. This case highlights the diagnostic value of cone-beam CT and the importance of considering ureteric artery injury in cases of unexplained retroperitoneal hemorrhage.

ng diverse topics related to beetle larvae, including morphology, larval biology, phylogeny, and systematics. The beetle families represented in the talks included Agyrtidae, Cerambycidae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Leiodidae, Scarabaeidae, Staphylinidae, and Tenebrionidae, as well as the related sister order Strepsiptera. Compared with previous years, the 2025 IBM also featured some innovative and unconventional topics. Presentations ranged from a historical overview of IBM meetings, through records of scarabaeoid larval stridulation and observations of parasitic groups such as Strepsiptera and Asilidae, to biological studies of longhorn beetles and the extraordinary super glue discovered in ladybird beetles.

Aim. To analyze the results of endovascular treatment of vertebro-vertebral arteriovenous fistulas (VV-AVFs). Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on the treatment outcomes of 291 patients with arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) of various localizations who were treated at the State Institution “Scientific-Practical Center of Endovascular Neuroradiology of the NAMS of Ukraine” between January 2012 and March 2024. All patients underwent endovascular embolization of AVFs and follow-up cerebral angiography (DSA) at different intervals, ranging from 1 to 12 years. Five patients (1.7 %) were diagnosed with VV-AVFs. Patient age ranged from 48 to 61 years (mean: 54 years). The fistulas were most commonly located in the V2 segment of the vertebral artery. Typical clinical manifestations included a pulsatile mass or bruit, often accompanied by neck pain or upper-limb paresthesia. Regarding etiology, three cases were spontaneous, and two were traumatic in origin. Results. Five embolization sessions were performed in five patients with VV-AVFs (one per patient). Detachable coils were used in all procedures, and n-butyl cyanoacrylate (nBCA) in four. No procedural complications occurred. Complete occlusion of the fistulous connection was achieved in four cases. In one patient, a residual low-flow shunt from the external carotid artery territory was identified, for which conservative observation was chosen. No patient experienced neurological deterioration after embolization. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and symptomatic improvement was noted in all patients upon discharge. The mean hospital stay was 5.6 days. All patients were discharged with modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of 0-1. Follow-up angiography was available in three patients and revealed no signs of recanalization. Conclusions. Endovascular exclusion of vertebro-vertebral arteriovenous fistulas is a modern, minimally invasive, and effective treatment technique that prevents serious complications and improves the quality of life in affected patients. However, the decision to perform the procedure should be made individually, taking into account the patient’s condition, as well as the location, size, and hemodynamic characteristics of the fistula.

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the effects of different mixing techniques on the characteristics of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and ethiodized oil mixtures.Materials and MethodsTwo mixing techniques were compared: the hand-stirring method (manual mixing of NBCA and ethiodized oil in a medicine cup) and the syringe-pumping method (emulsification of NBCA and ethiodized oil using a 10-mL syringe with a 3-way stopcock). The flow and polymerization times were measured, and variance analysis (F-test) was performed to assess the differences in the variability of the results between the two methods. Mixture homogeneity and particle distribution were examined.ResultsThe syringe-pumping method yielded significantly a faster flow time (19.9 ± 1.33 s vs. 28.1 ± 5.77 s, p < 0.001) and polymerization time (102.4 ± 4.9 s vs. 123.3 ± 28.9 s, p < 0.001) than the hand-stirring method. Variance analysis revealed differences in both flow time (F = 104.37, p < 0.001) and polymerization time (F = 63.53, p < 0.001) between the two groups. The syringe-pumping method produced a more homogeneous mixture with a greater number of particles.ConclusionSyringe-pumping produces more consistent and homogenous NBCA and ethiodized oil emulsion with faster flow and polymerization characteristics than hand-stirring. These findings suggest that syringe-pumping enhances the efficacy and reliability of embolization procedures.

Rationale and objectivesMassive hemoptysis is a serious respiratory emergency. In most cases, the bleeding source is the bronchial circulation, and bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is considered the primary approach for treating massive hemoptysis. However, there is no standardized protocol regarding embolic agents. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BAE performed with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in the treatment of massive hemoptysis.Materials and methodsThis single-center, retrospective study included patients who underwent BAE with NBCA for massive hemoptysis between January 2021 and December 2024. Demographic data and etiological factors were documented. BAE procedural details were thoroughly analyzed and recorded. Postprocedural complications, technical success, and clinical success rates (within 24 h and 1 month) were evaluated. Recurrence rates beyond 1 month were assessed.ResultsThe study included 41 patients (33 male, 8 female). The most frequently identified etiologies were tuberculosis (28.5%), bronchiectasis (20%). The mean 24-hour hemoptysis volume was 535 ± 448.2 mL (range: 240–1200 mL). The most common DSA findings were bronchial artery hypertrophy/tortuosity (78.2%), hypervascularization (67.4%). BAE procedures most frequently targeted the right bronchial artery (57.14%). Embolization involved a single vessel in 75% of cases, two vessels in 17.5%, and three vessels in 7.5%. The mean NBCA/Lipiodol volume per vessel was 1.625 ± 0.66 mL (range: 0.5–2 mL). Technical success was achieved in 97.14% of cases. Clinical success rates were 100% within 24 h and 97.5% at 1-month follow-up. Over a median follow-up period of 13 months, no recurrence requiring repeat embolization was observed.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that BAE using NBCA/Lipiodol is an effective and safe method for treating massive hemoptysis, with high technical and clinical success rates. When carefully administered by experienced specialists, NBCA/Lipiodol may be considered as a potential primary embolic agent for BAE.

Although various embolic agents are used for transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of colonic diverticular bleeding (CDB), comparative outcome data for different embolic agents are limited. We aimed to assess the association between embolic agent choice and early rebleeding and intestinal ischemia after TAE for CDB. We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database between July 2010 and March 2022. Adults who underwent a first TAE for CDB with coils, gelatin sponge (GS) particles, or n‑butyl‑2‑cyanoacrylate (NBCA) were included. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of embolic agent choice with early rebleeding requiring intervention and intestinal ischemic complications, while adjusting for covariates and within-hospital clustering. The cohort comprised 5625 patients (mean age 72 years ± 12 [standard deviation], 4020 men). Coils, GS particles, and NBCA were used in 59%, 30%, and 11%, respectively. The overall early incidence of rebleeding and intestinal ischemia was 12% and 1.0%, respectively. With coils as the reference, the adjusted odds ratio for GS particles was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.15-1.66; p = 0.001) for early rebleeding and 2.64 (95% CI: 1.43-4.90; p = 0.002) for intestinal ischemia, and those for NBCA were 0.69 (95% CI: 0.50-0.95; p = 0.03) for early rebleeding and 3.53 (95% CI: 1.72-7.22; p = 0.001) for intestinal ischemia. Compared with coils, GS particles were associated with an increase in both early rebleeding and intestinal ischemia, whereas NBCA was associated with decreased rebleeding and increased ischemia. Question Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is one of the mainstay treatments for colonic diverticular bleeding, but outcome differences among embolic agents remain unclear. Findings Gelatin sponge particles increased both early rebleeding and intestinal ischemic risks, while coils reduced intestinal ischemic risk and n‑butyl‑2‑cyanoacrylate reduced early rebleeding risk. Clinical relevance Embolic material selection should be individualized for TAE in colonic diverticular bleeding. Coils may be safer in ischemia-prone patients, while n‑butyl‑2‑cyanoacrylate may be suitable for those at high risk of rebleeding.

Renal artery embolization (RAE) is a minimally-invasive therapeutic option for iatrogenic renal vascular injuries (IRVIs). We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of RAE in treating IRVIs resulting from percutaneous interventions. The study included 34 patients (25 men, 9 women; mean [SD] age, 49.1 [18.9] years) who were treated with RAE for IRVIs at our center between February 2019 and May 2025. The etiology and type of IRVIs, hemoglobin levels, accompanying radiological findings, and parameters related to the RAE procedure were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 34 patients, the etiology of IRVI was percutaneous biopsy in 17 individuals and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the remaining 17 cases. A total of 35 RAE procedures were performed (1 reintervention). The IRVIs were classified as active extravasation (n = 24), pseudoaneurysm (n = 9), and arteriovenous fistula (n = 2). Parenchymal laceration was observed in 10 patients, and a collecting system injury was noted in 1 individual. The embolic agents used were coils (49%), N-butyl cyanoacrylate mixed with lipiodol (28%), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles (14%), a combination of coils, glue, and lipiodol (6%), and a combination of PVA particles and coils (3%). The technical success rate was 100%, while the clinical success rate was 97%. Only 1 patient required reintervention due to persistent hemorrhage. Minor complications occurred in 3 patients, and no major complications were observed. RAE is a safe, highly effective, and minimally-invasive treatment for IRVIs. The procedure offers additional advantages, including nephron preservation and the potential for repeat intervention, if necessary.