CXC Chemokine Ligand Research Articles

Study on the changes and significance of CXCL10 level in serum of isolated polymyalgia rheumatica.

To investigate the significance of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) in the pathogenesis of isolated polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). The serum of six PMR patients diagnosed and treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College from September 2019 to December 2020 before treatment and after remission was collected, and the serum of six active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and six healthy medical checkups were also collected, and protein microarray technology was used to detect 24 cytokines, including IL-6, IL-4, CXCL10, CXCL8, and CXCL2. Subsequently, serum was collected from other 28 patients with active PMR, 26 patients with PMR in remission, 24 patients with active RA, and 24 healthy medical checkups who were diagnosed and treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College from January 2021 to July 2023, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to validate and compare the levels of CXCL10 in each group and analyze the correlation between the levels of serum CXCL10 and the parameters of the clinical activities of PMR. Protein microarray screening revealed significant differences in CXCL10 before and after PMR treatment, and ELISA validation revealed that peripheral serum CXCL10 levels were significantly higher in the PMR-active group than in the remission group (P < 0.001), and also significantly higher than in the RA-active group (P = 0.003) and in the healthy control group (P < 0.001); correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between serum CXCL10 levels and serum ferritin in PMR patients (r = 0.450, P = 0.024). In the ROC curve for distinguishing PMR and RA, the area under the curve is 0.741, sensitivity = 0.643, and specificity = 0.792. CXCL10 may play a role in the pathogenesis of isolated PMR and its level might contribute to the differential diagnosis of PMR and RA. Key Points •The concentration of CXCL10 was higher in peripheral blood of isolated PMR patients. •CXCL10 is a potential diagnostic biomarker for isolated PMR patients. •The level of CXCL10 might contribute to the differential diagnosis of PMR and RA.

Study on correlation between CXCL13 and prognosis and immune characteristics of ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer (OC) has a limited immunotherapeutic response; hence, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between CXC-chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) expression and overall survival (OS) rate, key immune pathways, degree of immune cell infiltration, and progressive disease (PD)-1 checkpoint blockade. A total of 703 differentially expressed genes were obtained from "The Cancer Genome Atlas" (TCGA) database based on the immune and stromal scores of 379 OC patients for getting the targeted gene CXCL13. The association between CXCL13 and OS in OC patients, biological function annotation of CXCL13, and its correlation with immune components were assessed. The results indicated that upregulated CXCL13 expression was positively correlated with better OC patient prognosis. CXCL13 expression was associated with 6 immune-related pathways, 10 immune cells, and PD-1 expression of OC micro-environment. Moreover, high expression of CXCL13 was related to a better tumor response and more extended tumor-stable stage after PD-1 blocking therapy in IMvigor210. The study concluded that CXCL13 could be a prognostic marker and a potential immunotherapy target for OC patients, especially PD-1 checkpoint blockade.

Intrauterine adhesions repair with menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells via CXCL13-CXCR5 signal axis and its mechanism

BackgroudIntrauterine Adhesions (IUA) is a common gynecological disease which is seriously endangers the reproductive function of women without any ideal treatment. Some researchers found Menstrual Blood-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MenSCs) can repair of damaged endometrium, however, has not been fully clarified. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effects of MenSCs in IUA and the repair mechanism in vivo.MethodsThis study is Laboratory-based study. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of MenSCs in IUA, We cultivated MenSCs, established mouse endometrial injury model, observed the uterine morphology and degree of endometrial fibrosis and compared the expression of CXC chemokine ligand-13 (CXCL13)、CXC chemokine receptor-5 (CXCR5)、Plasmin Activating Inhibitor-1(Pai-1), Transforming Growth Faction-β1(TGF- β1) and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (Mmp-9) among each groups. GraphPad Prism 8.0 was used for statistical processing. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical comparisons among groups were performed with one-way ANOVA. P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsWe successfully cultured and identified MenSCs and established mice model of uterine adhesion. After treatment with MenSCs, endometrial morphology of mice was partially restored, endometrial thickness was increased, and glands were multipiled. The concentrations of CXCL13 and CXCR5 were significantly increased by immunofluorescence detection compared with the control group. The results of RT-qPCR showed that the expressions of Pai-1 and Mmp-9 were significantly lower than those of the control group.ConclusionsMenSCs may reduce endometrial fibrosis and the down-regulating expression of Pai-1、Mmp-9 and CXCL13-CXCR5 axis were involved in the process of MenSCs repaired IUA.

Bone Destruction-Chemotactic Osteoprogenitor Cells Deliver Liposome Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Osteosarcoma and Osteoporosis.

Therapeutic efficacy of skeletal diseases is usually limited by unfavorable drug delivery due to incapable bone targeting and low bone affinity of conventional drug carriers, as well as relatively reduced vascularization and dense structure of bone tissues. Due to CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)/CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) signal axis-guided recruitment, osteoprogenitor cells (OPCs) can actively migrate to bone disease nidus. Here, drugs-loaded nanoliposomes are prepared and decorated onto OPCs by biotin-streptavidin linkage for precise bone disease targeting and effective drug delivery. In mouse models of tibia defect and orthotopic osteosarcoma, superior targeting property of OPCs-based drug delivery systems toward diseased bone niduses is verified. By encapsulating antitumor and antiosteoporosis drugs into nanoliposomes, OPCs-based drug delivery systems effectively inhibit disease development and restore bone destruction in mouse models of orthotopic osteosarcoma and ovariectomized osteoporosis. This study reveals a cell-based drug delivery system for precise bone disease targeting and highly effective drug delivery, which will find great potential as a universal drug delivery platform for targeting treatment of various bone diseases.

Differential expression and significance of cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with viral encephalitis

To extensively identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine profiles related to the occurrence, development and prognosis of viral encephalitis (VE) patients by using a high-throughput proteomic approach.We measured 80 cytokines in the CSF of acute-phase VE patients (n = 11) using high-throughput protein chip technology, comparing them to controls (n = 6). ELISA validated these findings and assessed additional cytokines from prior literature in a larger cohort (15 VE patients, 15 controls). Correlations between biomarkers and clinical characteristics were also examined.In the initial stage, we identified two differentially expressed cytokines: cathepsin-L (CTSL), which was up-regulated, and Fractalkine, which was down-regulated. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins are linked to inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and blood-brain barrier disruption. In stage2, the elevations of cathepsin-L (CTSL), fractalkine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ (IGF-2) and CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) in VE were validated by ELISA. The results of linear regression indicated that these cytokines was positively correlated with CSF reactive lesions (p < 0.05).In this study, some biomarkers related with CSF level changes and prognosis were obtained. Although these cytokines are not specific, they may be related to the occurrence and development of VE. CTSL, MIF, IL-1β, TNF-α and CXCL10 can be used as VE potential biomarkers. These cytokines may participate in the pathogenesis of VE through inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, autophagy, blood-brain barrier disruption and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway.

Effect of interleukin-17A on inflammatory mediator production in interleukin-1β-stimulated human dental pulp fibroblasts.

In response to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, dental pulp fibroblasts produce various inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-8, CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), and CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), leading to the progression of pulpitis. IL-17/IL-17A (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by T helper (Th) 17 cells following their recruitment to inflamed sites; however, the roles of IL-17A during pulpitis remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-17A on IL-6, IL-8, CCL20 and CXCL10 production by human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPFs) in vitro. IL-17A at a concentration of 100ng/ml induced the production of 10 times more IL-8 and 4 times more CXCL10, but not IL-6 and CCL20, compared to controls. Co-stimulation of HDPFs with IL-17A and IL-1β synergistically enhanced the production of IL-6, CCL20, IL-8 and CXCL10. IL-1β increased expression of IL-17 receptor/IL-17RA (IL-17R) on HDPFs. Moreover, the cell signal pathways of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were more potently activated by simultaneous stimulation with IL-17A and IL-1β. These findings suggest that IL-17A participates in the progression of dental pulp inflammation through the enhanced production of inflammatory mediators in HDPFs.

Open-Source Throttling of CD8+ T Cells in Brain with Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Guided Sequential Delivery of CXCL10, IL-2, and aPD-L1 for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy.

Improving clinical immunotherapy for glioblastoma (GBM) relies on addressing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Enhancing CD8+ T cell infiltration and preventing its exhaustion holds promise for effective GBM immunotherapy. Here, a low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)-guided sequential delivery strategy is developed to enhance CD8+ T cells infiltration and activity in the GBM region. The sequential delivery of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) to recruit CD8+ T cells and interleukin-2 (IL-2) to reduce their exhaustion is termed an "open-source throttling" strategy. Consequently, up to 3.39-fold of CD8+ T cells are observed with LIFU-guided sequential delivery of CXCL10, IL-2, and anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (aPD-L1), compared to the free aPD-L1 group. The immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapeutic efficacy is substantially enhanced by the reversed immunosuppressive TME due to the expansion of CD8+ T cells, resulting in the elimination of tumor, prolonged survival time, and long-term immune memory establishment in orthotopic GBM mice. Overall, LIFU-guided sequential cytokine and ICIs delivery offers an "open-source throttling" strategy of CD8+ T cells, which may present a promising strategy for brain-tumor immunotherapy.

Cardamonin inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators in TNF-α-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells

Objective Periodontis is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by periodontopathogenic bacteria. The excessive immune response caused by persistent bacterial infection leads to alveolar bone resorption and ultimately tooth loss. Cardamonin is a biologically active substance that is found in the Zingiberaceae family, such as Alpinia zerumbet, and is classified as a natural chalcone. There have been no attempts to use cardamonin for the treatment of periodontitis, and no reports have examined the effects of cardamonin on periodontal tissue component cells. The aim of this study was to analyze effects of cardamonin on expression of inflammation mediators produced by TNFα-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs), including its effects on signal transduction molecules. Methods Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured by ELISA. Protein expression in HPDLCs and activations of signal transduction pathway were determined by Western blotting. Results Our results indicate that cardamonin suppresses C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, CCL20, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)10, and interleukin (IL)-6 production and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in TNF-α-stimulated HPDLCs. In addition, cardamonin induced the expression of the antioxidant enzyme, Heme Oxygenase (HO)-1, in HPDLCs. Furthermore, cardamonin suppressed TNF-α-stimulated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling pathways in HPDLCs. Conclusion We show that cardamonin reduces inflammatory mediator production by inhibiting the activation of several signaling pathways in this manuscript.

Blood metabolites mediate the causal relationship between circulating CX3CL1 levels and prostate cancer: A 2-step Mendelian randomization study.

Chemokines influence the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) through multiple mechanisms. However, the effect of C-X3-C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) on PCa risk remains controversial. Our study aimed to investigate whether circulating CX3CL1 is causally associated with PCa and to identify metabolites that have mediating effects using the 2-step bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis process. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) results were used as the primary observations, while additional sensitivity analyses were conducted. For each standard deviation increase exhibited by the circulating CX3CL1 levels, the risk of PCa was reduced by 0.4% (IVW: OR = 0.996, [95% CI = 0.994-0.998], P < .001), and blood alliin levels increased by 19% (IVW: OR = 1.185, [95% CI = 1.01-1.54], P = .003). For each standard deviation increase in the blood alliin levels, the risk of PCa was reduced by 0.1% (IVW: OR = 0.999, [95% CI = 0.997-0.999], P = .03). Therefore, the protective effect of circulating CX3CL1 on PCa may be mediated by blood alliin levels (mediated proportion = 6.7%). The results supported the notion that high levels of circulating CX3CL1 indicate a lower PCa risk and the idea that the food-derived antioxidant alliin may mediate this association. We emphasize that the use of CX3CL1 as a protective factor against PCa may provide new strategies for PCa prevention and care in the future.

Anti-inflammatory effect and its mechanism of Saracae Cortex based on zebrafish model and network pharmacology

This paper aims to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Saracae Cortex by using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods and verify it through the inflammation model of zebrafish. The effective components, potential core targets, and signaling pathways of Saracae Cortex were obtained by using network pharmacology. A lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation model of zebrafish was established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract and 70% ethanol extract of Saracae Cortex with cell apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species(ROS) production rate as indicators. q PCR was performed to verify the main targets predicted by network pharmacology. The prediction found that there were 121 potential anti-inflammatory targets in Saracae Cortex. Protein-protein interaction(PPI) analysis showed that Saracae Cortex mainly acted on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3), vascular endothelial growth factor A( VEGFA), epidermal growth factor( EGF), tumor necrosis factor( TNF),tumor protein p53(TP53), matrix metalloprotein 9(MMP9), c-fos proto-oncogene protein(FOS), estrogen receptor 1(ESR1), cx-c motif chemokine ligand 8(CXCL8), cluster of differentiation 8(CD8), and other targets. Gene Ontology(GO) analysis showed the biological process mainly acted on the inhibition of apoptosis, the positive regulation of gene expression, and the positive regulation of cell proliferation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) analysis showed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1) signaling pathway may play a key role in anti-inflammation of Saracae Cortex. Molecular docking verified that five key compounds had a strong binding force with their corresponding core target. Zebrafish animal experiments showed that Saracae Cortex could significantly inhibit ROS formation and reduce cell apoptosis in juvenile fish caused by inflammation and inhibit the further enhancement of inflammatory response in tissue. In addition, compared with the blank group, the transcription levels of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB), TP53, FOS, adaptor protein complex-1(AP-1), and mitogen-activated protein kinases P38(P38) were significantly up-regulated in the model group. Compared with the model group, the m RNA expression of NF-κB, TP53, FOS, AP-1, and P38 was significantly down-regulated in zebrafish tissue treated with aqueous extract and 70% ethanol extract of Saracae Cortex. Saracae Cortex plays an anti-inflammatory role through multiple components and targets, and its anti-inflammatory effect may be related to the inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway.

Acupuncture alleviates inflammatory pain by activating CXCL1/CXCR2 signaling in the primary somatosensory cortex in adjuvant induced arthritis rats.

To observe whether acupuncture up-regulates chemokine CXC ligand 1 (CXCL1) in the brain to play an analgesic role through CXCL1/chemokine CXC receptor 2 (CXCR2) signaling in adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) rats, so as to reveal its neuro-immunological mechanism underlying improvement of AIA. BALB/c mice with relatively stable thermal pain reaction were subjected to planta injection of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) for establishing AIA model, followed by dividing the AIA mice into simple AF750 (fluorochrome) and AF750+CXCL1 groups (n=2 in each group). AF750 labeled CXCL1 recombinant protein was then injected into the mouse's tail vein to induce elevation of CXCL1 level in blood for simulating the effect of acupuncture stimulation which has been demonstrated by our past study. In vivo small animal imaging technology was used to observe the AF750 and AF750+CXCL1-labelled target regions. After thermal pain screening, the Wistar rats with stable pain reaction were subjected to AIA modeling by injecting CFA into the rat's right planta, then were randomized into model and manual acupuncture groups (n=12 in each group). Other 12 rats that received planta injection of saline were used as the control group. Manual acupuncture (uniform reinforcing and reducing manipulations) was applied to bilateral "Zusanli" (ST36) for 4×2 min, with an interval of 5 min between every 2 min, once daily for 7 days. The thermal pain threshold was assessed by detecting the paw withdrawal latency (PWL) using a thermal pain detector. The contents of CXCL1 in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, periaqueductal gray and rostroventromedial medulla regions were assayed by using ELISA, and the expression levels of CXCL1, CXCR2 and mu-opioid receptor (MOR) mRNA in the S1 region were detected using real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The immune-fluorescence positive cellular rate of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in S1 region was observed after immunofluorescence stain. The immunofluorescence double-stain of CXCR2 and astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or neuron marker NeuN or MOR was used to determine whether there is a co-expression between them. In AIA mice, results of in vivo experiments showed no obvious enrichment signal of AF750 or AF750+CXCL1 in any organ of the body, while in vitro experiments showed that there was a stronger fluorescence signal of CXCL1 recombinant protein in the brain. In rats, compared with the control group, the PWL from day 0 to day 7 was significantly decreased (P<0.01) and the expression of CXCR2 mRNA in the S1 region significantly increased in the model group (P<0.05), while in comparison with the model group, the PWL from day 2 to day 7, CXCL1 content, CXCR2 mRNA expression and CXCR2 content, and MOR mRNA expression in the S1 region were significantly increased in the manual acupuncture group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Immunofluorescence stain showed that CXCR2 co-stained with NeuN and MOR in the S1 region, indicating that CXCR2 exists in neurons and MOR-positive neurons but not in GFAP positive astrocytes. Acupuncture can increase the content of CXCL1 in S1 region, up-regulate CXCR2 on neurons in the S1 region and improve MOR expression in S1 region of AIA rats, which may contribute to its effect in alleviating inflammatory pain.

Deciphering microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis post‑traumatic brain injury: The role of TYROBP in inflammation regulation networks.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) represents a significant public health challenge. Recovery from brain injury necessitates the collaborative efforts of various resident neural cells, predominantly microglia. The present study analyzed rat and mouse RNA expression micro‑arrays, high‑throughput RNA sequencing and single‑cell sequencing data sourced from public databases. To construct an inflammation regulation network around TYRO protein tyrosine kinase‑binding protein (TYROBP), to evaluate the role of TYROBP in cell death after TBI. These findings indicate that following TBI, neurons predominantly communicate with one another through the CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) and CC chemokine ligand (CCL) signaling pathways, employing a paracrine mechanism to activate microglia. These activated microglia intensify the pathological progression of brain injury by releasing factors such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‑α), vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor β via the NF‑κB pathway. Cells co‑culture experiments demonstrated that neurons, impaired by mechanical injury, interact with microglia through non‑contact mechanisms. Activated microglia secrete cytokines, including TNF‑α, CXCL‑8 and CCL2, which trigger an inflammatory response and facilitate neuronal apoptosis. TYROBP gene knockout in microglia was demonstrated to reduce this interaction and reduce neuronal cell apoptosis rates.

Activation of RIG-I signaling in the early stage of Paragonimus proliferus infection causes lung injury via type I immune response in rat.

Paragonimiasis is a common zoonotic parasitic disease. The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling is very important for the host to recognize invading pathogens (especially viruses and bacteria). However, the role of RIG-I signaling in the early stages of P. proliferus infection remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat models with lung damage caused by P. proliferus were established. Experimental methods including Enzyme-linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA), real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining were used to explore the mechanisms of lung injury caused by P. proliferus. As a result, the expression of the mRNA and proteins of RIG-I signal-related key target molecules, including RIG-I, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), interferon regulatory Factor 7 (IRF7), IPS-1, and downstream C-X-C chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), were significantly up-regulated immediately after infection, peaked at 3 or 7 days, and showed a downward trend on after 14 days. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), interferon (IFN)-α, -β, and -γ, which represent type 1 immune response, gradually increased and reached a peak by 14 days, which was consistent with the changes in the degree of inflammatory damage observed under HE staining of lung tissues. In conclusion, RIG-I signaling is activated in the early stage (before 14 days) of P. proliferus infection, it is inferred that the lung injury of the host may be related to the activation of RIG-I like signaling to induce type I immune response.

Inflammatory responses in esophageal mucosa before and after laparoscopic antireflux surgery.

Currently, the primary treatment for gastroesophageal reflux is acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors, but they are not a cure, and some patients don't respond well or refuse long-term use. Therefore, alternative therapies are needed to understand the disease and develop better treatments. Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery (LARS) can resolve symptoms of these patients and plays a significant role in evaluating esophageal healing after preventing harmful effects. Successful LARS improves typical gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in most patients, mainly by reducing the exposure time to gastric contents in the esophagus. Amelioration of the inflammatory response and a recovery response in the esophageal epithelium is expected following the cessation of the noxious attack. To explore the role of inflammatory biomolecules in LARS and assess the time required for esophageal epithelial recovery. Of 22 patients with LARS (pre- and post/5.8 ± 3.8 months after LARS) and 25 healthy controls (HCs) were included. All subjects underwent 24-h multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, during which esophageal biopsy samples were collected using endoscopic techniques. Inflammatory molecules in esophageal biopsies were investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and multiplex-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Post-LARS samples showed significant increases in proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon-γ, C-X-C chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2)], anti-inflammatory cytokines [CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 11, CCL13, CCL17, CCL26, CCL1, CCL7, CCL8, CCL24, IL-4, IL-10], and homeostatic cytokines (CCL27, CCL20, CCL19, CCL23, CCL25, CXCL12, migration inhibitory factor) compared to both HCs and pre-LARS samples. CCL17 and CCL21 levels were higher in pre-LARS than in HCs (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of AKT1, fibroblast growth factor 2, HRAS, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 were significantly decreased post-LARS vs pre-LARS. CCL2 and epidermal growth factor gene levels were significantly increased in the pre-LARS compared to the HCs (P < 0.05). The presence of proinflammatory proteins post-LARS suggests ongoing inflammation in the epithelium. Elevated homeostatic cytokine levels indicate cell balance is maintained for about 6 months after LARS. The anti-inflammatory response post-LARS shows suppression of inflammatory damage and ongoing postoperative recovery.

Novel biomarkers of inflammation-associated immunity in cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer (CC) is a highly malignant gynecological cancer with a direct causal link to inflammation, primarily resulting from persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Given the challenges in early detection and mid to late-stage treatment, our research aims to identify inflammation-associated immune biomarkers in CC. Using a bioinformatics approach combined with experimental validation, we integrated two CC datasets (GSE39001 and GSE63514) in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to eliminate batch effects. Immune-related inflammation differentially expressed genes (DGEs) were obtained by R language identification. This analysis identified 37 inflammation-related DEGs. Subsequently, we discussed the different levels of immune infiltration between CC cases and controls. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified seven immune infiltration-related modules in CC. We identified 15 immune DEGs associated with inflammation at the intersection of these findings. In addition, we constructed a protein interaction network using the String database and screened five hub genes using "CytoHubba": CXC chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), Fc gamma receptors 3B (FCGR3B), and SELL. The expression of these five genes in CC was determined by PCR experiments. In addition, we assessed their diagnostic value and further analyzed the association of immune cells with them. Five inflammation- and immune-related genes were identified, aiming to provide new directions for early diagnosis and mid to late-stage treatment of CC from multiple perspectives.

Calycosin (CA) inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion by suppression of CXCL10 signaling pathway in glioma.

Glioblastoma is the most common malignant tumor in the central nervous system and its occurrence and development is involved in various molecular abnormalities. C-X-C chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), an inflammatory chemokine, has been reported to be related to the pathogenesis of cancer while it has not yet been linked to glioma. Calycosin, a bioactive compound derived from Radix astragali, has demonstrated anticancer properties in several malignancies, including glioma. Nonetheless, its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study explores CXCL10 as a potential therapeutic target for calycosin in the suppression of glioblastoma. We observed that CXCL10 expression correlates positively with glioma malignancy and inversely with patient prognosis, highlighting its potential as a glioblastoma treatment target. Furthermore, we found that calycosin inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion in U87 and U251 glioma cells, and decreased CXCL10 expression in a dose-dependent manner, along with its downstream effectors such as NLRP3, NF-κB, and IL-1β. Additionally, molecular docking experiments demonstrated that calycosin exhibits a notable binding affinity to CXCL10. Overexpression of CXCL10 counteracted the inhibitory effects of calycosin on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while CXCL10 knockdown enhanced these effects. Finally, we verified that calycosin inhibited glioma growth in a xenograft mouse model and downregulated CXCL10 and its downstream molecules. These findings suggest that targeting CXCL10 may be an effective strategy in glioblastoma treatment, and calycosin emerges as a potential therapeutic agent.

Dysregulated CXCL12 expression in osteoblasts promotes B-lymphocytes preferentially homing to the bone marrow in MRL/lpr mice

Objective: Todetect the abnormal distribution of B-lymphocytes between peripheral and bone marrow (BM) compartments and explore the mechanism of abnormal chemotaxis of B-lymphocytes in lupus subjects. Methods: The proportions of CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4+ B cells and CFDA-labeled MRL/lpr-derived B cells were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)12in peripheral blood (PB)were measured by ELISA. The migrated B cells to osteoblasts (OBs) was measured by transwell migration assay. The relative spatial position of B cells, OBs and CXCL12 was presented by Immunofluorescence assay. Results: Firstly, we found that the percentage of CXCR4+ B cells was lower in PB and higher in the BM from both MRL/lpr mice and patientswith Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Secondly, OBs from MRL/lpr mice produced more CXCL12 than that from C57BL/6 mice. Besides, MRL/lpr-derived OBs demonstrated more potent chemotactic ability toward B-lymphocytes than control OBs by vitro an vivo. Additionally, more B-lymphocytes were found to co-localize with OBs within the periosteal zone of bone in MRL/lpr mice. Lastly, the percentages of CXCR4+B cells were found to be negatively correlated with serum Immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentration, moreover, BM CXCL12 levels were found to be positively correlated with SLE disease activity index Score and negatively correlated with serum Complement3 (C3) concentration. Conclusions: our results indicated that there is a shifted distribution of B-lymphocytes between BM and peripheral compartments in both SLE patients and MRL/lpr mice. Besides, the up-regulated levels of CXCL12 in OBs was indicated to contribute to the enhanced chemotactic migration and anchorage of B-lymphocytes to OBs.

Breaking the symmetry of cell contractility drives tubulogenesis via CXCL1 polarization

The intricate interplay between biomechanical and biochemical pathways in modulating morphogenesis is an interesting research topic. How biomechanical force regulates epithelial cell tubulogenesis remains poorly understood. Here, we established a model of tubulogenesis by culturing renal proximal tubular epithelial cells on a collagen gel while manipulating contractile force. Epithelial cells were dynamically self-organized into tubule-like structures by augmentation of cell protrusions and cell-cell association. Reduction and asymmetric distribution of phosphorylated myosin light chain 2, the actomyosin contractility, in cells grown on soft matrix preceded tube connection. Notably, reducing matrix stiffness via sonication of collagen fibrils and inhibiting actomyosin contractility with blebbistatin promoted tubulogenesis, whereas inhibition of cytoskeleton polymerization suppressed it. CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) expression was transcriptionally upregulated in cells undergoing tubulogenesis. Additionally, inhibiting actomyosin contractility facilitated CXCL1 polarization and cell protrusions preceding tube formation. Conversely, inhibiting the CXCL1-CXC receptor 1 pathway hindered cell protrusions and tubulogenesis. Mechanical property asymmetry with cell-collagen fibril interaction patterns at cell protrusions and along the tube structure supported the association of anisotropic contraction with tube formation. Furthermore, suppressing the mechanosensing machinery of integrin subunit beta 1 reduced CXCL1 expression, collagen remodeling, and impaired tubulogenesis. In summary, symmetry breaking of cell contractility on a soft collagen gel promotes CXCL1 polarization at cell protrusions which in turn facilitates cell-cell association and thus tubule connection.

Decoding the synergistic potential of MAZ-51 and zingerone as therapy for melanoma treatment in alignment with sustainable development goals.

Melanoma, an invasive class of skin cancer, originates from mutations in melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells. Globally, approximately 132,000 new cases are reported each year, and in South Africa, the incidence stands at 2.7 per 100,000 people, signifying a worrisome surge in melanoma rates. Therefore, there is a need to explore treatment modalities that will target melanoma's signalling pathways. Melanoma metastasis is aided by ligand activity of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)and C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) which bind to their receptors and promote tumour cell survival, lymphangiogenesisand chemotaxis. (3-(4-dimethylaminonaphthelen-1-ylmethylene)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one) MAZ-51 is an indolinone-based molecule that inhibits VEGF-C induced phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3). Despite the successful use of conventional cancer therapies, patients endure adverse side effects and cancer drug resistance. Moreover, conventional therapies are toxic to the environment and caregivers. The use of medicinal plants and their phytochemical constituents in cancer treatment strategies has become more widespread because of the rise in drug resistance and the development of unfavourable side effects. Zingerone, a phytochemical derived from ginger exhibits various pharmacological properties positioning it as a promising candidate for cancer treatment. This review provides an overview of melanoma biology and the intracellular signalling pathways promoting cell survival, proliferationand adhesion. There is a need to align health and environmental objectives within sustainable development goals 3 (good health and well-being), 13 (climate action)and 15 (life on land) to promote early detection of skin cancer, enhance sun-safe practices, mitigation of environmental factorsand advancing the preservation of biodiversity, including medicinal plants. Thus, this review discusses the impact of cytostatic cancer drugs on patients and the environment and examines the potential use of phytochemicals as adjuvant therapy.

Mechanism of analgesic effect of electroacupuncture on rats with cervical spondylosis radiculopathy based on activation of astrocytes and HMGB1/TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway

To observe effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on the activation of astrocytes and high mobility group protein B1(HMGB1)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway, as well as related cytokines in rats with cervical spondylosis radiculopathy(CSR), so as to explore the analgesic mechanism of EA in treating CSR. Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into blank, sham surgery, model, and EA groups, with 6 rats in each group. CSR rat model was established by using cervical spinal cord canal puncture method. On the 7th day after successful modeling, EA was applied to rats in the EA group at bilateral "Hegu"(LI4) and "Taichong"(LR3) for 20 minutes(1.5 Hz, 1 mA), once daily for 7 consecutive days. Before and after intervention, gait impairment scores and mechanical pain thresholds were assessed. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes in spinal cord tissue. Western blot was used to detect the expression of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the spinal cord. ELISA was used to measure the contents of CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β in spinal cord. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe GFAP protein positive expression in spinal cord tissue. There was no significant difference of all indexes between the blank group and the sham surgery group. Compared with the sham surgery group, mechanical pain threshold of rats in the model group was decreased(P<0.01), while gait impairment score, the contents of CXCL1, CCL2, TNF-α, IL-1β, protein expressions of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88 and GFAP, and positive expression of GFAP in spinal cord tissue were increased (P<0.01)；HE staining indicated severe overall morphological damage in the spinal cord of rats in the model group, with significant shrinkage of gray matter neurons, reduced number of Nissl bodies, and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Compared with the model group, mechanical pain threshold in the EA group was increased (P<0.01), while gait impairment score, the contents of CXCL1, CCL2, TNF-α, IL-1β, protein expressions of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88 and GFAP, and positive expression of GFAP in spinal cord were reduced (P<0.01)；HE staining showed more intact neuronal cell bodies, increased number of Nissl bodies, and reduced shrinkage of gray matter neurons, inflammatory cell infiltration, and microvascular dilation in the spinal cord of rats in the EA group. EA can effectively alleviate pain in CSR rats, which is possibly by inhibiting astrocyte activation, HMGB1/TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway, and reducing the release of related inflammatory cytokines, thus alleviating central sensitization in spinal segments.