Cx Values Research Articles

Study of Loads Acting on the Load during the Sudden Braking of a Vehicle

This article presents the results of a study of the braking process in terms of assessing the longitudinal loading condition of transported cargo. The existing methods of securing cargo do not take into consideration the type of vehicle used to transport the cargo. This may result in cargo not being transported in compliance with the principles of proper cargo protection. This paper discusses the differences in maximum deceleration values achieved by different types of vehicles that are structurally suitable for freight transport. As a result of these differences in deceleration values, the values of forces acting on the transported cargo are also different. This paper presents and analyses the results of road tests that entailed the heavy braking of two vehicles structurally suitable for freight transport. One of them was a delivery vehicle, while the other was a semi-trailer truck. The experiment was carried out in six measurement series. Four of them were performed on an asphalt pavement, while the other two on a concrete pavement. One series included ten brake tests. Deceleration values registered during the tests were later used to determine the values of coefficient Cx, which were then compared with standardised values. It has been shown that failure to take into account in the selection process of cargo securing equipment, vehicle category, and type and condition of the pavement can result in cargo displacement and even traffic incidents.

Statistical analysis of mesoscale eddy propagation velocity in the South China Sea deep basin

Using mesoscale eddy trajectory product derived from satellite altimetry data from 1993 to 2017, this study analyzes the statistical characteristics of spatiotemporal distribution of mesoscale eddy propagation velocities (C) in the South China Sea (SCS) deep basin with depths >1 000 m. Climatologically, the zonal propagation velocities (cx) are westwards in the whole basin, and the meridional velocities (cy) are southwards in the northwestern basin, and northwards in the southeastern basin. The variation of cy with longitude is consistent with that of the background meridional currents with correlation coefficient R2 of 0.96, while the variation of cx is related both to the background zonal currents and β effect. The propagation velocities characterize significant seasonality with the minimum magnitude occurring in summer and the maximum in winter for cx and C. Interannually, larger values of cx and cy mostly occurred in La Nina years in the negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Mesoscale eddies move fast at the beginning and end of their life span, i.e., at their growth and dissipation periods, and slowly during their stable “midlife” period. This trend is negatively correlated with the rotating tangential velocity with R2 of −0.93. Eddies with extreme propagation velocities are defined, which are slower (faster) than 1.5 cm/s (15.4 cm/s) and take 1.5% (1.9%) of the total eddies. The extremely slow-moving (fast-moving) eddies tend to appear in the middle (on the edge) of the basin, and mostly occur in summer (winter). The mechanism analysis reveals that the spatiotemporal distributions of the propagation velocities of mesoscale eddies in the SCS are modulated by the basin-scale background circulation.

CX Value and the Future of Work: Forging the Partnership Between Enterprise Leadership, Operations, Support, Marketing and HR

CX Value and the Future of Work: Forging the Partnership Between Enterprise Leadership, Operations, Support, Marketing and HR

Genome Size Variation Between the Native and Invasive Ranges of Senecio madagascariensis (Asteraceae)

Abstract—Invasive species must colonize new habitats away from their native range; therefore, factors affecting plant dispersal play a key role in invasion. The ploidy level and genome size (or Cx value) can affect the dispersal traits, physiology, and ecology of invasive species over a few generations, generating individuals that can face fluctuating environments, exploit new ones, and compete with native species. Several studies have demonstrated that invasive species tend to have smaller genomes than their noninvasive congeners, which is explained by the role that the Cx value plays in phenotypic evolution and ecological tolerance. In order to test this hypothesis, we compare the genome size variation in Argentine populations (invasive range) vs. South African populations (native range) of S. madagascariensis. To meet our goals, we estimated the Cx value of invasive populations collected on field trips, while for native populations we considered available published data. We extracted the bioclimatic variables in order to establish the ecological amplitude in which the genome sizes may be distributed. Our results evidenced larger genomes in the invasive range than in the native one. Furthermore, we propose that large genomes of the invasive populations could be mainly explained by the founder genotypes effect and the anthropogenic introduction of this species to Argentina. In addition, we demonstrated that genotypes with big genomes can tolerate different environmental conditions from those of their native range. Therefore, they could present a greater ability for colonizing new environments. The implications and importance of ploidy level in the invasion of S. madagascariensis are discussed.

The effect of the chemical composition and structure of polymer films made from resorbable polyhydroxyalkanoates on blood cell response

Four PHA types were synthesized in the culture of Cupriavidus eutrophus B-10646 under special conditions, poly(3‑hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] and of copolymers, which contained 3HB monomers and 4‑hydroxybutyrate (4HB), 3‑hydroxyvalerate (3HV), or 3‑hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx). All copolymers had the Mw of about 550–670 kDa, and the homopolymer P(3HB) had a significantly higher Mw – 920 kDa. P(3HB‑co‑4HB) and P(3HB‑co‑3HHx) had the lowest Cx (42 and 49%) while P(3HB‑co‑3HV) and P(3HB) exhibited higher Cx values (76%). Polymer films were prepared from different PHAs. Electron microscopy showed differences in the surface microstructure of the films. Films prepared from the P(3HB) were more hydrophobic and the arithmetic mean surface roughness of 71–75 nm, than the copolymer films, which were hydrophilic (57–60°) and had considerably higher roughness (158–177 nm). Blood parameters (hemoglobin and hemolysis) and response of the cells (erythrocytes, platelets, and monocytes) were studied in experiments with blood directly contacting the surface of the films of PHAs with different compositions. Cultivation of blood cells on polymer films did not cause any adverse effects on adhesion and morphology of all cell types. Results of studying blood cell response suggested that the films made from low-crystallinity copolymers containing 4‑hydroxybutyrate and 3‑hydroxyhexanoate were the best for contact with blood.

Widespread co-occurrence of multiple ploidy levels in fragile ferns (Cystopteris fragilis complex; Cystopteridaceae) probably stems from similar ecology of cytotypes, their efficient dispersal and inter-ploidy hybridization.

Polyploidy has played an important role in the evolution of ferns. However, the dearth of data on cytotype diversity, cytotype distribution patterns and ecology in ferns is striking in comparison with angiosperms and prevents an assessment of whether cytotype coexistence and its mechanisms show similar patterns in both plant groups. Here, an attempt to fill this gap was made using the ploidy-variable and widely distributed Cystopteris fragilis complex. Flow cytometry was used to assess DNA ploidy level and monoploid genome size (Cx value) of 5518 C. fragilis individuals from 449 populations collected over most of the species' global distributional range, supplemented with data from 405 individuals representing other related species from the complex. Ecological preferences of C. fragilis tetraploids and hexaploids were compared using field-recorded parameters and database-extracted climate data. Altogether, five different ploidy levels (2x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x) were detected and three species exhibited intraspecific ploidy-level variation: C. fragilis, C. alpina and C. diaphana. Two predominant C. fragilis cytotypes, tetraploids and hexaploids, co-occur over most of Europe in a diffuse, mosaic-like pattern. Within this contact zone, 40 % of populations were mixed-ploidy and most also contained pentaploid hybrids. Environmental conditions had only a limited effect on the distribution of cytotypes. Differences were found in the Cx value of tetraploids and hexaploids: between-cytotype divergence was higher in uniform-ploidy than in mixed-ploidy populations. High ploidy-level diversity and widespread cytotype coexistence in the C. fragilis complex match the well-documented patterns in some angiosperms. While ploidy coexistence in C. fragilis is not driven by environmental factors, it could be facilitated by the perennial life-form of the species, its reproductive modes and efficient wind dispersal of spores. Independent origins of hexaploids and/or inter-ploidy gene flow may be expected in mixed-ploidy populations according to Cx value comparisons.

Small genome separates native and invasive populations in an ecologically important cosmopolitan grass.

The literature suggests that small genomes promote invasion in plants, but little is known about the interaction of genome size with other traits or about the role of genome size during different phases of the invasion process. By intercontinental comparison of native and invasive populations of the common reed Phragmites australis, we revealed a distinct relationship between genome size and invasiveness at the intraspecific level. Monoploid genome size was the only significant variable that clearly separated the North American native plants from those of European origin. The mean Cx value (the amount of DNA in one chromosome set) for source European native populations was 0.490±0.007 (mean±SD), for North American invasive 0.506±0.020, and for North American native 0.543±0.021. Relative to native populations, the European populations that successfully invaded North America had a smaller genome that was associated with plant traits favoring invasiveness (long rhizomes, early emerging abundant shoots, resistance to aphid attack, and low C:N ratio). The knowledge that invasive populations within species can be identified based on genome size can be applied to screen potentially invasive populations of Phragmites in other parts of the world where they could grow in mixed stands with native plants, as well as to other plant species with intraspecific variation in invasion potential. Moreover, as small genomes are better equipped to respond to extreme environmental conditions such as drought, the mechanism reported here may represent an emerging driver for future invasions and range expansions.

Genome size estimations in Chrysanthemum and correlations with molecular phylogenies

A wide range of ploidy variation exists among native Chinese Chrysanthemum germplasm. This study examined the evolution of genome size, Cx value, and chromosome number in Chinese Chrysanthemum within a phylogenetic context. The genome size of 15 species belonging to Chrysanthemum and three related genera was determined using flow cytometry. Nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnL-F intergenic spacer sequence were used to construct molecular phylogenetic trees. Genome size values among the 15 species divide into three discrete groups, which positively correlate with three ploidy levels. We found significantly and negatively correlated 1Cx values to ploidy levels in all 15 species and a genome downsizing after polyploidization effect in Chrysanthemum. Two major phylogenetic clade, the C. indicum group and the C. zawadskii + Ajania group, possess significant differences in genome size and 1Cx values. The genome size and 1Cx values in the C. indicum group were significantly lower than in the C. zawadskii group, even though both have same ploidy level, and significant latitude and morphology correlations can be inferred. Diploid Chrysanthemum species similar in 1Cx values to C. indicum (Mt.Tianzhu) and C. indicum (Fujian) indicate that some populations of tetraploid C. indicum originated by autoploidy. We deduced that C. chanetii is a relatively young species, C. vestitum relative ancient and that the divergence between Chrysanthemum and Ajania may have been relatively recent, presumably the same divergence as created C. zawadskii.

Chromosome Number, Genomic Variation, and Molecular Markers to Assess Genetic Diversity of Brachiaria Species

ABSTRACTThe genus Brachiaria contains approximately 100 identified species, including economically important tropical grasses; however, there is not much accessible information about the genetics or genomes of the genus. In this study, we determined the chromosome number and genome size by cytological analysis and flow cytometry, respectively, and estimated the molecular variability using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers for 28 accessions representing 11 Brachiaria species. The chromosome number of 10 species agreed with previous reports, and the chromosome number for B. xantholeuca was evaluated (2n = 4x = 36) for the first time. Genome size expressed as C values differed among these species (0.89 to 4.02 pg/2C) and increased with increasing ploidy levels. In contrast, the genome size given as a Cx value tended to decrease with increasing ploidy levels in polyploid plants. A total of 441 ISSR fragments were generated with 10 primers to assess the molecular variability of Brachiaria species. All 11 Brachiaria species clustered into three groups with the neighbor‐joining (NJ) method. We found no correlation between the clusters and the region from where the plants were collected. Nevertheless, the clustering of accessions was clearly correlated with ploidy level and reproductive mode (sexual and apomictic) except for a few accessions. Furthermore, evolution of the Brachiaria genome and genetic diversity within the genus were discussed.

Genome sizes in diploid and allopolyploid Arachis L. species (section Arachis)

Species of section Arachis with x = 10 are important for peanut breeding and have been organized in five different genomes (A, B, D, F and K). The few available estimates of the DNA content are inconsistent and hampered the understanding of the evolutionary trends and in decision making for genomic studies of the group. Considering that, the objectives of this research were to measure the DNA content for all available (26) species and to make evolutionary inferences at the diploid and tetraploid level for section Arachis. The 2C values obtained by flow cytometry ranged from 2.55 to 3.22 pg among the diploid species. The annual species belonging to different genomes tend to have different genome sizes. However, the 2C values of the perennial species of the A genome were distributed almost along the whole range of genome sizes here observed. The distribution of 2C values partially support the genome arrangement proposed for the section. The comparisons of 2C values with karyotype parameters suggests that changes in DNA content have been proportionally distributed among the chromosome arms, and that the heterochromatic fraction was not directly involved in that changes. Within the A genome, the annual species has lower DNA content than the perennial ones, according to the nucleotype hypothesis. However, the lack of significant relationships with geoclimatic variables suggests that there are many intrinsic factors determining particular ecological roles of the DNA content in the different lineages of section Arachis. The constancy of the Cx values observed in the polyploids compared to those of the parental species suggests that the allopolyploidization event that originated the cultivated peanut did not induce significant changes in the genome size.

DFT study on the one-electron reduction of CF 3X (X = Cl, Br, I) molecules

We present the DFT study on several aspects of the process of one-electron attachment to the CF 3X molecules accompanied by C X bond dissociation. Three functionals, B3PW91, MPW1PW91 and PBE1PBE, combined with 6-31 + G *, 6-311 + G * and AUG-cc-pVTZ basis sets were used. Dipole moments and adiabatic electron affinities of neutral molecules as well as structural and energetic properties of both forms obtained from the calculations are compared to experimental data. Averaged electron affinity values of 0.45 eV (CF 3Cl), 0.89 eV (CF 3Br) and 1.26 eV (CF 3I) are obtained from the DFT/AUG-cc-pVTZ results. Structural properties of meta-stable anions formed in the gas-phase are found to depend weakly on the X atom, except for the C X bond lengths, for which we propose d CX values of 2.615 Å for CF 3Cl −, 2.733 Å for CF 3Br − and 2.911 Å for CF 3I −. All harmonic vibrational frequencies are much lower in anions than in molecules. For the radical anions the larger basis sets yield almost identical C Cl and C I dissociation energies (∼0.48 eV with AUG-cc-pVTZ), while C Br energy is smaller by about 0.03 eV. The smallest basis set suggests similar values but opposite order, i.e. C Br bond is the strongest, followed by C Cl and the weakest C I. The dissociation energies and electron affinities are compared with results obtained with the G n and CBS-QB3 methods. Average energy barriers for the gas-phase reduction process obtained from the intersection of AUG-cc-pVTZ potential energy profiles for the molecules and anions are equal to: 0.34 eV (CF 3Cl), 0.23 eV (CF 3Br) and 0.13 eV (CF 3I).

Estimation of genome size in Brachiaria species

AbstractGenome sizes of five cultivars of four Brachiaria species were estimated by flow cytometry to evaluate their utility as breeding material. Genome sizes expressed as C values differed among these cultivars (615–1953 Mbp C−1), increasing with increased ploidy level. Genome sizes given as Cx values were larger in apomictic polyploids (651–817 Mbp Cx−1) than in sexual diploids (615 Mbp Cx−1). Additionally, genome sizes expressed as Cx values tended to decrease with increasing ploidy levels in apomictic cultivars. Our findings indicate that genome size depends on ploidy level and reproductive mode in Brachiaria. The information is useful for research on the construction of DNA libraries, genetic maps, biodiversity and evolution of Brachiaria species.

Modelling 18O2 and 16O2 unidirectional fluxes in plants: I. Regulation of pre-industrial atmosphere

In closed systems, the O2 compensation point (ΓO) was previously defined as the upper limit of O2 level, at a given CO2 level, above which plants cannot have positive carbon balance and survive. Studies with 18O2 measure the actual O2 uptake by photorespiration due to the dual function of Rubisco, the enzyme that fixes CO2 and takes O2 as an alternative substrate. One-step modelling of CO2 and O2 uptakes allows calculating a plant specificity factor (Sp) as the sum of the biochemical specificity of Rubisco and a biophysical specificity, function of the resistance to CO2 transfer from the atmosphere to Rubisco. The crossing points (Cx, Ox) are defined as CO2 and O2 concentrations for which O2 and CO2 uptakes are equal. It is observed that: (1) under the preindustrial atmosphere, photorespiration of C3 plants uses as much photochemical energy as photosynthesis, i.e. the Cx and Ox are equal or near the CO2 and O2 concentrations of that epoch; (2) contrarily to ΓC, a ΓO does not practically limit the plant growth, i.e. the plant net CO2 balance is positive up to very high O2 levels; (3) however, in a closed biosystem, ΓO exists; it is not the limit of plant growth, but the equilibrium point between photosynthesis and the opposite respiratory processes; (4) a reciprocal relationship exists between ΓO and ΓC, as unique functions of the respective CO2 and O2 concentrations and of Sp, this invalidates some results showing two different functions for ΓO and ΓC, and, consequently, the associated analyses related to greenhouse effects in the past; (5) the pre-industrial atmosphere levels of O2 and CO2 are the ΓO and ΓC of the global bio-system. They are equal to or near the values of Cx and Ox of C3 plants, the majority of land plants in preindustrial period. We assume that the crossing points represent favourable feedback conditions for the biosphere-atmosphere equilibrium and could result from co-evolution of plants–atmosphere–climate. We suggest that the evolution of Rubisco and associated pathways is directed by an optimisation between photosynthesis and photorespiration.

The relation between speech transmission index, clarity, and reverberation time and listening difficulty in the impulse response database of AIJ

The Speech Communication Research Working Group of AIJ (Architectural Institute of Japan) is collecting information on rooms including digitized impulse responses (IRs) to establish a database for evaluating and designing the speech transmission quality of rooms. This database consists of 966 measured IRs. This study presents the relationships between speech transmission index (STI), clarity (Cx) and reverberation time (T) as measures to consider for the design and evaluation of the speech transmission performance of rooms. The data show a wide range of STI and Cx values for a given T, and the minimum STI at each reverberation time can be obtained by diffused field theory. STI and Cx are seen to be better indicators than T for the design of rooms for speech and that T is not as good. Relationships between STI, Cx, and listening difficulty ratings from previous studies [Proc. of RADS (2004), Proc. of Forum Acusticum, pp. 1713–1718 (2005)] found both STI and Cx can be used as predictors of listening difficulty ratings. Finally, listening difficulty ratings of individual IR in the database are estimated and the distribution of listening difficulty ratings in a variety of rooms are presented as a solid bases to design speech transmission quality of rooms.

ANNOYANCE CAUSED BY NOISE FROM HEAVY WEAPON SHOOTING RANGES

A social survey investigation was made in 20 areas around eight shooting ranges for heavy weapons to test the applicability of a non-linear dose–response relationship with a breakpoint for number of events. The noise exposure was expressed using the integrated value L CDN as well as the number of events at different levels and the noise levels from the noisiest events. The extent of annoyance was determined among 1483 randomly selected persons using a postal questionnaire. Heavy weapon shooting noise (HWSN) caused interference with rest, recreation and sleep and the effects were experienced as most annoying in the evening and at night. When the exposure was expressed as the number of shots with a level higher than 90 L CS and the highest L CX value at each side as independent variables, a non linear dose–response relationship with a breakpoint for the number of events at a very low number was found. The shape of the dose–-response curve was similar to the one earlier found for other types of environmental noises. It is suggested that guidelines for HWSN be based on this type of dose–response relationship.

On the ionic conductivity of anion-doped sodium Chloride

Abstract Isotherms showing the dependence of the conductivity of NaCl crystals on the concentration cx of S2- ions have revealed that the values of cx determined by least-squares fitting of the conductivity ([sgrave]) data are not mutually consistent.

Convergence of iterative methods for unbounded operator equations

w h e r e ll'll i s t h e norm o f X, II ' i [= t h e norm o f Y. We examine the existence of a strong solution of Eq. (i) and the convergence to it of iterative processes. Definition. Element xe~X is called a strong solution of Eq. (i) if there is a sequence {z,} • ~ (A), convergent to x* such that I[A(xn)Ii2 ~ 0 as n ~ ~. It is well known that in essence iterative methods find the solution of a complex problem. as the limit of the solutions of simpler problems. Since, for linear equations, we use the principle of superposition, and the solution can often be found explicitly, we basically choose as the simpler problems linearizations of the initial equation. Linearization of an unbounded operator leads naturally to unbounded linear operators. We introduce the concept of linearizer of opera~or A at point ~(A), which generalizes the Frechet derivative [i, p. 637] to unbounded unsmooth operators. Definition. Linear operator C: X + Y is called a linearizer of operator A at point ~ ~(A) if ~ (A) ~ (C) and there exist numbers e ~ 0, 6 > 0 such that I[A(x)--A(~)--C(x--~)I[,<eI[X~--~IIt for all x ~(A) satisfying [Ix x[[1 < 6. We call e and 6 the linearizer constants; they indicate, respectively, the accuracy and radius of the neighborhood of approximation of ~he initial operator by the linear operator C at point x. If A has a Frechet derivative at point ~ ~ (A), then it is the linearizer of A at this point. But as distinct from the Frechet derivative, it is not required in the definition of linearizer that: a) operator C be bounded, and b) that numbers e and 6 be dependent. For Frechet derivatives C ~Z (X, Y) (the space of linear bounded operators from X into Y), we have E(6) ~ 0 as 6 ~ 0. In the future, we shall assume that ~ (C) and R(C) (the domain of definition and range of values of linearizer Cx) are independent of variation of x in ~ (A) and that ~ (A) = (C) n S( x~ r), R(C) = Y. THEOREM i. Let operator A have at every point x ~U ~ a linearizer Cx with constants gx, 6x which satisfy the conditions: i) Cx is invertible and [[Cilt[~(y.x)<~x<?, 2) Ex'Tx ~ O < I, 3) 7x. llA(x)ll2/6x < K, K is constant, 4) .llA(xO)ll=/<l o ) < r . Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. Translated from Matematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 637-645, May, 1987. Original article submitted May 28, 1986.

Developmental changes in synaptic membrane order: A comparison of regions in the rat brain

Developmental changes in synaptic membrane order were followed in 5 regions of the rat brain, the cortex (Cx), cerebellum (Cb), brainstem (BS), lateral subcortex (LSCx) and midline subcortex (MSCx). Membrane order was assessed by the fluorescence polarization technique, using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as the probe. The results illustrate that the developmental increase in membrane order proceeds from caudal to rostral brain regions. Thus, at the earliest time point examined (day 3) steady-state anisotropy (r s) in the BS was significantly higher than in the Cx and reached adult values by day 14 while the Cx values were still significantly less than the adult value even at day 30. The thermotropic behavior of the membranes was investigated over the range of 20–37 °C. The Arrhenius slopes among the Cx, BS, LSCx and MSCx were similar across all ages studied, suggesting that the developmental increase in order primarily results from a change in entropy. In contrast, the Arrhenius slopes for the Cb increase > 100% during development, suggesting that a change in enthalpy is important for the increase in membrane order. Multilamellar liposomes prepared from membrane lipid extracts generally showed the same developmental changes in order as the intact membranes. These data indicate that the increase in membrane order results from a marked change in bulk lipid composition rather than a secondary lipid matrix change (e.g. in membrane asymmetry) and/or from the developmental increase in the protein/lipid ratio.

Seasonal Dispersion Pattern of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Infesting Bell Pepper 1

Dispersion indices were calculated for larval populations of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) infesting bell peppers in a 0.4-ha field. These included the variance/mean ratio ( s 2/ m ), mean crowding ( m* ), Green's coefficient ( Cx ), the regression of m* on m , and the regression of log s 2 on log m . Regular distributions were occasionally observed for larvae during the initial ⅓ of each growing season. Early season plants were small and larval population densities per plant were <1.0. Aggregation, with some tendency toward randomness, was noted during most other portions of each season. Aggregation was best verified with seasonal regressions of m* on m and log s 2 on log m . Most values of Cx were nearly equal to 0.0, which suggested a tendency toward randomness. Cx was found to be independent of mean leafminer larvae population density and was considered a most reliable dispersion index.

Rigorous approach to kinetic parameters: polymerization of styrene with benzoyl peroxide in carbon tetrachloride

AbstractBoth the rate constant of initiator dissociation, kd, and the chain transfer constant, Cx, are determined by monitoring the rates of monomer and transfer agent conversions in a chain polymerization. Statistical analysis that takes into account the errors of experimental variables has been used to treat the kinetic data for the polymerization of styrene initiated by benzoyl peroxide (Bz2O2) in carbon tetrachloride at 60°C. Values of kd and Cx produced by this error‐in‐variable method (EVM) are in accordance with those reported in literature. More important, the EVM algorithm always results in the smallest standard deviations of estimates, and hence, it is superior to the usual least‐squares calculations. Other distinct features of the method are outlined. The initiator efficiency for Bz2O2 is estimated to be 0.72 under the present conditions.