Cu-Zn Superoxide Dismutase Activity Research Articles

Cupric citrate supplementation improves growth performance, nutrient utilization, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of broilers.

This study aimed to examine the impact of cupric citrate on broilers and compare it with the copper sulfate groups and a control group. A total of 360 1-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned into 5 groups, each with 6 replicates of 12 broilers per treatment. The control group was fed a basal diet without any copper supplementation. In contrast, the other groups received basal diets supplemented with either 50 mg/kg (CS-50) or 100 mg/kg (CS-100) of copper in the form of copper sulfate, or 50 mg/kg (CC-50) or 100 mg/kg (CC-100) of copper in the form of cupric citrate, for a period of 42 days. The results showed that copper supplementation affected the average daily gain from day 1 to 21 (p = 0.026) and day 1 to 42 (p = 0.025) in a source-dependent manner. Copper source also influenced the energy digestibility (p = 0.004), with the CC-100 being the most effective treatment. Notably, birds in the CC-100 groups had significantly reduced concentrations of Escherichia coli (p < 0.05) in the cecum, and the Lactobacillus in the ileum, compared to the control group. Dietary copper supplementation also increased the pH in the duodenum (p < 0.05) irrespective of the sources and levels. In addition, the source of copper affected the activities of ceruloplasmin (p = 0.014) and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (p = 0.025) in the serum, with the CC-100 group showing the highest levels of both enzymes. Copper supplementation generally improves the growth, nutrient utilization, intestinal microflora, gastrointestinal pH, and antioxidant defences of broilers. Moreover, cupric citrate is as effective as copper sulfate even at equal or lower concentrations.

Baicalein Alleviates Arsenic-induced Oxidative Stress through Activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 Signalling Pathway in Normal Human Liver Cells.

Oxidative stress is a key mechanism underlying arsenicinduced liver injury, the Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-related protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway is the main regulatory pathway involved in antioxidant protein and phase II detoxification enzyme expression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role and mechanism of baicalein in the alleviation of arsenic-induced oxidative stress in normal human liver cells. Normal human liver cells (MIHA cells) were treated with NaAsO2 (0, 5, 10, 20 μM) to observe the effect of different doses of NaAsO2 on MIHA cells. In addition, the cells were treated with DMSO (0.1%), NaAsO2 (20 μM), or a combination of NaAsO2 (20 μM) and Baicalein (25, 50 or 100 μM) for 24 h to observe the antagonistic effect of Baicalein on NaAsO2. Cell viability was determined using a Cell Counting Kit- 8 (CCK-8 kit). The intervention doses of baicalein in subsequent experiments were determined to be 25, 50 and 100μM. The intracellular content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed using a 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) probe kit. The malonaldehyde (MDA), Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined by a test kit. The expression levels of key genes and proteins were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting. Baicalein upregulated the protein expression levels of phosphorylated Nrf2 (p-Nrf2) and nuclear Nrf2, inhibited the downregulation of Nrf2 target genes induced by arsenic, and decreased the production of ROS and MDA. These results demonstrate that baicalein promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation by upregulating p-Nrf2 and inhibiting the downregulation of Nrf2 target genes in arsenic-treated MIHA cells, thereby enhancing the antioxidant capacity of cells and reducing oxidative stress. Baicalein alleviated arsenic-induced oxidative stress through activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway in normal human liver cells.

Effects of biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles on oxidative stress parameters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used but exposure to them can cause the generation of reactive species and perturb the redox status of organisms. In this study, we synthesized ZnO NPs using a biosynthesis route and investigated their effects on oxidative stress parameters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Floral extracts from Tagetes erecta L. were reacted with 125 mM zinc acetate at a ratio of 1:50, 85°C, and pH 12, for 1 h to prepare the ZnO NPs. The NPs had a uniform hexagonal wurtzite structure, with a size of ∼18 nm and high stability. The ZnO NPs showed a concentration-dependent perturbation effects on cell growth and oxidative stress parameters in S. cerevisiae, and accelerated aging markers. Exposing stationary phase S. cerevisiae 699 and SP4 cells to different NP concentrations resulted in high levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Treatment of aged SP4 cells with NPs led to a decrease in the catalase activity and an increase in the CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In the 699 strain, the catalase and CuZnSOD activities decreased, while the MnSOD activity increased, thereby indicating the possible accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions within the cytosolcausing lipid peroxidation. Thus, the findings obtained in the present study suggest that stable biogenic ZnO NPs may induce oxidative stress conditions in living systems, especially at high concentrations, and caution is advised against their extensive use.

Effects of zinc chloride on boar sperm quality during liquid storage at 17°C.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of zinc chloride (ZnCl2 ) at 20, 50, 100, and 200μg/mL on the quality of seminal plasma-free boar sperm stored at 17°C for 7 days and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Boar sperm were collected and incubated in non-capacitation/capacitation medium to analyze sperm quality. In the non-capacitated state, the addition of ZnCl2 at 20 and 50μg/mL improved the survival rate and plasma membrane integrity of boar sperm (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the addition of ZnCl2 significantly increased total antioxidative capacity and CuZn superoxide dismutase activity, while reducing the malondialdehyde content (p < 0.05). ZnCl2 at 100 and 200μg/mL significantly decreased sperm motility, protein kinase A (PKA) substrate phosphorylation, and tyrosine phosphorylation. These proteins were mainly located on the mid-pieces of the flagellum. The addition of ZnCl2 at 20 and 50μg/mL conveyed a protective effect to boar sperm stored at 17°C. Furthermore, ZnCl2 at 100 and 200μg/mL inhibited sperm motility via tyrosine phosphorylation, thus preventing the 'capacitation-like' state. In the capacitated state, there was no change in PKA substrate phosphorylation and tyrosine phosphorylation of the mid-pieces of the flagellum compared to the control groups, indicating that the addition of Zn2+ did not negatively affect capacitation of preserved sperm. ZnCl2 showed protective capacity to the preservation extender used for boar sperm during the process of 17°C storage, and the optimal concentration of ZnCl2 for the preservation extender was 100μg/mL.

Effects of supplementation of inorganic trace elements with organic trace elements chelated with hydroxy methionine on laying performance, egg quality, blood micronutrients, antioxidant capacity and immune function of laying ducks

IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the effects of organic trace elements chelated with hydroxy methionine (OTE-HM) in diets, which substituted inorganic trace elements, on laying performance, egg quality, blood microelement content, antioxidant capacity and immune function of laying ducks.MethodsA total of 300 healthy laying ducks at age of 30 wk were randomly divided into 5 treatments and 10 ducks per replicate. The treatments included a control group (CON) which was served with basal diet supplemented with 20 mg/kg Cu, 50 mg/kg Fe, 70 mg/kg Mn, and 70 mg/kg Zn in inorganic form, and 4 OTE-HM treated groups (OTE-HM25, OTE-HM50, OTE-HM75, OTE-HM100) which were served with basal diets supplemented with OTE-HM providing trace elements (combination of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the commercial levels, respectively.ResultsResults showed that substitution of inorganic trace elements with OTE-HM did not affect egg production, qualified egg rate, average egg weight, average daily egg mass, average daily feed intake, or feed per kg egg of laying ducks (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Dietary with OTE-HM did not influence eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, egg shape index, eggshell ratio, yolk ratio, albumen ratio, albumen height, and Haugh unit of the sampled eggs of ducks (P &amp;gt; 0.05), but increased the yolk color, compared with dietary with inorganic trace elements (P&amp;lt; 0.01). Moreover, the blood content of Cu of the laying ducks was significantly increased by OTE-HM compared with that in CON (P&amp;lt; 0.001), but the other elements in laying duck blood were not different among treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.05). OTE-HM (75% and 100%) significantly increased serum activities of glutathione peroxidase and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, and decreased serum content of malonaldehyde of laying ducks compared with those in CON (P&amp;lt; 0.05). OTE-HM (50%, 75%, and 100%) significantly increased the serum contents of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A of laying ducks compared with those in CON (P&amp;lt; 0.05).DiscussionCollectively, replacing inorganic trace elements with 50% and 75% OTE-HM in diets did not influence the laying performance or egg quality, but improved trace element efficacy, antioxidant capacity and immune function of the laying ducks.

Effects of insulin glargine at different times on organ oxidative stress in burned rats with delayed resuscitation

Objective: To examine the antioxidant effect of low dosage insulin glargine intervention at different time in rats with delayed resuscitation after burn, in order to acquire a better time of antioxidant intervention during delayed resuscitation following burn injury. Methods: With 10 rats in each group, 50 male SD rats were assigned to sham injury group, delayed resuscitation group, immediate post-burn insulin glargine treatment group (immediate treatment group), 2 hours post-burn insulin glargine treatment group(2 h treatment group), and 6 hours post-burn insulin treatment group(6 h treatment group) with random number table. Each treatment group received subcutaneous injections of insulin glargine (1.0 U·kg-1·d-1) immediately, two hours and six hours after the burn, while the delayed resuscitation group received the same amount of normal saline six hours after the burn. To imitate delayed fluid resuscitation, the delayed resuscitation group and each therapy group were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline (40 ml/kg) 6 hours after injury. No medicine and fluid resuscitation was administered to the sham injury group. Rats in the sham injury group had their abdominal aortic blood, hearts, and kidney tissues collected immediately after injury, while rats in the other groups had their blood and tissues collected 24 hours later. To analyze the timing of antioxidant intervention, the activities of CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), xanthine oxidase (XOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in blood glucose and myocardial and renal tissues were measured by spectrophotometry. Results: Compared with the sham group, blood glucose levels in the delayed resuscitation group increased [(10.72±0.80) vs (6.57±0.82)mmol/L,P<0.001], while in the myocardium and kidney, the activities of CuZn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and T-AOC decreased (all P<0.05) and the activities of XOD and MPO increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the delayed resuscitation group, blood glucose decreased in the immediate, 2 h, and 6 h treatment groups (all P<0.05). In the immediate and 2 h treatment group, the activities of CuZn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and T-AOC in the myocardium and kidney increased(all P<0.05). In the 6 h treatment group, only the activities of GSH-Px in myocardium, CAT and GSH-Px in kidney increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the delayed resuscitation group, in the immediate treatment group, the activities of MPO and XOD in myocardial tissue and XOD in renal tissue decreased (all P<0.05). The activities of MPO and XOD in myocardial and renal tissues of the 2 h treatment group both decreased (all P<0.05). In the 6 h treatment group, the activities of MPO in myocardial tissue and XOD in renal tissue both decreased (all P<0.05). Compared with the immediate treatment group, the activity of GSH-Px in myocardial tissue increased (P<0.05), and the activities of CuZn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and T-AOC in renal tissue increased in the 2 h treatment group (all P<0.05). The activities of CuZn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and T-AOC in myocardium of 6 h treatment group decreased (all P<0.05). Compared with the immediate treatment group, the activities of XOD and MPO in myocardial tissue and XOD in renal tissue of the 2 h treatment group had no significant difference (all P>0.05), but the activity of MPO in renal tissue decreased (P<0.05). The activities of XOD and MPO in myocardial tissue of the 6 h treatment group increased (all P<0.05). Compared with the 2 h treatment group, the activities of CuZn-SOD, CAT and GSH-Px and T-AOC in myocardium and kidney tissues in the 6 h treatment group decreased (all P<0.05), while the activities of XOD and MPO in myocardium and kidney tissues increased [myocardium: (374±8) vs (290±19) U/g, (0.021 8±0.003 9) vs (0.010 7±0.002 4) U/g, kidney: (157±6) vs (128±9) U/g, (0.026 8±0.004 3) vs (0.013 4±0.003 1) U/g, all P<0.05]. Conclusions: The timing of the intervention is related to the antioxidant effect of insulin glargine during delayed burn resuscitation. The intervention immediately and 2 hours after burn could have a better antioxidant effect compared to the intervention at 6 hours after burn.

Assessment of Cu-Zn, D-dimer, and superoxıde dismutase ın patıents with pulmonaray dıseases

Lung disease is defined by increased airway responsiveness to environmental stimuli and reversible airflow restriction as a long-term inflammatory condition of the lungs. Using serum to measure antioxidant enzyme activity and erythrocytes (packed cells) to separate and purify the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase enzyme, the researchers studied 50 lung patients treated with inhaled salbutamol and another 50 healthy people. This is what we found out in our study: It has been found that individuals who use inhaled salbutamol had a significant drop (P &lt;0.001) in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity in their serum, according to the study. Significant decreases in SOD activity and TAC were seen in the sera of pulmonary patients, as well as significant differences in the levels of Zn, Cu, and D-dimer in the sera of the patients compared to the healthy group (P &lt;0.001). Sera of pulmonary patients who utilised inhaled salbutamol showed a substantial (p&lt;0.001) drop in (Copper and selenium concentration) and a significant (p&gt;0.05) increase of (Zinc concentration).

Characteristics of Zn Content and Localization, Cu-Zn SOD, and MT Levels in the Tissues of Marginally Zn-Deficient Mice.

Zinc (Zn) is an important trace element in the human body, and Zn deficiency affects the Zn content of major tissues. Marginal Zn deficiency is more common than severe Zn deficiency in humans. The objective of the present study was to compare the content and distribution of Zn and the change in the copper (Cu)-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and metallothionein (MT) levels of soft tissues. Mice were fed with 30mg/kg (control) or 10mg/kg (marginally Zn-deficient, MZD) Zn diet for 35days. We observed that only the Zn contents of serum, bones, and muscles in the control group were higher than those in the MZD group. Autometallography (AMG) was used as a method for staining Zn ions, and the semi-quantitative result indicated that the AMG products of the liver, duodenum, heart, lung, testes, and epididymis in the control group were higher than those in the MZD group. Furthermore, the contents of MT and the activities of Cu-Zn SOD in the testes, brain, duodenum, and liver were higher in the control group than those in the MZD group. However, the AMG products and the activities of Cu-Zn SOD of the kidney in the MZD group were more/higher than those in the control group. These results indicated that a change in the total Zn content of soft tissues may be not obvious and insensitive, and thus, more attention should be given to the distribution and localization of Zn ions. The functional indicators, MT and Cu-Zn SOD, are suitable biomarkers for evaluating zinc nutritional status. The brain, testes, duodenum, and liver are susceptive organs to Zn deficiency.

The Application of Copper Waterline on Laying Performance and Gut Health of Aged Laying Hens.

The effect of the application of copper waterline on the performance and gut health of aged laying hens was evaluated in this study. Forty-eight 70-week-old laying hens were divided into two groups (three replicates of eight hens each): control and copper (Cu) groups provided with normal polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waterline or Cu waterline. The laying performance was measured during the four-week period of the experiment. The intestinal antioxidant status and the microbiota diversity of the cecal content were determined. Moreover, a bacteriostasis test on Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis was conducted after inoculation in waterline and hens, respectively. The water Cu2+ content was increased by Cu waterline compared to the control (P<0.05). Cu waterline had no detectable effect on most production performances, however, it increased the egg weight (P<0.05). Cu waterline increased the Cu level in the eggshell. Cu level in excreta increased with time, especially in the final two weeks, however, there was no significant change in fecal Cu excretion. The lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde content in ileum decreased (P<0.01), while the activities of CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) of ileum and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity of jejunum and ileum increased after Cu treatment. The relative abundance and richness of cecal microbiota increased after Cu treatment (P<0.05). Cu waterline changed the microbial composition, including the increased proportion of Methanocorpusculum, Paludibacter, and decreased proportion of Fucobacterium, Anaerobiospirillum, and Campylobacter. The colonization of E. coli and S. enteritidis in Cu waterline was suppressed by Cu treatment, indicating that Cu waterline had potential antibacterial properties. The result suggests that Cu waterline could inhibit the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli and Salmonella and facilitate the enrichment of cecal microbiota diversity.

Cytoprotective effect of taurine against sodium chlorate-induced oxidative damage in human red blood cells: an ex vivo study.

Sodium chlorate (NaClO3) is a common non-selective herbicide that is also used in paper and pulp mills and is produced as a by-product during drinking water disinfection by chlorine dioxide. Here, we report the effect of dietary antioxidant taurine on NaClO3-induced cytotoxicity in human red blood cells (RBC). RBC were treated with 5mM NaClO3, either alone or in presence of 1, 2.5 and 5.0mM taurine. Incubation of RBC with NaClO3 alone caused hemolysis, increased oxidation of lipids and proteins, methemogobin level and decreased total sulfhydryl and glutathione content. It lowered the activities of antioxidant enzymes thioredoxin reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase, while Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity was increased. The antioxidant capacity of RBC was impaired. This strongly suggests that NaClO3 causes the induction of oxidative stress condition in RBC. The specific activities of lactate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and plasma membrane bound enzymes, were also greatly altered. However, prior treatment of RBC with taurine conferred significant protection against NaClO3-induced oxidative damage and also improved the antioxidant defence system of cells. These results were supported by electron microscopy images of RBC. Treatment with NaClO3 alone converted the normal biconcave discoidal RBC to acanthocytes and echinocytes but this transformation was greatly prevented in the presence of taurine. Thus, taurine mitigates the cytotoxicity of NaClO3 in human RBC and can function as an effective chemoprotectant.

Relative Bioavailability of Broiler Chickens Fed with Zinc Hydroxychloride and Sulfate Sources for Corn-Soybean Meal.

This study was conducted to determine relative bioavailability (RBV) of basic zinc chloride (BZC) compared to zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZSM) for broilers. A randomized design involving a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of the different treatment regimens plus one negative control was set up for this study. A total of 630 newly hatched male AA broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 42 different pens (15 chickens/pen) and assigned to 7 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The diet was supplemented with 0, 20, 40, or 80mg of Zn mg/kg of feed in the form of ZSM or BZC. The results showed that zinc supplementation altered average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05) for both zinc sources. It was observed that the weight gain increased linearly (P < 0.01) and FCR decreased linearly as dietary BZC and ZSM concentration increased. Moreover, compared with chickens fed with ZSM, chickens fed with BZC had higher ADG and lower FCR from days 0 to 14 (P < 0.05), and higher activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P < 0.05), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) (P < 0.01) in the plasma of chickens fed with BZC at zinc level 80mg/kg at day 14. The pancreas divalent metal-ion transporter-1 (DMT1) mRNA expression of chickens fed with BZC was found to be significantly enhanced at day 28, and the pancreas metallothionein (MT) mRNA expression for BZC fed group was also markedly increased at Zn levels of 20 and 40mg/kg respectively. The relative bioavailability (RBV) of BZC (Zn sulfate 100%) based on ADG in the starter phase was 110.82%, whereas the tibia zinc content, as well as the activities of plasma ALP and CuZn-SOD, and the pancreas MT mRNA level were in the range between 108 and 119%. It was thus concluded that BZC was more efficacious than Zn sulfate and could serve as a potentially novel zinc source in the broilers.

Effects of medium and long-term insulin pretreatment on the activity of main oxidase and antioxidant enzyme in the myocardium of burned rats with delayed fluid resuscitation

To observe the effects of medium and long-term insulin pretreatment on the activity of main oxidase and antioxidant enzyme in the myocardium of burned rats with delayed fluid resuscitation. According to random number table method, forty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into pseudo-burn group, burn delayed resuscitation group, insulin glargine pretreatment group and neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin pretreatment group, with 10 rats in each group. 30% total body surface area (TBSA) as III degree scald model was prepared by bathing the back of rats in 95 centigrade hot water for 15 s; the rats in the pseudo-burn group were immersed in 37 centigrade warm water for 15 s as control. Insulin glargine pretreatment group, NPH insulin pretreatment group and burn delayed resuscitation group were injected subcutaneously with insulin glargine, NPH insulin, and normal saline 1.0 U×kg-1×d-1 2 hours after injury, and intraperitoneal injection of normal saline 40 mL/kg simulated delay resuscitation 6 hours after injury. The pseudo-burn group didn't receive medicine and delayed resuscitation. Abdominal aortic blood samples and heart tissue were collected immediately after simulating scald in the pseudo-burn group, and 24 hours after scald in three burn groups. Blood glucose, xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of the heart tissue were determined by spectrophotometry. Compared with the pseudo-burn group, the burn delayed resuscitation group have significantly higher blood glucose level and the XOD and MPO in the heart tissue, while significantly lower CuZn-SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in the heart tissue. Compared with the burn delayed resuscitation group, insulin glargine pretreatment group and NPH insulin pretreatment group have lower blood glucose level and heart tissue XOD [blood glucose (mmol/L): 6.37±1.22, 6.66±1.45 vs. 9.47±0.80; XOD (U/g): 271.93 (261.59, 275.91), 285.32 (251.96, 297.29) vs. 363.37 (354.12, 377.76), all P < 0.05], while significantly higher heart tissue CuZn-SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px [CuZn-SOD (U/g): 0.13±0.01, 0.14±0.01 vs. 0.10±0.01; CAT (U/g): 29.17±7.28, 27.16±7.37 vs. 18.36±4.53; GSH-Px (U/g): 0.33 (0.16,0.41), 0.30 (0.17,0.41) vs. 0.07 (0.04,0.11), all P < 0.05]. MPO activity in insulin glargine pretreatment group was significantly lower than that in burn delayed resuscitation group (U/g: 0.016±0.002 vs. 0.020±0.002, P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between insulin pretreatment group and NPH insulin pretreatment group (U/g: 0.019±0.003 vs. 0.020±0.002, P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the blood glucose, and activities of XOD, MPO, CAT, GSH-Px between insulin glargine pretreatment group and NPH insulin pretreatment group, but the activity of CuZn-SOD in NPH insulin pretreatment group was further higher than that in insulin glargine pretreatment group (U/g: 0.14±0.01 vs. 0.13±0.01, P < 0.05). Medium and long-term insulin pretreatment can improve the antioxidant capacity of myocardium in delayed resuscitation rats after burns, inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species and improve the scavenging capacity of reactive oxygen species. However, only CuZn-SOD activity is different between the two groups, and further study needs to be carried out to determine whether it is related to the type if insulin.

Wild garlic extract reduces lipid peroxidation in terbuthylazine-treated human erythrocytes

Background: Among other negative effects, herbicides induce oxidative stress, leading to lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Therefore, there is a growing need to identify natural compounds with sufficient antioxidant capacity and mitigate the negative effects of herbicides without side effects. Objective: Our study aimed to examine the protective effect of the phenolic extract of wild garlic (WG) leaves on terbuthylazine-treated erythrocytes. Material and methods: In human erythrocytes treated with the herbicide terbuthylazine (4.5 mg/L) alone and a combination of terbuthylazine and WG extract, we measured malondialdehyde (MDA) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and the antioxidant activities of CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD1; EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) in vitro. Results: In comparison with terbuthylazine, WG extract reduced the concentrations of MDA and Hb from 59.69 to 43.45 nmol/gHb (27%, p < 0.001) and 165.08 to 128.64 g/L (22%, p < 0.05), respectively. Catalase activity was induced for samples treated with both WG extract and terbuthylazine compared with terbuthylazine alone (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results demonstrated that WG may reduce the toxicity of terbuthylazine, and the erythrocyte membrane may be the primary site of phenolic action. Therefore, the lipid peroxidation intensity could be a biomarker of oxidative damage caused by terbuthylazine and the protective effect of WG.

Does taurolidine have any effect on liver regeneration and oxidation in the experimental hepatectomy model?

Taurolidine is a bicyclic molecule produced by the natural amino acid taurine. Antibacterial, antiendotoxic and cytoprotective effects of taurolidine have been shown experimentally. Data on the effects of taurolidine on oxidative stress and hepatic regeneration are limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of taurolidine on hepatic regeneration and oxidative stress in rats undergoing partial hepatectomy. Forty adult, male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: sham (S) group (n= 10), post-sham opera- tion taurolidine administered (ST) group (n= 10), partial hepatectomy (H) group (n= 10) and post-partial hepatectomy taurolidine administered (HT) group (n= 10). 100 mg/kg/day taurolidine was administered for seven days. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected on postoperative day seven. Liver tissue malondialdehyde, glutathione and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) were measured to assess oxidative stress. Binuclear hepato- cyte and Ki-67 antigen levels were measured to evaluate hepatic regeneration. There was no difference between the groups for malondialdehyde, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels (p> 0.05). Binuclear nuclei levels were comparable between the H and HT groups (p= 0.06), while taurolidine decreased binuclear hepatocyte levels in the sham operated groups (p= 0.02). Taurolidine application decreased Ki-67 levels after partial hepatectomy (p= 0.001). Taurolidine may cause anti-regenerative effects after partial hepatectomy without causing oxidative damage.

Alleviation Effects of Diosmetin on H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Erythrocytes

Free radicals (FRs) are formed in the high amounts result of the metabolic imbalance in cells and tissue. These radicals-induced oxidative damages constitute the basis of many diseases. Organisms have antioxidant defence systems (ADS) to eliminate the destructive effects of the oxidative damage. In addition to these antioxidant systems, dietary flavonoids have the antioxidant effect and the protective role against oxidative damage. In the present study, it was investigated whether a flavonoid derived diosmetin (10, 50, and 100 µM) have the elimination potential on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in erythrocyte culture by using biomarkers such as lipid peroxidation (LP) level, catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and changes of SOD isozymes containing the manganese SOD (Mn SOD) and the cupper-zinc SOD (CuZn SOD). CAT, total SOD, Mn SOD and CuZn SOD activities showed a serious decline with H2O2 treatment, but diosmetin addition significantly increased their activities. While the H2O2 application critically increased LP products in erythrocytes, diosmetin considerably reduced these oxidative damage products. In conclusion, it has been determined that diosmetin can moderate oxidative damage in human erythrocytes by activating or protecting the ADS.

Evaluating zinc glycine chelate in Cherry Valley Ducks: Responses of growth performance, nutrient utilization, serum parameters, antioxidant status, meat quality and zinc accumulation

The current study was conducted to investigate whether Zinc glycine chelate (Zn-Gly) is superior to Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, serum parameters, meat quality, zinc accumulation, and antioxidant capacity of meat ducks. A total of 896 one-d-old Cherry Valley Ducks were randomly allocated into 7 dietary treatments with 8 replicates of 16 ducks. Treatments consisted of basal diet (NC); Basal diet with either 120 mg/kg Zn from ZnSO4 (PC) or 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 mg/kg Zn from Zn-Gly (PZ1, PZ2, PZ3, PZ4, PZ5 respectively). After the 14- and 35-day feeding trials, both Zn-Gly and ZnSO4 improved (p < 0.05) the body weight (BW) of meat ducks, with the greatest BW observed in the ducks fed PZ4 and PZ5 diet on day 14 and 35, respectively. Ducks fed PZ1, PZ2, PZ3, PZ4 and PZ5 diets had higher (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) than those fed the NC diet during days 0−14. During days 15−35 and 1–35, the supplementation of PZ1, PZ2, PZ3, PZ4 and PZ5 diet increased ADG compared with the NC diet (p < 0.05). Notably, the PZ5 diet increased (p < 0.05) ADG during days 15−35, compared with the PC diet. Increasing Zn-Gly content in the diet increased (p < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) in ducks during days 15−35. Compared with the NC diet, the apparent utilization of energy, protein, DM and ash were increased with dietary Zn concentration up to 90 and 120 mg/kg (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the apparent utilization of energy, protein, DM and ash between the PZ5 diet and the PC diet (p> 0.05). Additional Zn-Gly increased (p < 0.05) the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and improved the content of Ca in serum especially with 120 mg Zn/kg as Zn-Gly. The results showed that PZ5 diet improved (p < 0.05) the activity of CuZnSOD (Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase) in serum and liver compared with other diets including the PC diet. Zn-Gly supplementation reduced luminance (L*) value and drip loss (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing at least 90 mg Zn/kg in the form of Zn-Gly was as effective in stimulating growth, improving nutrient utilization as when a high concentration of ZnSO4 (120 mg Zn/kg) was included in the diet.

Dietary Copper Supplementation Increases Growth Performance by Increasing Feed Intake, Digestibility, and Antioxidant Activity in Rex Rabbits.

Copper is often used as a growth promoter, at the same time copper is one of the most important essential trace elements for fur animals, especially Rex rabbits. However, too much copper added to the diet may harm animal health, and copper excreted in feces can pollute the environment. In this study, 3-month-old Rex rabbits were randomly divided into four groups and fed a basal diet containing 0, 30, 60, or 120mg/kg Cu for 5 weeks. The diet supplemented with 30mg/kg Cu significantly increased (P < 0.05) the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the average daily gain (ADG) and also the activity of serum Cu-Zn (zinc) superoxide dismutase and the digestibility of ether extract. Supplemental Cu up to 120mg/kg did not significantly adversely affect the Zn metabolism of growing Rex rabbits. Overall, the data in this study indicate that 30mg/kg is the optimal level of Cu supplementation in the diet of growing Rex rabbits. The results will provide a reference to improve the breeding of Rex rabbits and possibly other animals. In follow-up studies, the amount of copper in the diet should be reduced as much as possible from the baseline of 30mg/kg copper.

Basic Studies on the Oxidative Stress Markers in Two Types of Horse Breed: Semi-isolated Population of Huculs Is Different from Commercially Used Arabian Horses.

Hucul and Arabian horses differ in the physiological constitution and exposition to environmental conditions. Oxidative stress plays a pathogenic role in many diseases and enables further injuries. The objective of this study was to compare the levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic oxidative stress markers in Hucul horses living in seminatural conditions and in commercially handled Arabian horses. We tested the serum samples for total superoxide dismutase (total SOD), Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity; for lipofuscin (LPS), ceruloplasmin (CER) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration; and for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS). Total SOD (p < 0.001), MnSOD (p < 0.001), and CuZnSOD (p < 0.001) activities were significantly higher whereas LPS (p < 0.05), TAC (p < 0.001), TOS (p < 0.001), and MDA (p < 0.001) concentrations were significantly lower in the serum samples collected from Huculs vs. Arabian horses, regardless of the gender. Gender, regardless of the breed, had no significant impact on the antioxidants' activity and concentration. Total SOD and MnSOD activities were significantly higher in Hucul's mares when compared to Hucul's stallions. Concentrations of TAC and TOS were significantly lower in Arabian stallions than in Arabian mares. Commercially handled horses expressed a higher level of oxidative stress markers in comparison to breeds living in seminatural conditions. We conclude that antioxidants are important biomarkers of animal health, whether they are under maintenance care or performing physical exercise.

Preparation, characterization and activity of CuZn and Cu2 superoxide dismutase mimics encapsulated in mesoporous silica

Encapsulation of three superoxide dismutase (SOD) functional mimics, [CuZn(dien)2(μ-Im)(ClO4)2]ClO4 (1), [Cu2(dien)2(μ-Im)(ClO4)2]ClO4 (2) (Im = imidazolate, dien = diethylenetriamine), and [CuZn(salpn)Cl2] (3) (H2salpn = 1,3-bis(salicylideneamino)propane) in mesoporous MCM-41 silica afforded three hybrid catalysts 1@MCM-41, 2@MCM-41 and 3@MCM-41. Spectroscopic and magnetic analyses of these materials confirmed the metal centers of the complexes keep the coordination sphere after insertion into the MCM-41 silica matrix. For the imidazolate-bridged complexes the silica channels restraint the relative orientation of the two metal ions. While 3@MCM-41 shows SOD activity significantly lower than the host-free complex, insertion of the imidazolate-bridged CuZn or Cu2 complexes by ion exchange onto mesoporous MCM-41 silica affords durable and recoverable supported catalysts with much better SOD activity than the free complexes. For confined imidazolate-bridged complexes, 1@MCM-41 and 2@MCM-41, the small pore size of the silica matrix improves the SOD activity more than a host with larger pores. This high SOD activity is attributed to the close-fitting of the complexes into the nanochannels of MCM-41 silica that favors the Cu active site and HImZn(or Cu) group stay in close proximity during catalysis.

Changes in cecal morphology, cell proliferation, antioxidant enzyme, volatile fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, and cytokines in piglets during the postweaning period

Weaning stresses often induce markedly structural and functional changes in the small intestine. However, little data are available on the changes of the morphology, function, and health in the cecum of piglets post-weaning. This study was conducted to measure the effects of weaning on the cecum in piglets. Forty piglets were weaned at 21 d and samples were collected at different time points (days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14) post-weaning. The crypt depth, crypt width, and total epithelial cell numbers increased on days 7 and 14, compared with days 0, 1, and 3 (P < 0.001). The value of Ki67/total epithelial cells was highest on day 0 compared with all other days (P < 0.05). Besides, a higher concentration of malondialdehyde was observed on day 3 (P < 0.001). The activity of CuZn-superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05) enhanced from day 0 to 1 and the activity of catalase increased from day 1 to 3 (P < 0.001). In addition, days 3, 7, and 14 had greater acetic, propanoic, and butyric acid contents than on day 1 (P < 0.001). The pH and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) expression increased from day 0 to 1 and from day 3 to 7 and decreased between days 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). The mRNA expression of solute carrier family 9 member A3 (SLC9A3) decreased on day 1 compared to all other postweaning days (P < 0.05). The abundance of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA expression increased (P < 0.05) during the first 24 h after weaning. The concentration of lipopolysaccharide increased from day 3 to 7, then decreased on day 14 (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) enhanced from day 7 to 14 (P < 0.05). The abundance of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin protein was lower on day 14 than day 0 (P < 0.05). Taken together, these results show that weaning in piglets influences intestinal morphology, function, and health in the cecum.