Cutaneous Tests Research Articles

Local Inflammatory and Systemic Antibody Responses Initiated by a First Intradermal Administration of Autogenous Salmonella-Killed Vaccines and Their Components in Pullets

Vaccination strategies are used to manage Salmonella in chickens. Salmonella-killed vaccines are considered safer since they are inactivated. However, little is known regarding the cellular immune activities at the site of vaccine administration of Salmonella-killed vaccines. The growing feather (GF) cutaneous test has been shown to be an effective bioassay to monitor local tissue/cellular responses. We assessed local and systemic antibody responses initiated by intradermal injection of Salmonella-killed vaccines into GF-pulps of 14–15-week-old pullets. Treatments consisted of two autogenous Salmonella-killed vaccines (SV1 and SV2), S. Enteritidis (SE) lipopolysaccharide (SE-LPS), and the water-oil-water (WOW) emulsion vehicle. GF-pulps were collected before (0 h) and at 6, 24, 48, and 72 h post-GF-pulp injection for leukocyte population analysis, while heparinized blood samples were collected before (0 d) and at 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 d after GF-pulp injections to assess plasma levels (a.u.) of SE-specific IgM, avian IgY (IgG), and IgA antibodies using an ELISA. Injection of GF-pulps with SV1, SV2, or SE-LPS, all in a WOW vehicle, initiated inflammatory responses characterized by the recruitment of heterophils, monocytes/macrophages, and a few lymphocytes. The WOW vehicle emulsion alone recruited more lymphocytes than vaccines or SE-LPS. The SV1 and SV2 vaccines stimulated Salmonella-specific IgM and IgA early, while IgG levels were greatly elevated later during the primary response. Overall, SV1 and SV2 stimulated a heterophil and macrophage-dominated local inflammatory- and SE-specific humoral response with an isotype switch from IgM to IgG, characteristic of a T-dependent primary antibody response. This study provides comprehensive information on innate and adaptive immune responses to autogenous Salmonella-killed vaccines and their components that will find application in the management of Salmonella in poultry.

Early Electrophysiology in Suspected Acute Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Prospective Study of Comprehensive Testing.

Electrophysiologic changes in early Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) can be nondiagnostic. Improved testing paradigms may improve hyperacute treatment. This work prospectively evaluated consecutive patients admitted to a metropolitan teaching hospital in Melbourne, Australia, with suspected acute GBS. We performed extensive neurophysiology at three different time points. Novel tests, including cutaneous silent periods, long latency reflexes, and contraction-induced H reflexes, were assessed. Twenty-three participants were studied, including 13 cases of acute GBS. In total, 69% of acute cases of GBS were accurately diagnosed on the first nerve conduction study using published neurophysiologic criteria, with serial studies rarely altering the GBS subtype classification. Antidromic and orthodromic upper limb sensory studies were diagnostically equivalent. A sural sparing pattern was seen in 77% of cases of GBS at the first test. Long latency reflexes and contraction-induced H reflexes testing were abnormal in most participants but were limited by muscle weakness in some. Cutaneous silent periods testing was unobtainable in approximately 50% of cases because of weakness and did not discriminate from mimic disorders. Abnormalities of long latency reflexes and contraction-induced H reflexes may be helpful where initial electrophysiology is nondiagnostic but are nonspecific. Cutaneous silent periods testing seems of limited value. Comprehensive testing provides diagnostic certainty in most cases of GBS from the very first study.

A multi-task deep learning model based on comprehensive feature integration and self-attention mechanism for predicting response to anti-PD1/PD-L1

BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) has been widely used in the treatment of advanced cancers, but predicting their efficacy remains challenging. Traditional biomarkers are numerous but exhibit heterogeneity within populations. For comprehensively utilizing the ICI-related biomarkers, we aim to conduct multidimensional feature selection and deep learning model construction. MethodsWe used statistical and machine learning methods to map features of different levels to next-generation sequencing gene expression. We integrated genes from different sources into the feature input of a deep learning model, by means of self-attention mechanism. ResultsWe performed feature selection at the single-cell sequencing level, PD-L1 (CD274) analysis level, tumor mutational burden (TMB)/mismatch repair (MMR) level, and somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) level, obtaining 96 feature genes. Based on the pan-cancer dataset, we trained a multi-task deep learning model. We tested the model in the bladder urothelial carcinoma testing set 1 (AUC = 0.62, n = 298), bladder urothelial carcinoma testing set 2 (AUC = 0.66, n = 89), non-small cell lung cancer testing set (AUC = 0.85, n = 27), and skin cutaneous melanoma testing set (AUC = 0.71, n = 27). ConclusionOur study demonstrates the potential of the deep learning model for integrating multidimensional features in predicting the outcome of ICI. Our study also provides a potential methodological case for medical scenarios requiring the integration of multiple levels of features.

Preparation of arbutin hydrogel formulation as green skin lightener formulation: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

A hydrogel formulation containing arbutin was developed for use as a topical cosmetic product aimed at enhancing the anti-melanogenesis effect and skin delivery. To develop Arbutin-hydrogel, 1% arbutin was incorporated into a Chitosan/alginate hydrogel. The impacts of biopolymer proportion on the arbutin-hydrogel preparations were investigated. Swelling analysis, weight loss analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, toxicity study and, skin absorption test were employed to assess the arbutin-hydrogel. The swelling percentages of arbutin-hydrogel increased significantly after 4 h. In vitro, cytotoxic activity revealed that arbutin-hydrogel has no toxicity. Also, the cutaneous penetration investigation revealed that arbutin-hydrogel had a superior cutaneous accumulation (42.25 ± 0.30%) compared to plain gel (16.80 ± 0.33%). Also, physico-chemical specifications assay and solid state assessment were employed to assess of optimum formulation. Arbutin-hydrogel (60.9 ± 1.68%) inhibited melanin formation more effectively than arbutin solution. In addition, arbutin-hydrogel exhibited a more inhibitory impact on L-dopa auto-oxidation (54.90 ± 2.26%) than arbutin solution (38.62 ± 2.26%). In addition, the Wistar rat cutaneous sensitivity testing demonstrated that the hydrogel component did not affect the epidermis. These outcomes demonstrated that the arbutin-hydrogel could potentially be utilized for Arbutin topical delivery, expanding the treatment options for hyperpigmentation disorders.

TEMPORARY REMOVAL: Limitations of the Commercially Available Gene Expression Test in Predicting Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis and Clinical Outcomes

BackgroundClinical genetic tests are integral to healthcare decision-making. However, the unclear regulatory framework, especially regarding products that evade stringent FDA oversight, may compromise test validity and transparency. ObjectiveTo critically evaluate the DecisionDx® cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma test by Castle Biosciences for its dataset biases, gene panel selection, and reported accuracy metrics, providing insight into broader challenges in the clinical genetic testing landscape. MethodsIndependent analyses of the DecisionDx®-SCC 40-GEP test data from Castle Biosciences were conducted. These included comparisons to clinical genetic testing standards, analysis of prevalence metrics against national cSCC rates, gene ontology of 34 genes for cSCC associations, and evaluation of accuracy metrics. ResultsThe DecisionDx®-SCC met 11 of 44 CDC’s ACCE criteria for clinical genetic testing. Its dataset showed a metastasis prevalence higher than the national average. Out of 34 genes, 15 had known associations with cSCC. Inconsistencies in accuracy metrics presentation were noted, particularly in moderate and high-risk stratifications. ConclusionAnalysis of DecisionDx®-SCC indicates potential biases and ambiguities, exacerbated by differences between FDA and CLIA standards. This highlights the need for systematic validation and a unified regulatory approach, stressing the necessity for precise and dependable genetic testing in patient care.

Traditional Herb (Moxa) Modified Zinc Oxide Nanosheets for Quick, Efficient and High Tissue Penetration Therapy of Fungal Infection.

Fungal infection possesses the characteristics of high invasion depth and easy formation of a biofilm under the skin, which greatly hinders the treatment process. Here, traditional Chinese medicine moxa is carbonized and modified with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanosheets to synthesize carbonized moxa@ZnO (CMZ) with the dual response properties of yellow light (YL) and ultrasound (US) for synergistic antifungal therapy. CMZ with narrow bandgap can respond to long-wavelength YL that is highly safe and helpful for skin repair. Simultaneously, CMZ with a piezoelectric effect can further enhance the photocatalytic efficiency under the stimulation of US with high tissue penetration. Gene mechanism investigation indicates that when exposed to US and YL irradiation, CMZ-based therapy can adjust the expression of genes associated with fungal virulence, metabolic activity, mycelial growth and biofilm development, thus efficaciously eradicating planktonic Candida albicans (C. albicans) and mature biofilm. Importantly, despite the 1.00 cm thick tissue barrier, CMZ can rapidly eliminate 99.9% of C. albicans within 4 min, showing a satisfactory deep fungicidal efficacy. The in vivo therapeutic effect of this strategy is demonstrated in both open wound and deep cutaneous infection tests, speaking of dramatically better efficacy than the traditional fungicide ketoconazole (KTZ).

Allergenic response induced by Pterobothrium crassicolle (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) extracts in murine model.

The aim of this study was to determine the allergenic activity of components present in crude extracts of Pterobothrium crassicolle plerocerci (CPE) and blastocysts (CBE) obtained from Micropogonias furnieri in a murine model. Two groups of seven animals each received 50 µg of CPE or CBE on days 1, 35 and 120. Serum samples were tested by ELISA and Immunoblotting. Specific IgG and IgE levels were detected by ELISA, showing specific humoral responses for the primary immunization for both immunoglobulins and continuously growing titers for IgE. Positive Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis tests in rats sensitized with anti-CBE sera and tested by CBE, showed biologically, the allergenic activity of the extracts. The CPE and CBE showed some different recognition regions but both experimental groups recognized all regions of the extracts when tested for cross reactions, showing that CPE and CBE could share antigenic recognition sites.

Asthma control and sputum eosinophils in adult patients: a cross-sectional study in southern Brazil

Asthma control and health related quality of life are an important goal of asthma management, but their association with sputum eosinophilic inflammation has been less firmly established. To investigate the relationship of asthma control and quality of life with sputum eosinophils in clinical practice. Cross-sectional study with a convenience sample, including patients with asthma, aged between 18 and 65 years, attending to outpatient clinic. Patients underwent sputum induction, pulmonary function tests, Juniper’s Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), Asthma Control Test (ACT), Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) criteria for evaluation of asthma control and severity of the disease, blood count analysis, serum IgE and cutaneous prick test. Sputum sample was considered as eosinophilic if the percentage of eosinophils was ≥ 3%. A total of 45 individuals were enrolled, 15 with eosinophilic sputum (≥ 3% eosinophil cells) and 30 with non-eosinophilic sputum (< 3% eosinophil cells). There were no association of ACT an AQLQ scores with sputum eosinophilia (p > 0.05). This study suggested that the finding of sputum eosinophilia was not related to asthma control neither with health-related quality of life in patients with severe asthma.

Mycobacteria’s Antibodies Search: Serology, an Important Neglected Means to Establish a Diagnosis and a Prognosis

The WHO has banned the use of blood tests for the diagnostic and prognostic of tuberculosis. This is a monumental error that it never corrected. The current ban deprives the mycobacterial community of a tool that is essential to combat the disease. Serology estimates the humoral immune status of a patient or a population. It is not a substitute to antigen detection, but it is comparable to the tuberculin test which estimates the cellular immune status. Both give an evocative expression of the tubercle bacillus immunosuppressive activity and indicate the mobilization level of the infected patients’ immune defense. In opposition to the tuberculin reaction which makes the cutaneous test devoid of interest after a positive turn, the serology fluctuates according to the antigenic load.

Cedrol-loaded dissolvable microneedles based on flexible backing for promoting hair growth

ABSTRACT Objectives The dissolvable microneedles loaded with cedrol based on flexible backing were developed to deliver cedrol directly and continuously to the dermis, where the drug concentration in the hair follicle can be increased locally. Methods The tip-layer matrix solution was prepared by mixing cedrol and polyvinylpyrrolidone K25 (PVP K25), and the pedestal matrix solution was prepared with aqueous hyaluronic acid. The cedrol-loaded dissolvable microneedles (cedrol-DMNs) were prepared under vacuum conditions. The mechanical properties, pig skin penetration efficiency, in vitro cutaneous permeation test, and the amount of drug in the skin and receptor chamber were evaluated. Pharmacodynamical studies were performed with C57BL/6 mice. Results The mechanical properties of cedrol-DMNs were good. In vitro cutaneous permeation tests and pharmacodynamical studies demonstrated that cedrol-DMN could efficiently deliver the drug to the deep dermis and effectively promote hair growth. Conclusions The cedrol-DMNs offer a promising strategy for treating patients suffering from hair loss.

Application of Phosphorylated Alpha Synuclein (p-syn) Skin Biopsy in Clinical Practice: Audit at an Academic Medical Center (P8-9.004)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To assess how p-syn skin biopsy is being applied clinically by auditing its use in an academic medical center. <h3>Background:</h3> Cutaneous deposition of p-syn is found in synucleinopathies including Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), dementia with Lewy body (DLB), and pure autonomic failure (PAF). Skin biopsy assessing for the presence of p-syn is an emerging diagnostic tool with reported good sensitivity and high specificity for detecting synucleinopathies. Commercial cutaneous testing for p-syn is now available in the US, though not yet in widespread clinical use despite its minimally invasive nature and relative accessibility in comparison to other testings such as DaTscan and MIBG myocardial scintigraphy. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> All patients followed at our center who had undergone p-syn skin biopsy since its commercial availability were identified and their electronic medical records reviewed. <h3>Results:</h3> 10 patients underwent skin biopsies for p-sync from June 2021 to August 2022. 7 had isolated autonomic dysfunction; 2 had parkinsonism but potential alternative explanations (i.e. hydrocephalus, antidopaminergic medications), and 1 had speech apraxia with a question of Alzheimer or DLB. 5 of 7 patients with autonomic dysfunction had positive biopsies, obviating the search for other etiologies such as autoimmune disease or amyloidosis. The other 3 patients were also found to be p-sync positive. Affirming this diagnosis positively impacted subsequent monitoring and management and enabled accurate prognostication. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Skin biopsy is a useful tool for diagnosing synucleinopathy in patients presenting with autonomic dysfunction. It can also add diagnostic value in patients with parkinsonism and other potential competing explanations. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Robbins has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Consultant for Guidepoint Global Inc. The institution of Dr. Robbins has received research support from Diamond Endowment Fund. The institution of Dr. Robbins has received research support from Reeves Endowment Fund. The institution of Dr. Robbins has received research support from Institute for Ethnomedicine. The institution of Dr. Robbins has received research support from Dartmouth Hitchcock Swigart Ethics Fellowship. Dr. Robbins has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Neurohospitalist with Hayes Locums. Dr. Robbins has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Medical Expert with Vickery &amp; Shepherd. Dr. Robbins has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Medical Expert with Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Dr. Robbins has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Medical Expert with Kraft Davies PLLC. Dr. Robbins has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Medical Expert with Northwestern University.

Hypersenzitivita IV. typu na titan: vzácná nebo jen vzácně rozpoznaná?

The presented review aims to summarize the current knowledge of hypersensitivity to titanium - a material widely used in medical applications thanks to its exceptional chemical stability, resistance to corrosion, low specific weight and high strength. The hypersensitivity to metals is usually caused by the Type IV immunopathological reaction. Case reports on allergic reactions to titanium are rare but the actual occurrence can be expected to be much higher, especially due to its problematic detection. Although cutaneous patch tests are widely accepted and used for the diagnosis of hypersensitivity of numerous metals (e.g. Ni), it is notoriously unreliable in case of allergies to titanium, which may be associated with the low percutaneous transport of titanium and its salts. The Lymphocyte Transformation Test has superior sensitivity but it remains mostly unknown among clinicians and there are not many laboratories capable of performing it. This review presents numerous case reports indicating, in combination with the above-mentioned facts, that hypersensitivity to titanium should be considered as a possible cause also in non-specific problems associated with titanium implant failure. Key words: titanium, allergy, patch test, lymphocyte transformation test.

An Appraisal of pH triggered Bacitracin drug release, through composite hydrogel systems.

Comparative investigations on environmentally triggered drug delivery and wound healing characteristics of flexible hydrogel composites, Chitosan-Gelatin (C/G) and 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate-Gelatin (H/G); are presented here. These composites, prepared through facile synthesis and curing methods, indicate the potential to smartly respond to the pH changes in wounds by releasing drug simultaneously and aiding in faster healing. An in-vitro investigation of the composite characteristics were included testing for Equilibrium Water Capacity Studies, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) investigations as well as UV based drug release and gravimetric hydrogel degradation profiles. This was followed by cutaneous application testing of the hydrogel systems in balb-c mice. Observations and testing results indicated the potential applicability of the hydrogel systems as dressings for topical/transdermal applications, provided that further detailed in-vivo characteristics are accounted for.

Lower limb soft tissue reconstruction using free ALT flaps: multimodal parameter analysis to predict the level of spontaneous reinnervation

Introduction This work aims to assess lower limb free flaps spontaneous sensory recovery by comparing and analyzing a single standardized reconstructive procedure, namely the free noninnervated anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap in order to evaluate which flap or patient-related factors may predict flap reinnervation. Methods Between January 2010 and March 2018 all nonreinnervated ALT flaps for lower limb coverage performed at our institution were screened. We excluded from the study flaps with less than 18 months of follow-up time, neurotized flaps, and those from patients who missed the last follow up. Sensory modalities that were evaluated included the two-point discrimination (2PD) test, measured in mm; and the Semmes–Weinstein monofilament (SWM) test, measured in gram. The sensory parameter results were compared and analyzed according to flap size (two groups; <160 cm2 vs. > 160 cm2), and post-op time of testing (two groups; <18–28 months vs. > 28 months). Results Twenty-one ALT free flaps were finally retained by this study. Our findings showed that flaps of smaller surface area showed a significantly better return in sensory discrimination 2PD and in sensory cutaneous pressure perception SWM testing. Conclusion This work establishes for the first time some key quantitative data that can help predict free flap spontaneous reinnervation outcomes when using the same ALT flap. In our series, flaps surface remains the main discriminant value for a better sensory recovery.

Nonclinical safety evaluation of food colorant lac dye via systematic toxicity profiling with assessment of in vivo antigenic potential.

Lac dye is a natural colorant derived mainly from the insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) and has been used in food and beverage as a red-coloring additive. Despite its increasing use for human consumption as an alternative for allergy-associated cochineal, its toxicity profile remained incomplete to sufficiently assess its safety for the intended use. In this study, we evaluated systemic and genetic toxicity by performing acute and subacute oral toxicity studies in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using highly purified lac dye (LD) formulated in water and a battery of genotoxicity tests, respectively. To assess antigenic potentials, we carried out an in vivo passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. A single dose of LD did not cause mortality at 5000mg/kg body weight (BW), setting oral LD50 of >5000mg/kg BW in SD rats. In the 90-day study, transient salivation without accompanying histopathological lesions in the salivary glands in 200 and 500mg/kg BW groups and red-purple pigmentation on the surface of femora and skulls in 500mg/kg groups were observed as nonadverse effects associated with LD, and no adverse effect was detected in all of the parameters examined, establishing a 500mg/kg BW as no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). Furthermore, LD was not mutagenic nor clastogenic in the genotoxicity tests. When tested for antigenicity, LD did not induce anaphylactic skin responses as opposed to the positive reaction by ovalbumin, suggesting a lack of antigenicity. Taken together, these findings provide extended toxicity information on LD with direct evidence supporting the lack of antigenicity, providing essential guidance for its safe use in humans.

Sensory Assessment and Block Duration of Deep Parasternal Intercostal Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study.

IntroductionThere has been increasing interest in using deep parasternal intercostal plane (PIP) block as a supplement to multimodal analgesia regimens in cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to observe cutaneous sensory block distribution and its duration for deep PIP blocks in patients undergoing open cardiac surgery.MethodsThis observational, prospective clinical study consisted of 113 participants. All patients received bilateral ultrasound-guided deep PIP block with 40 ml 0.33% ropivacaine. The primary study outcome was cutaneous sensory block distribution of deep PIP blocks in patients undergoing open cardiac surgery. Secondary outcome included block duration in all participants. The area of cutaneous sensory block was tested by using a cold stimulus (ice cube) 30 min after the end of deep PIP block administration. Cutaneous sensory testing was performed once every hour after extubation until the return of normal sensation.ResultsThirty minutes after bilateral deep PIP block administration, the successful block rate of dermatomes T4 to T6 was almost 100%. However, T2 (percentage of left T2 block: 64.6%; percentage of right T2 block: 42.5%) and T3 (percentage of left T3 block: 88.5%; percentage of right T3 block: 87.6%) had a lower percentage of success. A few patients had blocked dermatomes at T1 or T7 (percentage of left T1 block: 7.08%; percentage of right T1 block: 2.65%; percentage of left T7 block: 6.19%; percentage of right T7 block: 10.6%). The mean effective duration of the deep PIP block was 17 h.ConclusionBilateral deep PIP blocks can produce a widespread cutaneous sensory blockade with variable dermatomal distribution in the mid-sternum for a considerable effective duration.Trial RegistrationThis study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100047755).

The benefit of scratch patch testing to demonstrate ocular contact allergy to brimonidine tartrate.

Ocular allergies to brimonidine are frequent in patients treated for glaucoma. There is variability in reporting due to the lack of diagnostic criteria and the absence of cutaneous testing. Many false-negative patch tests (PT) have been described. Alternative methods, such as strip and scratch PT, have been used without a standardized method. The primary objective is to identify the best method of cutaneous testing and brimonidine concentration for patch testing. The secondary objective is to identify clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of ocular allergy. A retrospective review of patient files suspected of brimonidine ocular allergy was performed. Patch testing method, brimonidine concentration and clinical symptoms were reviewed. Of the 36 patients identified, half tested positive for brimonidine for at least one of the testing methods. The scratch PT demonstrated 17 positive reactions (94% detection rate). Three patients reacted with strip PT. No positive results were found with standard PT. The 5% brimonidine concentration demonstrated the highest sensitivity. The absence of eyelid pruritus was associated with negative testing. In the investigation of ocular allergy to brimonidine, scratch PT proved to be an essential tool. Brimonidine 5% pet. appeared as the most sensitive concentration for scratch PT.

Long Term Cell Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccines Assessment Using a Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Cutaneous Test.

Objective: As we progress with mass vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, there are key questions about the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines that still are not answered. Conventional methods to measure cellular immune responses are complex and expensive in a pandemic situation. Patients and methods: Forty healthy healthcare workers accepted to participate during the vaccination schedule with a mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Measurement of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) cutaneous response after intradermal test of protein S of SARS-CoV-2 at day 35 and day 200 was performed. At the same time, a specific anti-RBD IgG using a classic ELISA before vaccination, and on days 0, 35, and 200 was performed. Results: All 40 individuals had a positive DTH skin response at day 35, whereas 39 participants had a positive skin test at day 200. Moreover, although all 40 individuals showed a positive humoral response of specific IgG against spike protein at day 35, with most of them having significantly lower levels at day 200. Conclusion: DTH could be proposed as an ideal and easy method to predict cellular immunity response to mRNA vaccines 200 days after starting an immunization schedule with mRNA vaccine for COVID-19.

Acute Dermal and Ocular Irritation Testing of Herbal Shampoos in New Zealand White Rabbits

Abstract: Aim: The objective of the presented study is to evaluate the acute dermal and ocular irritation of herbal shampoos consisting of a mixture of plant extracts. Materials and Methods: Both studies performed using New Zealand white rabbits in accordance with HICS and OECD guidelines respectively. In the cutaneous skin irritation test, erythema, eschar or edema evaluated. In the ocular irritation study, corneal opacity, area of opacity, iris, chemosis and conjunctival redness were evaluated. Results: In the cutaneous skin irritation test, all three herbal shampoos (PS9, PS20, and LS17) showed no significant erythema, eschar, or oedema formation after 72 hr of exposure and did not meet any of the irritation classification requirements. According to the Harmonized Integrated Classification System (HICS), all three herbal shampoos are classified as “Non Irritant” based on acute cutaneous testing. In the ocular irritation study, after 1, 24, 48, and 72 hr of observation, the treated eye appeared normal. There were no symptoms of systemic toxicity in any of the animals during the acclimatization and post-treatment periods. The results did not meet the irritation classification requirements for categories 1, 2A, or 2B because the treated animals had corneal opacity of 0.00, iris lesions of 0.00, conjunctival redness of 0.00, and chemosis of 0.00. Based on ocular irritation studies, all three herbal shampoos are classified as “Not Irritant” by HICS. The body weights of all the animals were within the typical range of variation for this species, strain, and age. All of the animals gained weight towards the end of the experiments. Conclusion: The acute cutaneous and ocular irritation studies indicated that three herbal shampoos (PS9, PS20, and LS17) were not irritant to the rabbit skin or eyes, indicating that they can be used in humans without irritation to the skin or eye. Key words: Herbal shampoo, Ocular irritation, Acute dermal, New Zealand white rabbits, Erythema.

Исследование общей и специфической токсичности рекомбинантного ангиогенина человека

Angiogenin exerted no toxic effects in acute toxicity tests, all animals successfully endured the maximally attainable dose 12 g/kg intragastrically. To assess the long-term/chronic toxicity, the gel-based composition containing 0.01 % of angiogenin was daily applied to the scarified skin areas of rats for 1 month. No significant changes or differences between the treated and control groups were detected by common biochemical, hematological and histological assays. No local irritating effects of 0.0025 % angiogenin gel were detected in appropriate tests using outbred chinchilla rabbits. Angiogenin did not cause neither sensibilization of guinea pigs in active cutaneous anaphylaxis test nor delayed hypersensitivity reaction in mice. No detectable immuno- and embryotoxicity of the preparation were observed. Angiogenin was proved to lack mutagenic and carcinogenic capabilities, as well as the capability of stimulating the tumor growth upon intratumoral administration. The tested preparation of angiogenin showed no toxic effects, including systemic, local irritating, sensibilizing and skin-resorptive ones, and, thus, recombinant human angiogenin is a safe pharmacological substance. 10.30906/2073-8099-2022-14-2-40-53