Cutoff Condition Research Articles

Improving the physiological properties and yield of safflower by combining organic and chemical nitrogen in different irrigation cut-off conditions

The purpose of this work was to investigate how different nutrition systems (N0: 0:0, N1: 100:0, N2: 75:25, N3: 50:50, N4: 25:75, and N5: 0:100 kg ha−1 nitrogen from urea and organic fertilizer sources respectively) affect the physiological characteristics and yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different irrigation regimes. These irrigation regimes include complete irrigation (S0), irrigation cut-off at stem elongation (S1), flowering and pollination (S2), and grain filling (S3) stages. The S1 irrigation level led to a decrease in Fv/Fm (5 %), relative water content (RWC) of the leaf (17 %), leaf total chlorophyll (22 %), and soluble proteins of the leaf (21 %) an increase in electrolyte leakage (33 %), carotenoids (43 %), proline content (42 %) and soluble sugars of the leaf (39 %) compared with S0 irrigation level. The safflower leaf showed increased Fv/Fm, RWC, total chlorophyll, and soluble proteins when organic fertilizer was used alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers under irrigation cut-off conditions. Additionally, the use of organic fertilizer resulted in a decrease in carotenoid content, proline content, and soluble sugars of the safflower leaf. The highest biological yield was obtained with S0 irrigation level (21.62 t ha−1) and N3 integrated nutrition system (21.93 t ha−1), respectively. The N3 and N2 nutrition systems increased the grain yield by 3.34 t ha−1 and 3.56 t ha−1 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The greatest negative effect on biological yield was observed when irrigation was cut-off during the vegetative stage, while the most detrimental impact on grain yield occurred when irrigation was ceased during the flowering and pollination stages. Overall, the results indicated that N2 and N3 nutrition systems while implementing irrigation cut-off at various growth stages reduced the negative impact of water deficiency on plants. This leads to decreased production costs for stress-resistant osmolytes and, consequently, improved grain yield and biological yield.

The study of propagation characteristics of the millimeter-wave vortex in magnetized plasma by using the FDTD method

It is pointed out that the millimeter-wave vortex may contribute to an efficient method of plasma heating since it was found that the millimeter-wave vortex can propagate in magnetized plasma even in which the normal plane wave is in cut-off condition. Then, it was assumed that the vortex field was the Laguerre–Gaussian (L–G) mode which is a free-space solution, but the generation and stable propagation of the L–G mode vortex are not easy in the millimeter frequency range. On the other hand, it is known that the millimeter-wave hybrid mode of the cylindrical corrugated waveguide also has vortex properties. In this paper, we investigate the propagation characteristics of a millimeter-wave vortex of a hybrid mode of a cylindrical corrugated waveguide in the magnetized plasma by using three-dimensional numerical simulations with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It is found that the millimeter-wave vortex of hybrid mode also can propagate in the magnetized plasma even in a condition in which the normal plane wave is in cut-off condition, and the propagation power in the plasma is highly dependent on the topological charge l.

Influences on Reliable Capacity Measurements of Hard Carbon in Highly Loaded Electrodes

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the current state of the art energy storage technology. However, to tackle the steady increasing demand for clean but also sustainable energy, other complementary cell chemistries are gaining significant importance. Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are considered to be a drop-in technology that can benefit from the knowledge about processing of LIBs and its existing manufacturing structures.For the development of a sodium-ion full-cell, commercially available hard carbon (HC) as an anode material was characterized within a half-cell setup. On the one hand, those measurements are essential to characterize individual electrodes in order to obtain electrochemical information that is needed to set up the full cell, e.g. balancing. On the other hand, the exact determination of the HC capacity is prone to errors, mainly due to the cut-off potential being close to 0 V against metallic sodium. This behavior and also electrolyte degradation in presence of elemental sodium were studied.It has been found that the potential of the current carrying sodium counter electrode in half-cells is not stable, resulting in measurement inaccuracies, particularly at elevated C-rates when charging is controlled by a cut-off potential. On the contrary, by using a three-electrode setup, the current-free reference electrode provides stable cut-off conditions. An improved setup for half-cell measurements is suggested to obtain reliable and reproducible capacity readings for HC anodes with an areal capacity of up to 2.4 mAh/cm². Figure : Schematic overview about the investigated control voltages and their effect on the electrochemical performance. [1] The initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of HC is a current challenge because it is relatively low at about 80% and it can vary for different HC materials. Therefore, precise measurements are a necessity to develop HC materials with higher ICEs.Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2154.[1] Müller, C., Wang, Z., Hofmann, A., Stüble, P., Liu-Théato, X., Klemens, J., Smith, A., “Influences on Reliable Capacity Measurements of Hard Carbon in Highly Loaded Electrodes” Batteries & Supercaps 2023, e202300322. Figure 1

Diffusion-Equation-Based Electrical Modeling for High-Power Lithium Titanium Oxide Batteries

Lithium titanium oxide (LTO) batteries offer superior performance compared to graphite-based anodes in terms of rapid charge/discharge capability and chemical stability, making them promising candidates for fast-charging and power-assist vehicle applications. However, commonly used battery models often struggle to accurately describe the current–voltage characteristics of LTO batteries, particularly before the charge/discharge cutoff conditions. In this work, a novel electrical model based on the solid-phase diffusion equation is proposed to capture the unique electrochemical phenomena arising from the diffusion mismatch between the positive and negative electrodes in high-power LTO batteries. The robustness of the proposed model is evaluated under various loading conditions, including constant current and dynamic current tests, and the results are compared against experimental data. The experimental results for LTO batteries exhibit remarkable alignment with the model estimation, demonstrating a maximum voltage error below 3%.

Is Thomas Tuchel wrong? Evaluation of hexagonal shaped drills based on machine learning and position data

As a variation of small-sided games (SSGs), Thomas Tuchel's hexagonal shaped possession drills attracted a lot of attention in coaches’ soccer education. Changing certain variables (e.g. pitch size) is one traditional approach to provide an optimal stimulus for a specific training goal. Therefore, the presented field study investigated whether hexagonal shaped drills show changes in tactical key performance indicators (KPIs) using positional data in a controlled experimental setting. Data were collected using player tracking systems (1 Hz) in 5 versus 5 SSGs in both the full-size pitch and pitch with cut-off corners condition. At match-related level, trial duration and outcome were examined. At player-related level, the tactical KPIs effective playing space (EPS), length-per-width ratio, space control and overplayed defenders were analyzed. The results show significant differences in length-per-width ratio (attacking team), the EPS and space control (30m-zone). However, it could not be confirmed that hexagonal shaped drills are played more vertically and faster toward the goal than on a normal pitch, as there were no changes in trial duration, outcome or overplayed defenders. Nevertheless, an experimental positional data analysis paradigm is a useful approach to investigate tactical principles in high-level professional soccer.

A bimetal strategy for suppressing oxygen release of 4.6V high-voltage single-crystal high-nickel cathode

High-voltage cathode materials, such as single-crystal high-nickel layered oxide materials, are a necessary condition for achieving high energy density lithium-ion batteries, but they have to be accompanied by the structural instability and irreversible release of lattice oxygen during operation, posing serious safety hazards. Here, to solve the lattice oxygen release issue of single-crystal high-nickel cathode, we propose an improved strategy for overall cathode by synchronously addressing interface and lattice instability, ensuring stable operation at a high voltage up to 4.6 V. By Al-doping, in the bulk phase, we intensify the charge transfer between transition metals and oxygen, and the columnar effect caused by doped atoms effectively alleviates internal strain, thereby significantly limiting lattice shrinkage and then suppressing oxygen release. On the other hand, the protective layer of LiNbO3 as the fast ion conductor formed at the cathode interface suppresses parasitic reactions and hinders lattice oxygen loss caused by dissolution of transition metals. Therefore, after 200 cycles at a cut-off voltage of 4.6 V, our cathode material still maintains a capacity retention rate of 89.1%. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict the effective suppression of oxygen release for the modified cathode materials, which has been further confirmed by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) tests. This work provides a new perspective for solving the problem of oxygen release under high cut-off voltage conditions for single crystal high nickel cathode.

The Hull Cutoff condition for magnetic insulation in crossed-field electron devices in the presence of a slow-wave structure

Crossed-Field Vacuum Electron Devices are ubiquitous in the High-Power Microwave field in either an oscillator/source or amplifier variant. A typical configuration consists of a magnetically insulated laminar electron flow in an anode–cathode gap with crossed electric (∝V, voltage) and magnetic (B-) fields and a series of open resonant cavities/vanes located on the anode block that serve as a slow-wave structure (SWS). The SWS slows the phase velocity of the electromagnetic signal down so that the wave becomes synchronous with a layer of the electron flow but is often neglected when calculating the Hull magnetic field necessary to insulate the electrons. In particular, the guiding design equation for the critical cutoff B-field assumes a smooth anode wall. In this paper, we show that such an assumption severely narrows the operating regime in B–V space and that upon inclusion of a revised Hull Cutoff condition taking into account the SWS, operation at lower B and higher V is possible. This revised Hull Cutoff criterion for magnetic insulation in crossed-field devices is corroborated by Particle-in-Cell simulations using CST Particle Studio.

Application of linear regression method to predict microcontroller-based infusion fluid volume using IoT

Infusion is a medical device under certain conditions used to replay lost fluids and balance the body's electrolytes. In emergency condition for examples in patients with dehydration, severe metabolic stress that causes hypovolemic shock, acidosis, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), burn hemorhagle shock and trauma,infusion are needed immediately to replace lost body fluids. The manufacture of this system use two LM393 Optocoupler Infrared Sensors. Infrared sensors detect deteeted objects, namely droplets. If no droples are detected, the infrared sensor will not work or is a cut-off condition. This system is the Internet of Things (IoT). With the platform used, Ubidots, so that monitoring can be done with a smartphone. A warning will be send the infusion level has reached 100ml, so Ubidots will automatically send a notification in the form of an E-mail.

Mitigating Chemo-Mechanical Degradation in Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries Comprising Sulfur Composite Cathode and Li–Si Alloy Anode

In this study, all-solid-state batteries consisting of an Li2S5–P2S5 (LPS) glass electrolyte, a sulfur/LPS glass/carbon composite cathode, and an Li–Si anode are prepared and tested under high cut-off voltage conditions (0.5–3.7 V) to elucidate the effect of LPS redox activity on the chemo-mechanical stability of LPS-based cells. The cell cycled in the voltage range 0.5–3.7 V exhibits unstable charging behaviors and voltage noise, with substantial LPS oxidative decomposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and impedance spectra analyses of a three-electrode system reveal that the cathode resistance is remarkably increased by the oxidative decomposition of LPS when the cell is charged to 3.7 V, which induces dendritic lithium growth at the anode side, resulting in a micro-short circuit through the electrolyte. Composite anodes of Li3PS4 glass+Li–Si alloy (Type 1) and Li3N+LiF+Li–Si alloy (Type 2) are also prepared for all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) with LPS glass electrolyte and sulfur/LPS glass/carbon composite cathode. Using a three-electrode system, the anode and cathode potentials are separated, and their polarization resistances are individually traced. Even under high-cutoff-voltage conditions (3.7 V), Type 1 and 2 cells are stably cycled without voltage noise for >200 cycles. Although cathode polarization resistance drastically increases after 3.7 V charge owing to LPS oxidation, LPS redox behavior is fairly reversible upon discharge–charge unlike the non-composite alloy anode cell. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analysis reveals that the enhanced cyclability is attributed to uniform Li–Si alloying throughout the composite anode, providing more pathways for lithium ions even when these ions are over-supplied via LPS oxidation. These results imply that LPS-based cells can be reversibly cycled with LPS redox even under high-cutoff voltages, as long as non-uniform alloying (lithium dendrite growth) is prevented.

Research on serial lithium‐ion battery alternating discharge equalization control systems

AbstractTo improve the discharge equalization efficiency of the battery and prevent the occurrence of overdischarge, in this paper, the 18,650 ternary lithium battery is taken as the object of investigation, and an alternating equalization control system for the discharge process of serial cells is proposed. The system implements the alternating discharge of serial cells by switching on and off, using state of charge (SOC) as the equalization variable, and eventually completes the equalization control of the entire battery pack. Discharge simulations were performed in Matlab/Simulink for faulty and normal operating conditions of the battery pack, respectively. The findings indicate that even in the presence of a malfunction, the battery pack can continue to operate continuously for a while; in contrast, under ideal circumstances, the battery pack is capable of maintaining SOC balance throughout the discharge process. Eventually, five batteries are used to construct the experimental platform for the alternating equalization system. The battery pack can still perform selective discharge under fault conditions until the battery pack reaches the discharge cutoff condition. Under normal conditions, the maximum SOC difference of all five batteries can stabilize at about 1%. The experimental results show that the proposed equalization control system can achieve the equalization of battery discharge and prolong the discharge time, and can prevent the occurrence of battery over discharge.

Supply chain contracting with asymmetric cost information and behavioral preferences: Theory and experiment

We investigate a supply chain composed of a retailer who designs a contract with wholesale price and order quantity, and a supplier who has private information of low or high unit production cost. The standard benchmark predicts that in equilibrium, the optimal contract possesses a threshold dividing a cutoff condition and a non-cutoff condition for the retailer. Under the cutoff condition, retailers trade only with low-cost suppliers, while under the non-cutoff condition, retailers trade with both low-cost and high-cost suppliers. Suppliers accept the critical non-negative profit contracts. We incorporate behavioral factors of the retailer’s risk preference and the supplier’s fairness concern in view of the decision-making scenario. The behavioral model shows that the risk preference influences the threshold of the optimal contract design, while the fairness concern only affects the optimal wholesale price. We conduct a laboratory experiment to examine both parties’ decision behaviors and find that human retailers with risk-averse preference make local optimal strategies rather than global optimal strategies, which counter-intuitively improves the channel profit; and human suppliers with fairness concern enables human retailers to provide fair contracts, which increases the channel profit and balances the channel profit distribution. These findings imply that the behavior of retailers and suppliers plays an important role in mechanism design of supply chains.

Stability assessment of a non-circular tunnel face with tensile strength cut-off subject to seepage flows: A comparison analysis

This work aims to develop a numerical-analytical framework within the kinematic approach of limit analysis to assess the stability of non-circular tunnel faces under seepage conditions with tensile strength cut-off from a discretization-based perspective. Considering the overestimation of the tensile strength of the soil by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, a modification based on the concept of tensile strength cut-off is recommended to reduce or eliminate the tensile strength. A modified 3D rotational discretization-based failure mechanism incorporating the tension cut-off is generated point-to-point starting from a real non-circular tunnel face to model the face failure, where the failure surface on the top intersects more rapidly due to the increasing rupture angle in the tensile regime. The seepage towards the non-circular tunnel face is numerically simulated, and then the numerical seepage field is extracted into the 3D discretization-based failure mechanism. Within the kinematic approach, the seepage effect is introduced from two aspects: pore pressure and seepage force. A hybrid optimization routine is employed to search for the maximum required face pressure. The developed framework is validated by comparisons with numerical fluid-mechanical simulations and previous studies. Afterward, parametric analyses are carried out on different seepage conditions, different face pressure distributions, different soil strengths, and different tension cut-off conditions. The developed framework can give insight into the combined effect of the tension cut-off and seepage on the stability of non-circular tunnel faces under various conditions.

Negative curvature fiber for suppressing high-order radial OAM modes transmission

The combination of terahertz (THz) wave and the orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing technology can further improve the communication capacity. Compared to other outer cladding structures, the negative curvature structure has been proven to provide stronger confinement effect on electromagnetic waves. Here, we propose a novel polymer (COC TOPAS) fiber which consists a central hollow-core, annular region and single layer negative curvature circle tubes as outer cladding for terahertz OAM modes transmission. The mode map is established by mathematical analysis of cut-off conditions for the vector modes, and the excitation of high-order radial modes in the fiber is successfully suppressed. In addition, the effective refractive index, confinement loss, effective mode area, mode purity and dispersion characteristics of the fiber are investigated under the condition of ‘single mode’ operation in the frequency range of 2.0–3.0 THz.

Risk Factors for Cefoperazone/Sulbactam-Induced Coagulation Disorder.

Cefoperazone/sulbactam is a β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination effective against intra-abdominal, urinary tract, and respiratory infections. Although some studies have suggested that cefoperazone/sulbactam is associated with coagulation disorders, it remains debatable whether the combination of cefoperazone/sulbactam with tigecycline or valproic acid increases the risk of bleeding, as both drugs can lead to coagulation disorders. This study aimed to explore the risk factors of cefoperazone/sulbactam-induced coagulopathy. This was a single-center, retrospective, nested case-control study. The sample groups were derived from individuals registered at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to adjust for demographic data. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the matched odds ratios representing the odds of cefoperazone/sulbactam-induced coagulopathy (CIC), and a receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the optimal cut-off conditions. After PSM, 155 and 56 patients were included in the control and case groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that advanced age, treatment duration, and total dose were independent risk factors of cefoperazone/sulbactam-induced coagulation disorders. Concomitant use of vitamin K was an independent protective factor against CIC. The optimal cut-off for the length of treatment was 5 d, and the cut-off for the total dose was 48 g. Tigecycline and valproic acid were not associated with CIC. Advanced age and long treatment duration are risk factors for CIC. Supplementation with vitamin K during cefoperazone/sulbactam treatment was associated with a reduced risk.

A Gradient Vector Descent Strategy for Localizing Acoustic Emission Sources in Discontinuous Structures With a Hole

The analysis of acoustic signals to localize acoustic sources (AE) has emerged as a kind of favored approach. Despite recent advances, the task of localizing acoustic emission sources such as impacts in the discontinuous structure with a hole still poses a considerable challenge. A localizing method based on the gradient vector descent method is presented in this paper, which is applied to a discontinuous structure with a hole. When an impact event is observed, this method will first calculate the time difference-of-arrival values of different sensors and set the most likely location of impact as origin coordinates. Then the tracks of acoustic signals on the surface of the structure are calculated by vector analysis, which is used to compute the difference of path for different sensors. The calculated parameters will be used in an objective function, then coordinates of impact will be corrected by the gradient vector descent strategy and difference-of-path values will be recalculated to complete iteration until satisfying the cut-off condition. In addition, simulation and Laser Doppler experiments verify the correctness of the propagation path. The experiment results of extensive Pencil lead break (PLB) tests on the structure with a hole further indicate that the proposed method can achieve higher localizing accuracy (the average error is 1.034cm) than traditional methods with a relatively low computational cost.

Electron trajectories in a collisional crossed-field gap

The Hull cutoff represents the maximum magnetic field in a vacuum crossed-field gap (CFG) such that an electron emitted from the cathode reaches the anode. Prior studies demonstrated that introducing ions into a CFG always causes increased excursion of electrons toward the anode. In this paper, we assess a collisional CFG by incorporating collision frequency into the electron force law. The theoretical electron trajectories agree well with a one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation and demonstrate that emitted electrons always cross a collisional CFG. We derive a modified Hull cutoff condition for a collisional CFG corresponding to an electron reaching the anode with zero velocity in the direction of the electric field. Rather than representing the threshold for magnetic insulation, this condition gives the maximum magnetic field and maximum collision frequency for which an electron reaches the anode without turning around; higher magnetic fields and/or collision frequencies cause the electron to turn around before crossing the gap. Further increasing either quantity causes the electron to change direction more frequently as it crosses the gap, noticeably increasing the transit time with each change in electron direction. In the limit of high collision frequency, the electron velocity across the gap approaches a constant, meaning that electrons will reach the anode at nonzero velocity. The transit time above this condition increases smoothly and monotonically with increasing magnetic field or collision frequency. These results elucidate the implications of collisions on magnetic insulation for future assessments of the limiting current in a collisional CFG.

Dynamical aspects of photoionization from the 1s22snp1P1o levels belonging to the C iii ion near the first ionization threshold

This paper presents time-dependent Dirac calculations for femtosecond laser-driven single-photon ionization of $1{s}^{2}2snp{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{1}{P}_{1}^{o}$ states belonging to the C iii ion, with $n\ensuremath{\le}5$, near the first ionization threshold. Increasing the field intensity broadens the photoelectron spectral distribution, pushing the lower energetic tail into the forbidden region below threshold. The energy domain cutoff condition leads to the formation of nonlocal temporal terms in the evolution of atomic states. These terms effectively give rise to discrete-continuum Rabi oscillations consisting in cycles of pulsed photoionization and stimulated radiative recombination processes, suppressing the electron yield and modulating the spectral distribution into multipeak structures. Field intensity scaling with photoelectron energy restricts these oscillations to near-threshold photoionization. These effects become relevant as state-of-the-art lasers provide shorter pulses designed to monitor electron dynamics at their natural timescales in various chemical reactions or physical processes.

Cathode Electrolyte Interphase (CEI) Endows Mo6 S8 with Fast Interfacial Magnesium-Ion Transfer Kinetics.

Magnesium (Mg) metal secondary batteries have attracted much attention for their high safety and high energy density characteristics. However, the significant issues of the cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI) in Mg batteries are still being ignored. In this work, a significant CEI layer on the typical Mo6 S8 cathode surface has been unprecedentedly constructed through the oxidation of the chloride-free magnesium tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy)borate (Mg[B(hfip)4 ]2 ) salt under a proper charge cut-off voltage condition. The CEI has been identified to contain Bx Oy effective species originating from the oxidation of [B(hfip)4 ]- anion. It is confirmed that the Bx Oy species is beneficial to the desolvation of solvated Mg2+ , speeding up the interfacial Mg2+ transfer kinetics, thereby improving the Mg2+ -storage capability of Mo6 S8 host. The firstly reported CEI in Mg batteries will give deeper insights into the interface issues in multivalent electrochemical systems.

Experimental detection of chlorpyrifos by MoS2 coated planar polymer waveguide sensor utilizing common path interferometric principle

A common path Mach-Zehnder interferometer is fabricated using a planer polymer waveguide having MoS2 as an adlayer for chlorpyrifos detection. The dispersion characteristic and cutoff condition of proposed waveguide are obtained theoretically and hence the cutoff film thickness is optimized to get TE0 and TM0 propagating modes. Variations between the phase shift of propagating modes with the concentration of pure chlorpyrifos and its commercial sample are obtained. A good linear variation between phase shift and concentration of chlorpyrifos is obtained in our fabricated waveguide for all considered temperatures. The obtained maximum sensitivity, minimum limit of detection, and limit of quantification of chlorpyrifos are 5.66 degree/μM, 1.57 μM, and 5.24 μM respectively, at 45° C. The capability of the fabricated sensor to generate distinct response for a pure and commercial sample of chlorpyrifos at different concentration and temperature were confirmed by principal component analysis. Since the response of sensor is better for commercial samples at a lower temperature, therefore it is recommended that the concentration of chlorpyrifos in commercial samples should be measured at low temperatures.

A Bis(2-fluoroethyl) Carbonate as a New Electrolyte Additive for Enhancing the Long-Term Cycle Performance of Li-Metal Batteries

To meet the demand for high energy density, Li metal is considered a next-generation anode material owing to its high theoretical specific capacity and low electrode potential. However, conventional LiPF6-based electrolytes form a thick and porous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Li metal, resulting in poor cycle performance. One of attempts to resolve these is to optimize the electrolyte composition because the Li metal reacts most actively with electrolyte. Here, bis(2-fluoroethyl) carbonate (B-FC), as a new fluorine-based linear carbonate, was added to a LiTFSI–LiBOB-based dual-salt electrolyte. To confirm the effect of B-FC on the electrochemical properties, Li || Li symmetric cells and LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NMC622) || Li metal full cells with or without B-FC were evaluated. The addition of B-FC forms LiF-rich SEI and significantly reduced Li dendrite growth, leading to the thin dead Li layer formation. Furthermore, high-voltage performances of NMC622 || Li metal full cells with B-FC were effectively improved compared to the pure DSL (capacity retention of 73.1% vs 62.4% after 300 cycles and a capacity of 117 mAh g−1 vs 87 mAh g−1 at 21 mA cm−2). Consequently, herein, we demonstrated that the dual-salts with B-FC can stabilize the SEI even under the 4.5 V cut-off condition.