Customary Behavior Research Articles

Preservation of Indigenous Women's Traditions and Behavior Within The Framework of Cultural Relativism in Indigenous Communities (A Study of Empirical Approaches in Legal Anthropology)

Customs and values within Indigenous communities form the basis of customary behavior in understanding human conduct, particularly in the context of Balinese indigenous women's behavior as guardians of tradition in an empirical approach to legal anthropology. This means that the legal norms used to observe the behaviors of Balinese indigenous women as custodians of indigenous traditions within the frame of cultural relativism represent legal realities apparent in legal situations or any legal events that genuinely occur within the indigenous community, as manifestations of the indigenous women's behaviors in preserving sacred traditions. This is based on an empirical approach to Legal Anthropology. Whether acknowledged or not by the indigenous community, the empirical approach to cultural relativism fundamentally holds a social and cultural value system that can serve as the social capital of the nation. The community's attitudes and behaviors rooted in tradition are guided by values believed to be true, exemplifying the traditional values and cultures passed down through generations and perceived as instruments for social control and religious values that guide human life, manifesting the preservation of local cultural relativism among the local indigenous community. Indigenous communities in these regions become the focal research site with the hope of safeguarding traditional values as a reinforcement of customary practices, the culture, and the traditions of the local indigenous community, which embody the manifestation of protected local wisdom governed by regional customary laws. The methodological approach utilized involves the Empirical Approach of Legal Anthropology linked with the theory of cultural relativism, leading to the conclusion that the approach involves field observations, interviews with research informants, and analyzing primary, secondary, and tertiary data sources through the lens of cultural relativism concerning the behaviors of indigenous women based on an empirical approach within the context of indigenous customary law.

Adolescent Perception of Mental Health: It's Not Only about Oneself, It's about Others Too.

Adolescents are at an increased risk of mental health problems due to the natural processes of development and maturation. Given that their mental health is mainly assessed by adults and not by the adolescents themselves, the purpose of this study is to reveal adolescents' perceptions of mental health. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted, and an inductive qualitative approach with thematic analysis was used. The qualitative study consisted of 19 adolescents aged 11-17 years. Five themes were identified: (1) What does mental health mean to you? (subthemes: realm of emotions, customary behavior, and relationships with others); (2) needs (subthemes: communication and support, self-expression and freedom of decision-making, and a safe and personal environment); (3) risk factors (subthemes: un-healthy relationships and social media dangers); (4) red flags (subthemes: self-exclusion from social life and self-destructive behavior); and (5) role of mental health professionals (subthemes: attentiveness to and proper pace for adolescent and acceptance of adolescent's life in its entirety). This study revealed that adolescents view their mental health not only from their own emotional and behavioral perspectives but also through the prism of relationships with other people.

Women and Land Governance in Selected African Countries: A Review

In most African countries, land and land rights are governed by sociocultural norms, which have a significant impact on gender relations. Women are seldom involved in land decision-making from their homes and communities to land administration institutions and ministries. Gender concerns have featured prominently on the development platform, and the land management and policy responses of many countries have focused on gender inequities. Despite advances in gender equality provisions in land policy, the experiences of the countries reported in this article reveal that women have limited to no participation in land governance because of patriarchal sociocultural constructs. Progressive local and national policies do not assure women’s participation in land governance. The need to modify attitudes and practices is more closely tied to improving women’s participation in land governance than any other legal issue. Lobbying and awareness initiatives are therefore required to change the mindsets and customary behaviours of the stakeholders.

The Ability of Group Counseling Guidance Services to Prevent Customary Behavior Using a Self-Counseling Approach

The characteristics of adolescents include a period of search for exploration so that adolescents act according to their wishes. However, sometimes adults perceive this as juvenile delinquency. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Group Guidance services using self-counseling techniques to reduce misconduct. Quantitative research type. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group research design. The total population of the study was 69 students in class XII MAN. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The data collection techniques were literature study, interviews, questionnaires, and observation. The data collection instrument used a questionnaire sheet. Data analysis techniques using descriptive qualitative analysis, quantitative, and inferential statistics. The study's results proved a significant decrease in the pre and post-scores of the experimental group. In comparison, the results in the control group showed a significant decrease in pre and post-values. It was concluded that there was an insignificant decrease in inappropriate behavior if students were not given self-counseling techniques, while students who were given group guidance treatment with self-counseling techniques had a significant decrease.

Habit formation of preventive behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study of physical distancing and hand washing

BackgroundSince the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, physical distancing and hand washing have been used as effective means to reduce virus transmission in the Netherlands. However, these measures pose a societal challenge as they require people to change their customary behaviours in various contexts. The science of habit formation is potentially useful for informing policy-making in public health, but the current literature largely overlooked the role of habit in predicting and explaining these preventive behaviours. Our research aimed to describe habit formation processes of physical distancing and hand washing and to estimate the influences of habit strength and intention on behavioural adherence.MethodsA longitudinal survey was conducted between July and November 2020 on a representative Dutch sample (n = 800). Respondents reported their intentions, habit strengths, and adherence regarding six context-specific preventive behaviours on a weekly basis. Temporal developments of the measured variables were visualized, quantified, and mapped onto five distinct phases of the pandemic. Regression models were used to test the effects of intention, habit strength, and their interaction on behavioural adherence.ResultsDutch respondents generally had strong intentions to adhere to all preventive measures and their adherence rates were between 70% and 90%. They also self-reported to experience their behaviours as more automatic over time, and this increasing trend in habit strength was more evident for physical-distancing than for hand washing behaviours. For all six behaviours, both intention and habit strength predicted subsequent adherence (all ps < 2e-16). In addition, the predictive power of intention decreased over time and was weaker for respondents with strong habits for physical distancing when visiting supermarkets (B = -0.63, p <.0001) and having guests at home (B = -0.54, p <.0001) in the later phases of the study, but not for hand washing.ConclusionsPeople’s adaptations to physical-distancing and hand washing measures involve both intentional and habitual processes. For public health management, our findings highlight the importance of using contextual cues to promote habit formation, especially for maintaining physical-distancing practices. For habit theories, our study provides a unique dataset that covers multiple health behaviours in a critical real-world setting.

Genome-wide selection signatures detection in Shanghai Holstein cattle population identified genes related to adaption, health and reproduction traits

BackgroundOver several decades, a wide range of natural and artificial selection events in response to subtropical environments, intensive pasture and intensive feedlot systems have greatly changed the customary behaviour, appearance, and important economic traits of Shanghai Holstein cattle. In particular, the longevity of the Shanghai Holstein cattle population is generally short, approximately the 2nd to 3rd lactation. In this study, two complementary approaches, integrated haplotype score (iHS) and runs of homozygosity (ROH), were applied for the detection of selection signatures within the genome using genotyping by genome-reduced sequence data from 1092 cows.ResultsIn total, 101 significant iHS genomic regions containing selection signatures encompassing a total of 256 candidate genes were detected. There were 27 significant |iHS| genomic regions with a mean |iHS| score > 2. The average number of ROH per individual was 42.15 ± 25.47, with an average size of 2.95 Mb. The length of 78 % of the detected ROH was within the range of 1–2 MB and 2–4 MB, and 99 % were shorter than 8 Mb. A total of 168 genes were detected in 18 ROH islands (top 1 %) across 16 autosomes, in which each SNP showed a percentage of occurrence > 30 %. There were 160 and 167 genes associated with the 52 candidate regions within health-related QTL intervals and 59 candidate regions within reproduction-related QTL intervals, respectively. Annotation of the regions harbouring clustered |iHS| signals and candidate regions for ROH revealed a panel of interesting candidate genes associated with adaptation and economic traits, such as IL22RA1, CALHM3, ITGA9, NDUFB3, RGS3, SOD2, SNRPA1, ST3GAL4, ALAD, EXOSC10, and MASP2. In a further step, a total of 1472 SNPs in 256 genes were matched with 352 cis-eQTLs in 21 tissues and 27 trans-eQTLs in 6 tissues. For SNPs located in candidate regions for ROH, a total of 108 cis-eQTLs in 13 tissues and 4 trans-eQTLs were found for 1092 SNPs. Eighty-one eGenes were significantly expressed in at least one tissue relevant to a trait (P value < 0.05) and matched the 256 genes detected by iHS. For the 168 significant genes detected by ROH, 47 gene-tissue pairs were significantly associated with at least one of the 37 traits.ConclusionsWe provide a comprehensive overview of selection signatures in Shanghai Holstein cattle genomes by combining iHS and ROH. Our study provides a list of genes associated with immunity, reproduction and adaptation. For functional annotation, the cGTEx resource was used to interpret SNP-trait associations. The results may facilitate the identification of genes relevant to important economic traits and can help us better understand the biological processes and mechanisms affected by strong ongoing natural or artificial selection in livestock populations.

Review on Nidanas of Medoroga

Today most of the people are obsessed with loosing weight. Obesity is defined as the condition where one is at least 20% more than the ideal bodyweight. Obesity is caused by a sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical activity, an irregular diet and sleep pattern and stress. Everybody is busy and living a stressful life. As a result of growing challenges of modernization, man has responded by readjust in his customary behavior. He has tried successfully to maximize his intellectual and physical capabilities for deriving highest amount of productivity. Man has adapted himself to the fast-paced by modifying his dietary and lifestyle preference to suit the modern era.

Establishing a Teacher Performance Evaluation System Geared to the Cultivation of Character: With a Reflection on New Public Management Theory

Since New Public Management theory, which seeks to promote public management reform with the techniques used to catalyze economic development, was introduced into the field of education, it has led to the implementation of education accountability measures and reforms focusing on performance-related pay for teachers. Performance-related pay was meant to improve teacher performance, and has played an important role in providing teachers with incentives and raising educational quality. In practice, however, problems have emerged that deserve serious attention. For example, the evaluation indicators based on this theory have distorted the direction of public management due to their over-emphasis on instrumental rationality and neglect of value rationality. Further, they highlight the interim goal of “instilling knowledge” at the cost of the fundamental aim of “cultivating talent,” thus producing results opposite to those intended. On the basis of the value rationality of education and China’s reality, this paper suggests that educational institutions should shift from “New Public Management” to a “holistic and decentralized governance” approach, fostering an environment dedicated to cultivating talent and introducing this feature into the evaluation of teacher performance. The core socialist values need to be integrated into teacher policy and internalized by teachers as their emotional identity and customary behavior.

Judicial Etiquetee and Conduct of Judicial Officers

Judicial Etiquette, in the professional context of the Bar and the Bench is the customary behavior, good manners and courtesies extended between counsels, and between counsel and the Bench. Judges and Advocates play vital role in maintaining Judicial Etiquette. Whereas, Advocates being professionals are governed by the Code of Conduct and are regulated by their councils, but it is the judges who are required to keep their conduct above board as it is Judge who is required to primarily manage the courtroom. The authority of Judge reaches every corner of the society. The extraordinary power invested in the judicial office demands a high standard of behavior. Judicial Ethics cannot be learn by listing or be taught only by being told. One must live by values to preach and emulating is the best way to learn. Ethics enable the judiciary to struggle with confidence: to chasten oneself and be wise to learn by themselves the true values of life.

Policy cognition is more effective than step tariff in promoting electricity saving behaviour of residents

As a demand response plan, the step tariff policy for electricity has been fully implemented for several years in China. However, it is not clear whether the step tariff policy for electricity is effective. Therefore, we analysed and compared the effectiveness of step tariff policy from two aspects: step tariff and policy cognition. Specifically, combining macro-scale statistical data and microscopic research data, we constructed a regression discontinuity design and binary response model. First, we tested the correction effect of the step tariff to residential electricity consumption behaviour. Further, combined with cognitive behavioural theory, we analysed the role of policy cognition in the occurrence of electricity saving behaviour. Finally, based on the cognitive evaluation theory, the impact of residents’ heterogeneity on their cognitive differences was identified. The specific conclusions are as follows: (1) The step tariff based on the Ramsay strategy cannot effectively correct electricity consumption behaviours as expected. (2) Compared with the step tariff, construction of correct policy cognition has a more significant effect on changing the customary behaviour of electricity consumption. (3) Policy cognition of residents is heterogeneous, and groups with weak policy cognition are accurately identified.

KONTENPLASI MASYARAKAT MUSLIM MELAYU PALEMBANG DALAM TANTANGAN EKONOMI GLOBAL

Along with the fast flow of change and the strong acculturation process of Palembang Malay Muslim community, Malay culture is like a ship that sails in the middle of a storm. This is based on the fact that our development places too much emphasis on material aspects that have given birth to an imbalance in the behavior patterns of the Palembang Malay Muslim community, which has increasingly been eroded by economic globalization. Excessive material competition has produced anomicous societies. The embodiment of the way the Palembang Malays behave is also reflected in their work ethic which can be roughly seen from the social structure and norms of the community. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which the global economy has the potential to obscure the Malay identity and the pure Muslim identity. The qualitative approach was chosen using the method of field research carried out in an effort to understand the symptoms in such a way as a phenomenon that is not external expressed through their views. The results of this study found the fact that enthusiasm and work ethic were actually not reflected in most Palembang Malay Muslim communities. Malay and Islamic relations actually obscure the role and competitiveness of the community in the practice of social relations and in earning a living. Religion is still considered as an element of local culture which is concentrated in the form of traditional customary behavior, not as a foothold, direction and way of life. Indeed religion serves to encourage humans to get involved in economic roles and behavior, because religion can reduce anxiety and fear not too found in this study. Where the aftereffect of this condition arises a generation that is deprived of values, a generation that is fragile from the spiritual aspect, easily influenced, not easily cared for and loses its cultural footing.

–Heresy (bid'ah) an methodologies of heresy from the perspective of the two imams: ibn Taymiya and shatibi. – A comparative fundamentalist study

تناول البحث بالدراسة مفهوم البدعة عند الإمامين (ابن تيمية والشاطبي)، وقدم نماذج من تحقيقاتهما حول أهل البدع، وبيّن الفرق بين البدعة والمصلحة المرسلة والاستحسان، ومراتب البدع وبعض الأحكام المتعلقة بها عندهما. توصل الباحث إلى تحديد خصائص البدعة عند كل من الإمامين شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية والشاطبي، وأنها عندهما ليست على رتبة واحدة، وأن متعلقها العبادات دون العادات، وأوضح منهجهما في الاحتجاج بالمصلحة المرسلة والاستحسان.

El Aprendizaje Creativo y el Cerebro. Rescatar el Concepto de “Aprehender”

The challenge of education in the coming decades will not be the mastery of knowledge, but the power of creative learning. The era of repetitive learning belongs to the past. In the 21st century creative learning will shine, and will be the main tool in the classroom. Students of the future will have to apprehend in a holistic, permanent and creative way. Linking education to school is a thought of the industrial revolution and not of the revolution of creativity. Everything we know is nothing more than a creation of the human mind, the fruit of creative learning. Assuming a new way to understand the learning process, carries with it the modification pattern of the customary behavior or the pertinent algorithms. It all depends on the sense we give to what we do. To implement creative learning in the classroom, the teacher should contemplate two factors: to rescue the concept of apprehending, and to know the functioning of the brain when it comes to teaching. Accordingly, the teacher must respect the creativity learning pace of each student; In addition, the teacher must consider that to create knowledge is necessary to know the brain process involved. To manage this change, it is essential to get out of the comfort zone and inspire students to develop new skills and arouse a passion for apprehending.Keywords: Creativity; Learning; Knowledge; Brain; Classrooms.

TRADISI “BUNGO LADO” SEBAGAI REPRESENTASI BUDAYA ISLAM DI KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN

Representation means using language to declare something meaningfully or present something to someone else. Representation can take the forms of word, picture, sequence, story and so on that represent idea, emotion, fact and etc. The development of tradition in a region is mainly found in various customary rituals or religious events. For Minangkabau-Malay people, their faith as Minangkabau people is the faith of homoreligious and basically it has been soldered in Minangkabau tambo that's traditionally become the guideline of their customary behavior. The tradition of Bungo Lado performed in the event of Prophet Muhammad's Birthday in Padang Pariaman is one of people's representations toward Islamic culture for society. Bungo lado, the flower of Chili, is the decorative tree that its leaves made of money hence it' s called money tree. It is one of people's euphorias in welcoming the birthday of prophet Muhammad SAW. In its implementation, every group in society is competing one and another to donate half of their income by putting or decorating the money on the twigs of tree as the form of their happiness.

The Distribution of Customary Behavior in a Population

The Distribution of Customary Behavior in a Population : The Total Consumption Model and Alcohol Policy

Comments on the Distribution of Customary Behavior in a Population

Comments on the Distribution of Customary Behavior in a Population

Dharma and ‘Custom’

This article does three things. First, it argues that the usage of dharma in the sense of 'customary practice', which is found in compounds such as desadharma and kuladharma, can be traced back to the Atharvaveda. Second, it argues that in the Dharmasastra tradition this usage of the word dharma as 'custom' ought to be distinguished from acara, which is also often taken in the sense of 'custom', because acara frequently implies a hieratic sense of 'customary behaviour', especially in its association with the cultured practices of particular elites (the sat, sadhu, or sista). Therefore, dharma in the usage this article is concerned with is a broader term for 'custom' than acara. And, third, it suggests that when the Dharmasastra writers restricted the currency of such customary dharmas to cases where existing sacred texts (sruti or smrti) could not be called upon, they were reaffirming that such dharmas were worldly rather than transcendent, and not to be confused with the transcendent dharma the principled few now identified with these sacred texts--a development attributable to other changes that shifted the word dharma to the very centre of brahmanic ideology.

The manifold use of pounding stone tools by wild capuchin monkeys of Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil

The use of pounding stone tools (PSTs) is a customary behaviour in several wild populations of capuchin monkeys; most of these monkeys use PSTs primarily to open hard palm nuts. Here, we describe the use of PSTs in two not previously studied groups of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) in Serra da Capivara National Park (SCNP), northeastern Brazil, and compare them to other groups and populations. Capuchins from SCNP are one of the only known population that habitually use PSTs for several purposes other than nut processing, including cracking seeds and fruits, breaking and/or enlarging holes in tree trunks or rocks, and pulverizing pebbles. Moreover, they use PSTs sequentially with probe stick tools to access hidden prey. The average size of PSTs was larger than the average locally available stones, suggesting active choice. The two groups exhibited more diversity in the use of PSTs than any other known population to date.

ADVERTISING WITH SOCIAL DISCOURSE AS A BRAND POSITIONING TECHNIQUE: REVIEW OF RESEARCH WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE LATVIAN MEDIA

This study examines the nature of the social discourse of advertising used as a brand positioning technique. The focus is on consumer advertising that is directed at the promotion of selected products or services to the general public. The study is neither meant to exhaust all aspects of this particular discourse, nor present the answers to all the problems posed. The aims of this paper include analyzing varying commercial advertisements (both product/non-product ads) to investigate the intentions and techniques of consumer product companies for reaching more consumers and selling more products. Norman Fairclough’s ‘3-D model’ and Kress and van Leeuwen’s ‘grammar of visual design’ present methods for use by professionals in this respect, but we focus on the use of stereotypes in our study.Traditionally, stereotypes are defined as patterns or schemes by which people organize their behaviors and activities. Psychologists have been extremely interested in the persuasion techniques used by advertisers. The implicit question that most of these studies have entertained is whether advertising has become a force that molds cultural mores and individual behaviors, or whether it constitutes no more than a ‘mirror’ of deeper cultural tendencies within urbanized contemporary society.The one thing which everyone agrees upon, is that advertising has become one of the most recognizable and appealing forms of social communication to which everyone in society is exposed.However, it could be said from the results of this study that the producers of ads generally use power and ideology to change people’s behavior and thoughts. In cases where ‘old’ stereotypes were effective, there was no attempt to change the consumer’s habits, but rather the power of the ad was in preserving their customary behaviors. This is achieved through reinforcing behaviors known to be similar to the traditional values identified by customers. When we considered gender stereotypes we looked at notions about the supposedly traditional behaviors of men and women, and the characteristics and standards of these behaviors, which are grounded in our culture and society. Producers use these ideas to make customers feel they belong in the society, and become psychologically involved, in the story presented by the advertisement. Culture involves human values, actions, patterns, ideas, and material and artificial surroundings that enable interaction among people. The content of culture determines the particular qualities of certain groups of people, which potentially governs their consumer characteristics. This indicates the importance of understanding the way in which culture affects individuals. In today’s information area, the media are the primary means of transmitting and reproducing cultural information. Today’s media shape the image of culture in people’s consciousness.Finally, this study provides an analysis of varying ads, using different means of interpretation. All materials are taken from Latvian media.

Principles Relevant to Health Research among Indigenous Communities.

Research within Indigenous communities has been criticised for lacking community engagement, for being exploitative, and for poorly explaining the processes of research. To address these concerns, and to ensure ‘best practice’, Jamieson, et al. (2012) recently published a summary of principles outlined by the NHMRC (2003) in “one short, accessible document”. Here we expand on Jamieson et al.’s paper, which while commendable, lacks emphasis on the contribution that communities themselves can make to the research process and how culturally appropriate engagement, can allow this contribution to be assured, specifically with respect to engagement with remote communities. Engagement started before the research proposal is put forward, and continued after the research is completed, has integrity. We emphasise the value of narratives, of understanding cultural and customary behaviours and leadership, the importance of cultural legitimacy, and of the need for time, not just to allow for delays, but to ensure genuine participatory engagement from all members of the community. We also challenge researchers to consider the outcomes of their research, on the basis that increasing clinical evidence does not always result in better outcomes for the community involved.