Current Work Situation Research Articles

Psychiatric brain gain in Switzerland. Competency-based onboarding.

IntroductionIn the last 30 years, Switzerland has been established as a destination country for psychiatric trainees. The needed competences for the work as a trainee deviate regarding colleagues from foreign countries though, hindering a viable solid development professional without specific on-boarding program. A similar approach to the figure of tutor anchored in the Spanish postgraduate medical training is still missing in the Swiss medical System. Hereby we performed a survey in the new colleagues who are part from the medical team in an observer status before beginning with the responsibilities as a trainee.ObjectivesRecognizing competences and needs of the onboarding in current trainees that are still allocating because of the work conditions as stated in the following paper, (Bischof et al. Swiss Arch Neurol Psychiatr Psychother. 2021;172:w03198)MethodsSurvey with open questions collecting needs and competences expected to fulfil in Switzerland were distributed in 5 different medical colleagues in an observer status between August 2022 and September 2023.ResultsResponse rate was 62,5 %. Main reasons for the migration were considering better perspectives in education and professional development in the goal country, coming push factors as the current work situation in the original country to the fore. Support regarding the local language and an overview of the interprofessional communication were outlined as the advantage of the internship prior to the duties as a psychiatric trainee.ConclusionsAn structured on-boarding program is a demand for the newcomers - majority of trainees from foreign countries - to step in better in the Swiss health system. Elements of the Spanish trainee system could be adapted for a suitable allocation and integration process in the goal country.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Body weight in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood in relation to later risk of disabilities and early retirement among Danish female nurses.

Obesity is now the most common health problem in the younger population in Western societies and obesity rates are higher in lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups. We investigated whether overweight in childhood, independently of overweight in adulthood, influenced adult employment status and later risk of having disabilities. Using data from the Danish Female Nurse Cohort study, we examined associations between overweight in childhood/adolescence, and young adulthood and disabilities and early retirement in later adulthood (>44 years) and whether it was influenced by menopausal age (<or ≥52 years). We analysed data from 10,363 female nurses recruited in 1999, who reported whether they, as children, were larger or of similar weight size as their peers at any age below 13 years, between 13 and 19 years, their weights, and heights at 25 years, their current work situation and whether they had had disabilities for more than 6 months. Our results showed that overweight in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood was associated with an increased risk of disabilities and early retirement. Especially childhood overweight that did not persist into adulthood was associated with an increased risk of disabilities (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.26-2.63) and early retirement (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.38-3.03) in the postmenopausal group. A similar increased risk for disabilities (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.26-2.47) was seen for adolescent overweight that did not persist into adulthood. The results show that in a well-educated population of women, overweight in childhood and/or adolescence had adverse socioeconomic consequences for later risk of disabilities and early retirement irrespective of weight status in adulthood.

Multivariate statistical analysis of the work stress phenomenon in schoolteachers during the current pandemic context in Chile

Job stress in teachers has been a reality evidenced in qualitative terms in Chile. In fact, studies have shown that stress levels in the world population have increased due to health restrictions and the reformulation of the working day caused by COVID-19. Consequently, this research focuses on the perception of stress in school education teachers during the pandemic context in Santiago, Chile. Its objective is to analyze teacher stress using multivariate analysis techniques. The analysis of the ED-06 teacher stress survey sought to establish general trends and connections between different social phenomena related to the perception of stress in teachers. The results showed that a significant group of teachers expressed discomfort with their current work situation and felt overwhelmed by the excessive workload associated with the transition from classroom teaching to teleworking. The work overload affects the physical and mental functioning of the teachers, so it can be deduced that, as the days go by and with little improvement in the pandemic, greater mental exhaustion could appear. The study concluded that a significant sample of teachers reported that work overload and fatigue were related to a pre-pandemic tendency linked to the so-called "historical debt" and to the precarious work situation suffered by a segment of the national teaching profession. Thus, stress would not be a variable determined only by the pandemic but is a long-standing phenomenon. Keywords: educational work contexts, stress, teachers, pandemics, multivariate statistical analysis

Beliefs about stress moderate the association between COVID-19-related work demands and burnout symptoms in physicians.

The present study set out to investigate the role of different stress beliefs (positive and negative beliefs about stress, as well as perceived control) on the association between central COVID-19-related work demands and burnout symptoms in physicians during the second lockdown of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. N=154 practicing physicians (mean [SD] age=37.21 [9.43] years]; 57.14% female) participated in our cross-sectional German-wide online survey and answered questions about sociodemographic factors, their current work situation, their stress beliefs, and their current burnout symptoms. Moderation analyses revealed significant interaction effects between stress beliefs and specific COVID-19-related work demands on the prediction of burnout symptoms, most consistent with respect to perceived control. Positive believes about stress and its controllability were cross-sectional associated with reduced, negative believes about stress however with enhanced associations between COVID-19-related work demands and burnout symptoms. This finding indicates, if confirmed by longitudinal research, the potential of the usage of stress beliefs in prevention programs for physicians in order to mitigating negative effects of chronic stress.

Undervalued professionals: placement of nutritionist in the Ecuadorian health system

BackgroundCurrently, many public health issues are directly related to malnutrition, and are made worse by social inequities. Nutrition professionals must be a key player in improving epidemiological aspects of nutrition-related diseases and must be part of clinical teams to control nutritional concerns.ObjectiveTo identify and analyze the nutritionists´ employment situation in Ecuador and areas of work covered and determine if type of university has an impact over work situation.MethodologyA cross-sectional study was conducted, approved by the ethics committee of Universidad San Francisco de Quito. It included 442 nutritionists in Ecuador who graduated in 13 universities (5 private (PR) and 8 public (PU)) between 2008 and 2019. It implied an online survey that questioned their satisfaction with their education and current work situation. All the statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.0.3, two-sided weighted chi-square test was performed to estimate the difference between public and private university graduates, IC 95%, p between 0.01 and 0.05.Results38,6% of participants are unemployed, 68,28% private university graduates (PR) are currently employed and 58.87% work as nutritionists, compared to 56,86% from a public university (PU) currently working and 44.69% working in the field. 76% have reported being unemployed at some point in their careers, being difficulty finding jobs the main reason. Regarding the professional field, most professionals have their own business, and the less common area of work was public and community nutrition. One third of the participants had another paid activity. The main salary is 800USD per month and graduated from PR perceived better salaries than from PU.ConclusionThere is a lack of job opportunities for Ecuadorian nutritionists despite the high demand in every level of the health system. Most have been unemployed at some point in their careers due to difficulties finding jobs. There is a minimum nutrition staff working in community and public health nutrition.

Design and Implementation of Clinical LIS360 Laboratory Management System Based on AI Technology

In order to realize the automation, standardization, and informatization of clinical laboratory work, this research topic develops and accomplishes a set of laboratory information systems (LISs). According to the design methods of software engineering, we first understand user’s demand and the current work situation of clinical laboratory and establish the system case model using Unified Modeling Language (UML) modeling technique. During the system design period, we explain the key technology theories, network structure, system security policy and the connection scheme with hospital information system (HIS). During the system function design period, the system was designed with 6 modules, they are daily inspection work, inquire and statistics, quality control, data dictionary, system configuration, and other tools. Through establishing database model, we accomplish the system database structure design. After the system design, we perform system implementation and test, to show the interface of system implementation and test plan accordingly. The development and application of LIS360 laboratory information management system can greatly improve the management level of laboratory and promote the standardization, modernization, and science of laboratory management. This system has solved the traditional mode of sending test report sheet manually for many years in the laboratory and won valuable time for clinicians to know the patient's condition in time.

A Quantitative Study on Employees’ Experiences of a Support Model for Systematic Work Environment Management in Swedish Municipalities

Today's working life is constantly changing, and work environmental risk factors can alter swiftly. Besides the traditional physical work environment risk factors, somewhat more abstract organizational and social work environment factors also play an ever-increasing role, both in preventing and causing work-related illness. This requires a preventive work environment management that can respond to rapid changes, and where the assessment and remedies rely more on employee participation than on predetermined threshold limits. This study aimed to investigate if the use of a support model (the Stamina model) for workplace improvements could render the same positive effects in quantitative measures that have previously been shown in qualitative studies. Employees from six municipalities used the model for 12 months. They answered a questionnaire at baseline and after six and 12 months, to detect any changes in how they characterized their current work situation and perceived their influence, productivity, short-term recovery, and organizational justice. The results showed that employees felt more influential in work situations related to communication/collaboration and roles/tasks at the follow-up compared to the baseline. These results are consistent with previous qualitative studies. We found no significant changes in the other endpoints. The results strengthen previous conclusions, namely that the Stamina model can be used as part of inclusive, modern, and systematic work environment management.

Prevalência do uso de ivermectina para prevenir COVID-19 durante a pandemia em Mato Grosso: estudo transversal de base domiciliar

To analyze the use of ivermectin as COVID-19 prevention method by the population of Mato Grosso in 2020. This is a home-based survey, carried out between September and October 2020, in 10 pole cities of the socioeconomic regions of State. The use of ivermectin was evaluated through the question: "Did you take ivermectin to prevent COVID-19?". Sociodemographic variables (sex, age group, education, family income), current work situation, being benefitted by government financial programs, as well as symptoms, seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, and previous diagnosis of COVID-19 were evaluated. Prevalence and their associations were estimated using the chi-square test. 4.206 individuals were evaluated for prevalence of ivermectin use; 58.3% of the individuals responded positively, this rate being higher in the municipalities of the western region of the state (66.6%). There was no significant difference between sexes, but the prevalence was higher among people aged 50-59 years (69.7%), who were white (66.5%), with complete higher education or more (68.8%) and higher family income (≥3 minimum wages-64.2%). The use of this drug was even higher among participants who considered their knowledge of the disease good or very good (65.0%), who reported having symptoms of COVID-19 (75.3%), and who had been previously diagnosed with the disease (91.2%). There was a high prevalence of use of ivermectin as a method to prevent covid-19 by the population of Mato Grosso, indicating the need for strategies to inform the population about the risks of off-label use of drugs and to combat the advertising of drugs that are ineffective against COVID-19.

Hispanic neuropsychologists in the United States: What do we know about them and how can the field address their needs?

Despite numerous calls throughout the years for an increase in ethnic, cultural, and racial diversity within the field of psychology, it remains an elusive reality for Hispanic neuropsychology practitioners in the United States (U.S.). 1. Determine the background and current work situation of Hispanic clinical neuropsychologists in the U.S. (e.g., professional training, assessment and diagnostic procedures used, rehabilitation techniques employed, populations targeted, teaching responsibilities, and research activities), and 2. Examine issues related to perceived discrimination in the field of neuropsychology and what this means for our profession. The sample consisted of 107 Hispanic neuropsychologists residing among the 50 United States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico who took a survey of professional practices and experiences in clinical neuropsychology. Our findings confirm that Hispanic neuropsychologists in the U.S. are culturally diverse, present with varied levels of bilingualism, have been faced with discrimination during training and in their workplace, and compare favorably with non-Hispanic neuropsychologists in terms of education and clinical training. Transforming neuropsychology into a diverse and inclusive field requires intentional, strategic, and systematic interventions in education, academia, training, professional organizations and in research.

Imagining the Future of Work When the Present is Disrupted

The future of work has long been an important topic of academic and managerial interest as well as of policy making. Yet, we still know little about how people who do the work consider its future. It is important to study this issue especially when the current situation is disrupted because imagining the future becomes especially crucial yet more challenging. This study asks how people imagine the future of their work when their present is deeply disrupted. It builds upon scholarship on the future of work and the role of digital technologies in bringing it about as well as on imagined futures. It examines longitudinally the case of an online community whose participants reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic that upended their current work situation and made their future more uncertain. This study contributes to scholarship on the future of work by highlighting the importance of people’s considerations not only of the future, but also of the ways in which their imagined future is connected to their current situation. It also adds to scholarship on online communities by revealing them as settings where people get to confront their current situation and collectively generate imaginations of the future.

Working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic and its longitudinal association with physical activity and sedentary behavior.

ObjectiveWorking from home during the COVID-19 pandemic has affected many workers’ daily life and possibly their physical activity behavior. We studied the longitudinal association of working from home during the pandemic with physical activity and sedentary behavior.MethodsLongitudinal data from 17 questionnaire rounds of the Lifelines COVID-19 cohort (March 2020–February 2021) were used. In total, 33 325 workers were included. In every round, participants reported their current work situation: location, home, or hybrid (working on location and from home). Physical activity levels and sedentary behavior before and during the pandemic were asked. Logistic generalized estimating equations adjusted for demographic/work/health covariates were used to study the association of work situation with physical activity and sedentary behavior.ResultsHome workers were less likely to meet the recommended ≥150 minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity activity during the pandemic than location workers [odds ratio (OR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.90–0.96] and more likely to be less physically active than before the pandemic (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04–1.14). Furthermore, compared to location workers, home and hybrid workers were more likely to be more sedentary (sitting ≥8 hours/day) on workdays during than before the pandemic (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.39–1.64/1.36–1.68, respectively).ConclusionsCompared to location workers, home workers (and to a lesser extent hybrid workers) were more often physically inactive and sedentary during than before the COVID-19 pandemic. As a substantial part of the working population may continue to work (partly) from home after the pandemic, workers should be supported to increase activity and reduce sitting while working from home.

Work Stressors and Occupational Health of Young Employees: The Moderating Role of Work Adaptability.

Work adaptability refers to the work experience, habits, and skills that enable an individual to adapt to current or changing work tasks and situations. It is a coping resource that individuals use to mitigate various types of stress. Adopting the interaction model of work stress, this study investigated 168 young employees in 20 organizations in Zhejiang Province through interview research and a questionnaire survey. The results show that work adaptability has a significant main effect on occupational health. The work adaptability of employees plays a moderating role in the relationship between occupational health and lack of work meaning stress, role conflict stress, interpersonal relationship stress, negative organizational atmosphere stress, and total score of work stressors. Young employees with high work adaptability have worse occupational health under high-level stress situations due to a lack of work meaning. For promoting occupational health in young employees, organizations should have this group of workers complete meaningful jobs or inform them of the importance of their jobs, reduce role conflict, and create a supportive organizational atmosphere. For management, it is imperative to eliminate high-level stress that stems from a lack of work meaning in order to retain young employees with high work adaptability. These findings shed light on how work adaptability helps young employees deal with stress and improve their occupational health. In organizational and self-stress management, it is beneficial to improve employees’ work adaptability continuously as a means of effectively resisting stress and maintaining occupational health.

Relationship between local seniors' longest-held occupation, current work situation, and reasons for working

Objective The purpose of this study was to clarify how the type and industry of longest-held occupations correlate with current work situations and reasons for working.Methods In August 2015, we mailed anonymous, self-administered questionnaires to all 8,075 residents aged 65 and over of a district in Ota Ward, Tokyo, excluding those admitted to institutions. The questionnaire inquired about their basic attributes, current employment status, as well as the type of work and industry of their longest-held occupation. Furthermore, those who were currently employed were asked about their reasons for working. We conducted a multinomial logistic regression analysis with the current employment situation as the dependent variable, and a binary logistic regression analysis with the applicability of individual reasons as the dependent variable.Results A total of 5,184 questionnaires were returned (response rate: 64.2%), and 5,050 were analyzed. For the longest-held form of work, the most common response was full-time and part-time employment (42.7%), and the most common industry was sales and service (24.2%). Roughly 30% of respondents were currently working, with the most common reason being "For a living," followed by "For my health," "To have a purpose in life (ikigai)," and "To contribute to society and build connections." The industry of the longest-held occupation for those currently working was most often self-employment; executive roles in independent businesses, companies, or organizations for those in full-time positions; and professional jobs for those working part-time. For those not currently working, most had been full-time employees or unemployed. With regard to the longest-held occupations, those currently working and who gave the reason "For a living" were most often owners of independent businesses or self-employed, while those stating "For my health," "To have a purpose in life," and "To contribute to society and build connections" had often been full-time employees, executives at a company or organization, or in administrative or technical positions.Conclusion For seniors' employment or social participation to go smoothly, we believe a support that emphasizes individuality would be effective, including an emphasis on their longest-held occupation, which is deeply connected to their health conditions and quality of life in old age.

Factors associated with overwork among pediatricians at Japanese hospitals.

Given the global health issue of doctors working excessive hours, working practices for doctors in Japan are currently undergoing reform. We aimed to ascertain the actual situation of excessive working hours among pediatricians and factors influencing these conditions in Japan. Pediatricians employed at hospitals throughout Japan completed a questionnaire regarding their current working situation, including the time spent at the hospital and whether their working environment had improved since 2018, when the reform of doctors' working practices began. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify background factors associated with excessive working hours. Questionnaires were sent to 848 Japanese hospitals that submitted insurance reimbursement claims for pediatric inpatient treatment. Valid responses were received from 1,539 pediatricians at 416 hospitals (49% response rate). Of these pediatricians, 51.7% spent ≥60 h/week at their hospital, 14.4% spent ≥80 h/week, and 47.4% worked nights at least four times a month. Compared with 2018, 8.8% and 35.4% responded that their working environment had greatly or somewhat improved, respectively. Working for ≤60 h/week was considered appropriate by 81.9% of pediatricians. Background factors associated with spending ≥80 h/week at the hospital were male sex, age <30 years, lack of children, specialty of pediatric cardiology, annual income exceeding ¥16 million, employment at a private university hospital, and employment at a hospital with a comparatively large number of pediatricians. This study clarified the background factors and the actual situation of the long working hours among pediatricians working in Japanese hospitals.

Social Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes for Head and Neck Cancer Patients

The influence of area-based and individual indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and patient concerns following head and neck cancer is complex and under-reported. The aim of this study is to use baseline data collected as part of a randomised controlled trial to provide greater detail on the attribution of SES to University of Washington Quality of Life version 4 (UWQOL v4), Distress Thermometer and European Quality of Life Five-Dimension Five-Level (EQ-5D-5L) outcomes. A total of 288 trial patients attended baseline clinics a median (Interquartile (IQR)) of 103 (71–162) days after the end of treatment. Area-based SES was assessed using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019. Thirty-eight per cent (110/288) of patients lived in the most deprived IMD rank quintile. Less than good overall quality of life (31% overall) was associated with current working situation (p = 0.008), receipt of financial benefits (p &lt; 0.001), total household income (p = 0.003) and use of tobacco (p = 0.001). Income and employment were significant patient level indicators predictors of HRQOL outcomes after case-mix adjustment. The number of Patient Concerns Inventory items selected varied significantly by overall clinical tumour clinical stage (p &lt; 0.001) and by treatment (p &lt; 0.001) but not by area IMD or patient-level deprivation indicators. In conclusion, interventions to improve employment and finance could make a substantial positive effect on HRQOL outcomes and concerns.

START-UP VENTURES: EMERGING TRENDS AND IT’S IMPACT ON GROWTH &amp; DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN ECONOMY

Changes in the environment lead to generation of ideas to combat the difficulties related to particular time period. Concept of startup is not an exception of it. Various factors giving push for growth of startups in India includes Individuals urge on gaining professional qualification, mobile penetration and increasing internet connectivity, Government initiatives are some of the reasons that affect the decision of starting a venture. Government’s initiative of Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat has instilled some sense of confidence in young entrepreneurs to come up with business ideas and side by side Covid 19 pandemic has led to increase in number of ventures related Internet. Today’s environment seems to be more helpful to entrepreneurs in terms of government support. It is about the constant motivation individuals are getting from leader of the nation. No doubt journey to start a venture is not an easy task but continuous assurance from a leader makes people more confident. Startups in India are not only proving itself beneficial for nation’s economy but also for the individuals who are underemployed or are not satisfied with their current working situation and satisfaction is the key component in delivering the best in each and every sphere of life.

Successful return to work after burnout: an evaluation of job, person- and private-related burnout determinants as determinants of return-to-work quality after sick leave for burnout

Purpose Burnout literature has primarily studied determinants and rehabilitation. Remarkably, ways to enable qualitative return to work after burnout are considered considerably less and were studied here. Specifically, building on the Job Demands-Resources model and Effort-Recovery model, this study investigated determinants of the quality of return to work. Material and Methods Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the quality of reintegration among 786 workers who were surveyed about their return to work after a burnout episode. Results Restarting work at a new employer and especially getting supervisor support appeared beneficial, whereas remaining burnout symptoms, stressors in one’s private environment and – mostly – neuroticism hampered the quality of return to work. Conclusion Given the high prevalence and important costs burnout entails, primary prevention alone proves insufficient. Current study findings inform on how to optimize the quality of reintegration in the workplace after a burnout episode, demonstrating that supportive managers and inclusive workplaces (i.e., open to hire applicants with a burnout history) are important levers for qualitative return to work, next to ensuring workers are not (so much) impaired by their burnout rest symptoms. Implications for Rehabilitation Reintegration trajectories after burnout should not only be evaluated by sick leave duration but also by the clients’ subjective experience of quality of return to work. Rehabilitation professionals should ensure clients prepare return to work early so they return timely and are not (so much) impaired by their burnout rest symptoms. Rehabilitation professionals should propose reorientation towards a new employer in case of irreversible work ability problems at the current workplace. The clients’ current work situation should allow for sufficient supervisor social support. Also stressors in private life (like divorce) and personality characteristics (like neuroticism) should be considered as they may hamper quality of return to work.

Work-Related Health Literacy: A Scoping Review to Clarify the Concept.

The overall aim of this scoping review is to outline the current state of research on health literacy (HL) in the workplace: the primary objective is to clarify the concept of individual work-related HL; the secondary aims are to report on interventions that promote individual work-related HL and to present respective measurement instruments validated to date. A high level of work-related HL could support work ability and in the longer run employability. These topics are becoming increasingly important in current circumstances and in view of ongoing developments (e.g., digitalization and “new” work). A basic understanding and measurement of HL as an individual competence in the context of working life is necessary to develop future interventions to promote HL among people of working age. According to the participants, concept, and context (PCC) framework, we included articles on health literacy (concept) in the target group of people of working age in the workplace (population and context). Key information sources were the databases PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and PSYNDEX. A total of 30 articles were included. There are several terms for “health literacy in the workplace” (including individual work-related or occupational HL). The conceptualizations of the individual employee’s competence covered all aspects of HL (“access”, “understand”, “appraise”, and “apply” health information). The conceptualizations differed, among others, in the covered time horizon (referring either only to employees’ current work situation or additionally to their employability in the lifespan) or whether they referred also to the viability of the respective company. Published interventions attempting to promote individual work-related HL seem mostly to be targeted at the promotion of mental HL. A variety of outcomes have been measured in intervention studies, while specific measurement instruments for individual work-related HL seem to be scarce. We recommend the development of country-specific instruments for the assessment of individual work-related health literacy and to measure mental and physical work-related health literacy.

From silence to recognition: Swedish social services and the handling of honor-based violence

ABSTRACT Societal norms and values along with laws and regulations strongly influence social work, as do megatrends as globalisation and migration. International agreements on human rights with special focus on violence against women have drawn attention to domestic violence, including honor-based violence (HBV). The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that affect social workers’ ability to work within the area of HBV and their experiences of their current work situation. Based on a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with Swedish social workers, the study shows that HBV is not a new phenomenon in social work, but that unfamiliarity and a lack of legitimacy have made it difficult for social workers to deal with the issue. Inspired by recognition theory, a picture emerges of a profession with low mandates and low recognition that lacks resources regarding education, guidelines and a common view on how HBV should be identified and handled, both within the social workers’ own organisation and in other authorities. The dynamics of HBV and approaches to the issue require a present state and legislative support. Social workers also need support from researchers in the field to develop effective interventions in their practical social work with HBV.

Educational Roles of Primary and Secondary School Teacher-Librarians in Hong Kong

This study explores the professional development and current work situation of Teacher-librarians (TLs) in primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong, and investigates and compares the educational roles of primary and secondary schools TLs in teaching subject courses, developing stakeholders’ information literacy, collaborating with teachers and cultivating students’ reading habits. Key findings include: relatively more secondary school TLs have professional qualifications; secondary school TLs spend on average more than one-quarter of their time teaching subject (non-library related) courses, compared to primary school TLs (15%), which they see as restricting their ability to provide library services; primary school TLs spend more time on the preparation and delivery of library lessons than secondary school TLs; both primary and secondary TLs spend less that 5% of their time collaborating with teachers; and that primary school TLs appear to have a more holistic approach to information literacy acquisition.