Current Well-being Research Articles

WeCare – Mental healthcare for health professionals

Abstract Issue/Problem Health professionals face physical and mental stressors (risk factors) due to challenging working conditions. Description of the Problem Despite high levels of health literacy among healthcare workers, maintaining healthy habits is challenging due to variable shifts, including nights, high workloads, and intense emotional and mental demands. Adopting a healthier lifestyle requires personal changes that can be difficult to implement, particularly in nursing and caregiving. This is critical, as retaining and attracting new staff in these fields is essential for the healthcare sector. Results/Effects/Changes To address these challenges, it’s crucial to boost intrinsic motivation and provide healthcare workers with practical tools to support their well-being and encourage them to remain in the sector. The WeCare project offers a mobile app designed as a ‘pocket coach,’ accessible at any time. Healthcare professionals can use the app to assess their current mental well-being through self-evaluation. With built-in assessments and predefined thresholds, the app tracks stress levels and quality of life. Depending on the outcomes, users are automatically guided to appropriate information, gamified activities, and exercises tailored to their specific needs. The project, running from 2022 to 2024, is co-funded by the European Union’s Erasmus+ programme. Lessons The app is beta-tested during 2024 in five countries: Germany, Austria, Serbia, Poland, and Italy, with local language support. The test group will consist of healthcare professionals and related professions. The results, including user engagement and motivational factors are analyzed. As the project concludes in autumn, comprehensive recommendations and lessons learned will be compiled and presented at the European Public Health (EPH) Conference. This will also include sharing the app and its solution with the broader healthcare community. Key messages • The WeCare app supports healthcare workers’ mental health with a mobile “pocket coach” that provides personalized exercises. Through gamification, it promotes healthy habits and boosts job motivation. • It is critical to support healthcare workers, as retaining and attracting new persons is essential for the healthcare sector.

Adolescent well-being in time of crisis: The role of social and residential contexts

Abstract Background It is unknown whether social or residential context during the COVID-19 lockdowns may impact mental well-being. We identified classes of each of social and residential context during the lockdown and examined their associations with mental well-being among French adolescents one-year after the first lockdown. Methods We used data collected in a cross-sectional study design in 2021 from 387 adolescents ages 12 to 15 years enrolled in the school-based pilot study for EXIST. Participants reported social and residential characteristics during the lockdown retrospectively, and current mental well-being in self-report questionnaires. We used latent class analysis to identify classes of social and residential contexts, and linear regression models to study their association with mental well-being. Results Four social context classes were identified: class 1 ‘Low opportunities for social contacts at home’, class 2 ‘Moderate opportunities for social contact at home”, class 3 ‘High opportunities for social contact at home’, and class 4 ‘Very high opportunities for social contact at home’. Compared to class 4, lower levels of mental well-being were observed among adolescents in class 1 (b= -4.08, 95% CI [-8.06; -0.10]) one year after the lockdown. We identified four residential context classes, with differences across classes in proximity to nature, type of residence (e.g., apartment, house), and level of neighborhood deprivation. No association was found between residential context during the lockdown and adolescent mental well-being one year later. Conclusions An unsupportive social environment during the lockdown may have long-term effects on mental well-being among adolescents. Given the observed disparities in social support, future intervention should aim to strengthen social support for adolescents living in unsupportive environments (e.g., remote homework assistance, support for isolated parents, provision of virtual chat rooms for adolescents). Key messages • Mental well-being was challenged among youth with lower levels of social connectedness and support during lockdown, residential context was not associated with adolescent well-being after one year. • During crisis, a critical need among adolescents does not pertain to the physical attributes of their living environment, but rather to social support from friends or family within and outside home.

The impact of telework on mental health: a secondary analysis of the 2023 BelHealth

Abstract Background Teleworking gained ground in most workplaces, but questions remain about its impact on mental health. This research used data from the BELHEALTH cohort, a Belgian longitudinal wellbeing study, to investigate the relationship between the extent of telework and three mental health outcomes: anxiety, depression, and burnout. Methods In June 2023, the quarterly online survey assessed telework frequency (never, monthly, weekly, daily) as well as state of anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9) and burnout (BAT-12). A complete case analysis (n = 2,303) of these cross-sectional data was performed with employed participants aged 18-65 years. Logit generalized linear mixed models were constructed, with the mental health outcomes as binary outcomes, telework as ordinal covariates, and occupation, type of job, as random effects. The anxiety, and depression models were controlled for geographical location, sex, age, and education confounders, whereas the burnout model was controlled only for sex, and education due to lack of observations. Results In this secondary analysis, we found that daily telework increased the odds of anxiety by 2.33 (95% CI [1.71; 3.17], p < 0.01), the odds of depression by 2.98 (95% CI [2.16; 4.12], p < 0.001), and the odds of burnout by 1.17 (95% CI [0.87; 1.58], p > 0.05) as compared with not teleworking while controlling for confounders. The category of monthly telework was associated with lower odds of anxiety (0.85; 95% CI [0.67; 1.07], p > 0.05), depression (0.91; 95% CI [0.74; 1.28], p > 0.05), and burnout (0.95; 95% CI [0.79; 1.15], p > 0.05) as compared to not teleworking. Conclusions Full-time teleworkers seem to have a higher odds for negative mental health outcomes. Future studies should focus on the long-term causal mechanisms that explain how telework intensity influences mental health to tailor and optimize current wellbeing initiatives at the workplace. Key messages • Our survey points out that full-time teleworkers seem to be at risk of mental health problems. • The frequency of telework has a mixed influence on mental health, indicating that different employees need tailored wellbeing initiatives.

Anxiety about the social consequences of missed group experiences intensifies fear of missing out (FOMO).

Although fear of missing out (FOMO) has become a widely experienced phenomenon, the specific social situations and cognitions driving the FOMO experience have not yet been closely studied. Across seven experiments (N = 5,441), we find that FOMO occurs when people miss events involving valued social groups and is driven by the perception of missed bonding and concerns about how this may negatively affect their future relationships. People feel greater FOMO when they miss events involving valued others (vs. strangers or irrelevant social groups) and when events foster social bonding (vs. individual activity)-even when the events themselves may be unenjoyable. FOMO is further intensified when concerns about one's future social-group belonging are elevated, either stemming from situational triggers (e.g., social media photos) or one's chronic anxious attachment to their social group. Notably, these concerns are exaggerated when considering the social costs of missing an event for oneself (vs. a friend). Given the social underpinnings of FOMO, reaffirming one's social belonging by reflecting on past social connection provides temporary relief. By revealing a novel, situational antecedent of FOMO and the underlying cognitions, this research demonstrates that current well-being is informed not only by current and past feelings of belonging but also by hypothetical projections about one's future social belonging. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of social bonding in experiential consumption, identify new determinants of FOMO, and lay the groundwork for simple interventions to mitigate FOMO and its maladaptive consequences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Adolescent mental well-being in time of crises: The role of social and residential contexts.

The extent of the impact and the interconnections among factors within social and residential contexts during the COVID-19 lockdowns on mental well-being remain to be elucidated. We identified latent classes of each of social and residential context during the lockdown and examined their associations with mental well-being among adolescents in France 1-year after the first lockdown. We used data collected in 2021 in a cross-sectional school-based pilot study for EXIST, from 387 participants ages 12-15 years. Participants reported retrospectively on characteristics of their social and residential contexts during the lockdown, and their current mental well-being in self-report questionnaires. We used latent class analysis to identify latent classes of social and residential contexts, and linear regression models to examine the associations between these contexts and mental well-being. Four social context classes were identified: class 1 "Low opportunity for social contact at home," class 2 "Moderate opportunity for social contact at home," class 3 "High opportunity for social contact at home," and class 4 "Very high opportunity for social contact at home." Relative to class 4, lower levels of mental well-being were observed among adolescents in class 1 (b = -4.08, 95% CI [-8.06; -0.10]) 1 year after the lockdown. We identified four residential context classes based on proximity to nature, type of residence (e.g., apartment, house), and level of neighborhood deprivation. No association was detected between residential context during the lockdown and adolescent mental well-being one-year later. A limited social context may negatively impact adolescent mental well-being during crises.

Analysis of the Current Situation and Influencing Factors of Psychological Well-Being of Elderly People in the Community

Objective: To investigate the current psychological well-being of older people in the community and analyze its influencing factors. Methods: A total of 265 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 and above in Baoding City, Hebei Province, were selected through convenience sampling from November 2023 to March 2024. They were surveyed using a general information questionnaire and a comprehensive well-being questionnaire, with results analyzed statistically using SPSS 27.0. Results: Six dimensions of the psychological well-being scale for community older adults were identified: life vitality (P50 = 4.83), health concern (P50 = 4.6), self-worth (P50 = 5.6), friendly relationships (P50 = 5.33), altruistic behavior (P50 = 5.2), personality growth (P50 = 4.67), and comprehensive well-being (P50 = 161). Multivariate regression analysis showed that social isolation (β = -0.021, P < 0.001), type of work (β = -0.142, P < 0.001), chronic disease history (β = 0.004, P < 0.001), need for mobility aid (β = 0.192, P < 0.001), and monthly income (β = 0.381, P < 0.001) were factors influencing psychological well-being. Conclusion: The psychological well-being of the elderly is slightly above moderate and requires improvement. Enhancing factors such as reducing social isolation, addressing chronic disease history, and improving financial support could improve psychological well-being in older adults.

EBM BLS: In Older Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression, Adding Aripiprazole to Current AntidepressantIncreased Psychological Well-Being and Depression Remission Rates.

EBM BLS: In Older Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression, Adding Aripiprazole to Current AntidepressantIncreased Psychological Well-Being and Depression Remission Rates.

Lasting Legacy: The Enduring Relationship Between Racially Restrictive Housing Covenants and Health and Wellbeing.

Racially restrictive covenants in housing deeds, commonplace in Minnesotafor houses built from the 1910s to the 1950s, provided a foundation for the myriad of policies that made it difficult for people of color to obtain housing. Though covenants were ruled illegal in 1968, their legacy continues to shape neighborhoods. The Mapping Prejudice Project's efforts in Hennepin County, Minnesota, produced the first systematic documentation of racially restrictive covenants. We use this novel data set to explore the relationship between historic covenants and current health and wellbeing outcomes. Using regression analysis to control for neighborhood level covariates, we compare previously covenanted neighborhoods to neighborhoods without covenants. Today, previously covenanted neighborhoods have higher life expectancy and lower rates of obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and asthma than neighborhoods without racially restrictive covenants. Additionally, previously covenanted neighborhoods have less upward mobility for children from poorer households, and there are larger gaps in upward mobility between white and Black children. These findings contribute to a growing literature that shows racist policies, even decades after they are legally enforceable, leave an imprint on neighborhoods. Using the novel data from the MappingPrejudiceProject, we provide statistical analysis that confirms qualitative and anecdotal evidence on the role of racial covenants in shaping neighborhoods.

Looking Back on Career, Looking Forward to Retirement: Antecedents of Subjective Career Evaluations and Their Impact on Retirement Adjustment.

An individual's past, and reflections on it, may influence current and future well-being. Recent qualitative studies suggest retirees' recollections about their careers relate to well-being in retirement. We investigated associations between life course events and subjective career evaluations, gender differences in these associations, and their subsequent association with retirement adjustment. We used data from three waves (2015, 2018, and 2023) of the (NIDI Pension Panel Study (NPPS), a longitudinal survey of Dutch older workers. Using a sample of 6,109 respondents, we used ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to investigate associations between employment stability facilitators and inhibitors (e.g., promotion, demotion, unemployment) and personal shocks (e.g., divorce, widowhood) and subjective evaluations of satisfaction with the work and family domains of career between genders. Using a follow-up sample (N=4,106), we employed ordinal logistic regression models to investigate the impact of these baseline subjective evaluations on retirement adjustment at follow-up. Employment stability factors such as demotion and unemployment, and personal shocks such as poor psychological health were associated with subjective evaluations of the work and family career domains. Gender differences in these associations were found. Evaluations in both the work and family domains were associated with retirement adjustment at follow-up. Our results demonstrate the importance of life course events on older workers' evaluations of their careers and the long-term impact of subjective career evaluations. Further research is needed to evaluate the predictive utility of these evaluations for other outcomes in older adulthood.

Collecting Multi-Actor Family Network Data

Abstract Although ‘the family’ is arguably the most fundamental of all social networks, surprisingly little data are available that enable researchers to study the full web of relationships between family members. Mapping family relationships from multiple – preferably ‘all’ – family members’ perspectives enables understanding relational dependencies, such as how parental divorce reverberates through the network. This article introduces a multi-actor family network survey method aimed at collecting ‘complete’ family network data. It discusses the design and implementation of the Lifelines Family Ties project. In this data collection project, a total of 160 children, parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and stepfamily members reported on their current and past well-being and their family relationships (contact, support, affection) with 524 family members, resulting in a dataset covering nearly 900 relationships. The article concludes by providing a preview of possible analysis techniques for future users of the Lifelines Family Ties dataset or other future multi-actor family network data.

The psychological impact of torture and state repression in Türkiye between 2015 and 2018: Reports from Turkish refugees seeking asylum in Germany.

Torture seeks to undermine not only the physical and emotional well-being of an individual, but to damage the coherence of entire communities. Thus, torture and state repression are used to weaken entire subpopulations. After the failed coup d'état in Türkiye in 2016 and during the subsequently following state of emergency that lasted until 2018, allegations of torture and other degrading treatment in Türkiye spread widely. Since then, the number of asylum-seekers in Germany has risen considerably. This paper analyses the reports of twenty Turkish citizens that fled to Germany to seek asylum in the aftermath of the events. In semi-structured interviews held in Turkish, we assessed the experiences of torture and state repression, psychological consequences, and the current well-being and living situation. All interviewees described illicit violence of state authorities and government supporters, especially while under arrest. Though the methods varied, there was a constant pattern of imbalance of power. The psychological impact of these methods were present after relocation to Germany and included signs of PTSD, anxiety disorders, and major depression. The reports of torture, state repression, and their psychological impact emphasise the importance for policy makers to address the prevention of human rights violations and support the needs of survivors.

Experiences of vaginal lengthening treatment and sexual well-being in women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome: An interview study.

To explore how women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome experience dilation or surgical vaginal lengthening treatment, and their current sexual well-being. A qualitative interview study. Denmark. Women aged ≥25 years diagnosed with MRKH syndrome. Semi-structured video interviews were conducted with 18 women. Interviews lasted a median of 92 min and were digitally recorded, transcribed and anonymised. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. A qualitative analysis of women's experiences. The analysis identified three themes. Firstly, Experiences with dilation treatment revealed dilation as an awkward routine, especially for adolescents living with parents and yet to sexually debut. While some experienced successful vaginal lengthening, others faced treatment failure leading to frustration and self-blame. Secondly, Experiences with neovaginal surgery described the procedure as extremely painful but resulting in a 'normal size' vagina. Some women felt that the procedure had negatively impacted their self-confidence, and all underscored the importance of maturity before opting for surgery. Lastly, Current sex life and sexual well-being indicated a well-functioning sex life for many women, but with reported low sexual confidence and genital self-image due to the perceived 'deviance' of their genitalia. For women with MRKH syndrome, vaginal lengthening treatment, whether through dilation or surgery, may result in a 'normal size' vagina. However, according to the women's experiences, vaginal lengthening treatment does not adequately foster positive sexual esteem and genital self-image.

Pregnancy and Parenthood Among US Surgical Residents

The ability to pursue family planning goals is integral to gender equity in any field. Procedural specialties pose occupational risks to pregnancy. As the largest procedural specialty, general surgery provides an opportunity to understand family planning, workplace support for parenthood, obstetric outcomes, and the impact of these factors on workforce well-being, gender equity, and attrition. To examine pregnancy and parenthood experiences, including mistreatment and obstetric outcomes, among a cohort of US general surgical residents. This cohort study involved a cross-sectional national survey of general surgery residents in all programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education after the 2021 American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination. Female respondents who reported a pregnancy and male respondents whose partners were pregnant during clinical training were queried about pregnancy- and parenthood-based mistreatment, obstetric outcomes, and current well-being (burnout, thoughts of attrition, suicidality). Primary outcomes included obstetric complications and postpartum depression compared between female residents and partners of male residents. Secondary outcomes included perceptions about support for family planning, pregnancy, or parenthood; assisted reproductive technology use; pregnancy/parenthood-based mistreatment; neonatal complications; and well-being, compared between female and male residents. A total of 5692 residents from 325 US general surgery programs participated (81.2% response rate). Among them, 957 residents (16.8%) reported a pregnancy during clinical training (692/3097 [22.3%] male vs 265/2595 [10.2%] female; P < .001). Compared with male residents, female residents more frequently delayed having children because of training (1201/2568 [46.8%] females vs 1006/3072 [32.7%] males; P < .001) and experienced pregnancy/parenthood-based mistreatment (132 [58.1%] females vs 179 [30.5%] males; P < .001). Compared with partners of male residents, female residents were more likely to experience obstetric complications (odds ratio [OR], 1.42; 95% CI, 1.04-1.96) and postpartum depression (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.11-2.40). Pregnancy/parenthood-based mistreatment was associated with increased burnout (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.48-2.78) and thoughts of attrition (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.61-3.88). Postpartum depression, whether in female residents or partners of male residents, was associated with resident burnout (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.27-2.92), thoughts of attrition (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.36-3.96), and suicidality (OR, 5.58; 95% CI, 2.59-11.99). This study found that pregnancy/parenthood-based mistreatment, obstetric complications, and postpartum depression were associated with female gender, likely driving gendered attrition. Systematic change is needed to protect maternal-fetal health and advance gender equity in procedural fields.

Do aversive well-being comparisons mediate the effects of childhood adversity on anxiety and depression?

BackgroundChildhood adversity (CA) is strongly associated with depression and anxiety in later life. Many adults with a history of CA may have internalized an insecure self-concept, which may contribute to negative evaluations of one's current well-being relative to different standards. Yet, there is lack of research on well-being comparisons in adults with a history of CA. Objective: We examined aversive well-being comparisons (i.e., comparisons threatening the comparer's motives) in the context of CA and their predictive value in depression and anxiety beyond self-esteem, emotion regulation, and external control beliefs. Further, we investigated whether well-being comparison processes mediate the relationship between CA and depression and anxiety. Participants and Setting: We conducted a two-wave longitudinal study with 942 adult participants (mean age: 31.56 years, SD = 10.49, 18–75 years). Methods: Participants completed measures of CA, aversive well-being comparisons (social, temporal, counterfactual, and criteria-based comparisons), self-esteem, emotion regulation, and locus of control at two time points, three months apart. Results: CA was significantly linked to more frequent aversive well-being comparisons. These comparisons were associated with greater discrepancies relative to the comparison standard and a more negative affective impact, ultimately contributing to higher levels of subsequent anxiety and depression symptoms. Comparison frequency emerged as key mediator, highlighting potential pathways through which CA affects adult mental health. These associations emerged despite controlling for established variables in this context, namely self-esteem, emotion regulation, and external locus of control. Conclusion: Our findings underscore the unique importance of aversive well-being comparisons in individuals with a history of CA.

Facilitated Collaborative Group Co-Design of Hypothetical Digital Tools to Understand University Students’ Well-being Support Needs and Requirements

The number of students in higher education encountering issues with their well-being is increasing every year, with many struggling to seek appropriate support due to reasons such as stigma or lack of access to services. Consequently, digital well-being support tools may be best placed to address their needs; however, few of these tools involve students in the design process, and thus, there is a lack of clarity as to whether these tools meet the needs of students. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to provide a series of design considerations that should be incorporated in the design and development of digital tools to support student well-being. Co-design methods were used to develop these design considerations by understanding the well-being domains in which students want support, their views on existing digital supports, and their desired features in a digital support tool. Undergraduate students enrolled in a well-being module at an Irish University completed a facilitated group assignment in which they were required to co-design a hypothetical digital tool to support other students’ well-being. Deductive thematic analysis of the 10-min presentations of their tools was carried out. The overall findings were that:Students recognize all well-being domains as interconnected and view social connectedness and time management as crucial for them to find good balance in their lives and to thrive;Current digital well-being tools do not appropriately meet their needs, being too expensive, unmotivating, not suited to the student lifestyle and perceived as untrustworthy;Students desire a digital well-being tool that can give them structured and streamlined support and that clearly relates to their specific university environment;Specific desired features include the ability to log and visualize data, personalization capabilities, a motivational rewards system, and trustworthy educational information, tips and advice.

Flourishing as the central aim of education: Steps toward a consensus

Lately, several key experts have proposed that well-being and flourishing ought to be the ultimate aim of education. To make this aspiration into reality, we need (1) a shared normative vision, (2) a shared understanding of key features of flourishing, and (3) shared flagship indicators to assess flourishing. Normatively, while the aim of education indeed ought to be the lifelong flourishing of the students, promoting it requires recognizing potential trade-offs between students’ current well-being and lifelong flourishing as well as each student’s individualistic flourishing and the capability of the society to promote the flourishing of all. Flourishing itself involves the following three dimensions: subjectively experienced well-being, psychological functioning, and certain foundational capacities and virtues through which human potential is realized. We need consensus around these elements and their lead indicators to transform the abstract aspiration into a trackable target pursued through evidence-based practices by education systems around the world.

Risk ambassadors and saviours: Children and futuring public health interventions.

Schools are increasingly positioned as sites for intervening on the bodies and minds of children in the here and now in order to bring about health gain for the future. Public health interventions for schools bring together coalitions of commercial, statutory and philanthropic actors with children and their teachers and carers. Drawing on ethnographic case studies in London, UK, this paper explores two such interventions: one aiming to increase levels of physical activity and one to reduce exposure to air pollution. Both interventions not only evoke care for children's own current and future wellbeing but also fold in imaginaries of collective health futures, which orient and legitimise particular intervention logics and actions. As interventions unfold, children are recruited as monitors of health risks in the present. They are also positioned as risk ambassadors, who will leverage care about unhealthy environments and lifestyles across space, to risky domestic environments, and into imagined health futures. These 'futuring' school-based interventions open up small alternative spaces in which imaginaries of collective and resistant public health practices emerge. However, in the here and now, children appear to be bearing a disproportionate burden of responsibility, as ambassadors for, and imagined saviours of, public and environmental health.

Sexual Orientation and Financial Well-Being in the United States

We study the relationship between financial well-being and sexual orientation in the United States using Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (SHED) data for 2019-2022. We document that people who are lesbian, gay, and bisexual (or LGB) have significantly more difficulty managing financially than similarly situated heterosexual individuals—and this pre-dated the COVID-19 pandemic. Differences are found across a broad array of current and future financial well-being outcomes, including retirement savings, rainy-day funds, credit card and schooling debts, and the use of alternative financial services such as payday loans. Differences in partnership, financial assistance from parents, financial knowledge, and risk preferences cannot explain these differences. Instead, we document that some social vulnerabilities such as exposure to discriminatory behavior and violence are differentially experienced by LGB people, which may play a role. Our results demonstrate that people who are lesbian, gay, and bisexual experience significantly more financial insecurity than previously understood.

Aesthetic Procedures and Psychological Wellbeing in Saudi College Students: An In-Depth Exploration.

Minimally invasive aesthetic procedures are widely popular among the youth. Despite their prevalence, there is a significant gap in the research concerning the relationship between these procedures and psychological wellbeing, as well as an insufficient exploration of the barriers and motivators influencing their adoption, this study aims to address these gaps. This cross-sectional study has utilized a secure online survey directed at Saudi university students as the target population. The survey was consisting of 18-item electronic questionnaire including of 4 parts (demographical data, history of psychological illness and screening of current psychological wellbeing using WHO-5 well-being tool, history of doing cosmetic procedure, or willingness to do in the future, barriers and motivators to do cosmetic procedures), and it was distributed across multiple social media platforms. A total of 8443 college students completed the study questionnaire. Exactly 1096 (13%) of the students underwent a cosmetic procedure. The most reported procedures were laser hair removal (9.1%), filler (5.3%), skin boosters (2.8%), and Botulinum toxin A injections (Botox) (2.6%). The most ranked motivators were being painless, with no side effects (8.8 out of 10), followed by being free (8.0 out of 10) and enhancing self-confidence (7.4 out of 10). No significant difference recorded at the overall psychological well-being score between who underwent cosmetic procedures and who did not.

Health-Related Behaviors and Academic Achievement Among College Students.

College students' academic achievement has crucial implications for their future success. Students' health may be a key determinant of academic performance, but more research is needed to understand this relationship. Secondary analysis of the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment III pre-COVID-19 Spring 2020 dataset. N = 39146 undergraduates at 75 higher education institutions (14% mean response rate, comparable with other large-scale national college health surveys). Self-reported grade point average (GPA) and 33 health behaviors in the categories of dietary behavior, physical activity, sedentary behavior, substance use, sexual risk behavior, violence-related behavior, mental health, and sleep behavior. Weighted cross-tabulations examining the association between GPA and health behaviors; multinomial logistic regressions assessing if behaviors predicted GPA, controlling for year, sex/gender, and race/ethnicity. Individual GPA categories were also compared to a D/F referent group. There were gradient trends across GPA categories for A through D/F (18 behaviors) or A through C (12 behaviors) (P < .001). Each health behavior predicted GPA differences (P < .001), except heroin use (P = .052). The A GPA group was significantly different from the D/F GPA group for 27 behaviors (P < .001). In general, protective behaviors corresponded with higher GPAs and most risk behaviors were associated with lower GPAs. There is a link between numerous health behaviors and academic performance. Stakeholders invested in college students' health and academics should engage in mutually beneficial strategies to safeguard students' current and future well-being and success.