Current Nutritional Recommendations Research Articles

The Effect of Chronic Dietary Protein Manipulation on Amino Acids' Profile and Position Sense in the Elderly Suffering from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Dietary protein with adequate essential amino acids effectively stimulates protein synthesis and improves muscle mass. Musculoskeletal disorders in lower or upper limbs are not uncommon among patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, this study primarily examines the effects of chronic dietary protein manipulation on amino acids' profile and position sense in the elderly suffering from T2DM. A total of 26 individuals suffering from non-insulin-dependent T2DM (age > 55 years old) participated in a 12 week nutritional intervention. The subjects were randomly assigned and the control group received 0.8-1.0 g protein/kg/day, while the intervention group received 1.2-1.5 g protein/kg/day. Lean body mass, muscle strength, and position sense were assessed at baseline, as well as at the 6th and 12th week of the intervention. Only in the intervention group, the essential amino acids intake met the current nutritional recommendations (p < 0.05), while, by the 12th week, only the intervention group showed significant improvement in the muscle strength of knee (p < 0.05) and shoulder (p < 0.05) extension. On the contrary, in the control group, a significant decline in appendicular lean mass (p < 0.05) was observed by the 12th week. Position sense at the knee joint revealed a tendency for improvement in the intervention group by the 12th week (main effect of time p = 0.072). In the present investigation, it was revealed that the higher protein intake in the intervention group seemed to have positive effects on muscle strength and nearly positive effects on position sense.

Nutrition Periodization in Recreational Endurance Athletes During Training Camp – Case study

Both training and dietary practices used by athletes greatly vary. Current sports nutrition guidelines promote dietary manipulation of energy-yielding nutrients specific to the period of training. The study explores the ad libitum nutrition practices of four healthy adult recreational athletes during a 2-week cycling training camp (~100 km·d-1, ~240 min·d-1) with particular attention to the current sports nutrition recommendations. Based on evidence-based guidelines, peri-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) and protein (PRO) intake periodization cut-off levels were set for athletes. Training days were categorized as hard (HARD, two training units/day), middle (MID, one training unit/day), and easy (LOW, no training). Fourteen-day diet records were used and analyzed by nutritional software for energy intake (EI), carbohydrate (CHO), and protein (PRO) intake.&#x0D; Relative daily EI of 78.6±4.5, 73.3±6.4, 75.4±8.2 kcal·kg·d-1, and CHO 8.9±0.8, 7.8±1.0, 8.2±1.5 g·kg1 intakes were not different in HARD, MID and LOW days, respectively. The mean daily EI was 1.3× higher than the predicted total daily energy expenditure, irrespective of the training day category, resulting in ~500 kcal·d-1 energy surplus. In the 2h post-exercise period, PRO intake exceeded the current recommendations 4.6-fold, and CHO intake was significantly lower after a second training session on HARD days (0.7 g·kg·h-1) than a recommendation (1.2 g·kg·h-1). Mean in-exercise CHO intake (~11.5 g·h-1) was significantly under the moderate 30 g·h-1 recommendation.&#x0D; In conclusion, the dietary behaviours of recreational athletes are not consistent with current sports nutrition periodization guidelines. Energy intake throughout the training camp led to positive energy balance being highest on non-training days. Daily or during and post-exercise CHO and PRO intakes were not adjusted to the training sessions' volume, intensity, or duration.

Could the Wheel of Cardiovascular Health Diet Be a Tool for Diet Quality in Nutritional Counseling? Comparison with Healthy Eating Index-2020

Objective The Wheel of Cardiovascular Health Diet was recently elaborated based on current nutritional recommendations for healthy eating and was made for person-centered nutritional counseling, thus it may be an interesting tool to improve food awareness. However, its validity is yet to be tested. We hypothesized that the self-perception of patients diagnosed with chronic diseases, evaluated by the Wheel of Cardiovascular Health Diet, is satisfactory in assessing the quality of their diets, compared with the Healthy Eating Index-2020. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of adults with uncontrolled hypertension or type 2 diabetes. The patients answered the Wheel of Cardiovascular Health Diet, and then, based on the food frequency questionnaire, we analyzed the Healthy Eating Index-2020. Results A total of 330 patients were included in the study: 91.5% had hypertension, 58.5% had type 2 diabetes, and the median age was 58 (50–65) years. The mean difference observed between the percentage of the graphic area assessed by the patients’ self-perception from the Wheel of Cardiovascular Health Diet and Healthy Eating Index-2020 was −10.0% (95%CI −35.3 to 15.3), and a moderate correlation was observed. Linear Regression models showed that a 10-point increase in patients’ self-perception in the Wheel of Cardiovascular Health Diet is associated with a 2.9% increase (95%CI 2.08 to 3.70) in the diet quality by the Healthy Eating Index-2020 and is associated with lower BMI values: β = −0.42 kg/m2 (95%CI −0.83 to −0.01). Conclusion The Wheel of Cardiovascular Health Diet performed satisfactorily regarding validity and reliability by BMI and was associated with higher overall dietary quality, with the Healthy Eating Index-2020 as a relative reference.

High resting energy expenditure, less fat-free mass, and less muscle strength in HIV-infected children: a matched, cross-sectional study.

Many improvements have been made in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in pediatric patients; however, challenges remain in terms of achieving normal growth, body composition, and metabolism during treatment, etc. Current nutritional recommendations are based on studies performed in adults, with limited data on the HIV-infected pediatric population. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the resting energy expenditure (REE) of asymptomatic HIV-infected pediatric patients with healthy counterparts and to compare body composition, dietary intake, and physical activity between the two groups. This was a cross-sectional study of asymptomatic HIV-infected children who were receiving antiretroviral therapy; the infected group was compared with the uninfected group, matched by age (± 6 months), sex, and body mass index (± 0.5 z-score). Participants were recruited between 2021 and 2022, as outpatients. In both groups, REE was determined by indirect calorimetry and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis and hand strength, measured using a hydraulic hand dynamometer. Seventy-eight participants were enrolled, where n = 39 HIV-infected children and n = 39 controls, with a mean age of 11.6 ± 3.4 years old. REE was significantly higher in the HIV group (1254.4 ± 334.7 kcal/day vs. 1124.7 ± 321 kcal/day, p = 0.013) than in the control group. Fat-free mass (FFM) was lower in the HIV group (28.2 ± 10.5 kg vs. 32 ± 11.2 kg, p = 0.001); this trend continued when the index skeletal muscle was evaluated (7.2 ± 1.2 vs. 7.6 ± 1.5, p = 0.04). The strength of the dominant hand was also lower in the HIV group (12 (8-18) kg vs. 20 (10.5-26) kg, p < 0.0001). Children with asymptomatic HIV infection have higher REE than their uninfected peers. They also present decreased FFM, skeletal muscle mass index, and muscle strength. These parameters should be considered during nutritional assessment in this population to have a favorable impact on nutritional status and growth.

571-P: Theory-Based Design of a Nutrition-Focused Approach at CGM Initiation for People with T2D

Background: CGM can improve glycemic outcomes and has the potential to help people with T2D adopt evidence-based nutrition recommendations. Effective interventions using CGM data to guide food choices that align with nutrition recommendations are sparse. The objective of this work is to describe development of a nutrition-focused approach (NFA) at CGM initiation using the behavior change wheel (BCW), a theory-based intervention development framework. Methods: The BCW process included 3 parts: 1) specifying the target behavior and existing barriers according to the Capability Opportunity Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) Model and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF); 2) identifying intervention content to address the barriers (e.g. broad strategies for behavior change and specific behavior change techniques (BCTs)); and 3) assessing feasibility of the intervention and selecting ways to implement content. Rapid literature review, stakeholder discussion, and content analysis were used to achieve these steps. Results: The target behavior was defined as using CGM data to guide dietary changes that align with current nutrition recommendations and improve TIR. Via content analysis, 80 barriers were coded according to the COM-B and TDF constructs. After feasibility assessment and stakeholder discussions, 12 barriers were selected (e.g. an opportunity barrier is lack of tools supporting use of CGM data to guide food choices). These barriers were mapped to 5 behavior change strategies (i.e. intervention functions; such as training and enablement) and associated BCTs (e.g. habit formation and reframing). The final intervention includes three components: a 1-hr in-person session, a 30-min telehealth session, and nutrition-focused CGM-initiation materials. Conclusion: Use of the BCW led to the development of a rigorous but pragmatic theory-driven intervention. Effectiveness of the nutrition-focused approach at CGM initiation intervention will be tested in clinical trials. Disclosure H.Willis: Other Relationship; Abbott Diabetes, Dexcom, Inc., Research Support; Abbott Diabetes. M.Jaka: None. E.A.Johnson: Speaker's Bureau; Medtronic, Medscape. Funding American Diabetes Association (7-22-JDFN-27 to H.W.)

Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio as an Indicator of Diet Quality in Healthy Pregnant Women

This study aimed to investigate diet quality in healthy pregnant women based on the Na-to-K ratio from 24 h urine sample and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), to compare dietary micro- and macronutrient intake with current nutritional recommendations (RDA), and to investigate whether gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with Na-to-K ratio and diet quality during pregnancy in general. Sixty-four healthy pregnant women between 37 and 40 weeks of gestation participated in the study. Participants' GWG, body composition, molar 24 h urine Na-to-K ratio, and FFQ data on average daily total energy, food groups, and micro-/macronutrient intake were obtained. A Na-to-K ratio of 2.68 (1.11-5.24) does not meet nutrition quality and is higher than the WHO recommendations due to excessive sodium and insufficient potassium intake. FFQ Na-to-K ratio was associated with a higher daily intake of soups, sauces, cereals, fats, and oils and a low intake of fruit and non-alcoholic beverages. A total of 49% of pregnant women exhibited excessive GWG, which was attributed to the increase in adipose tissue mass. GWG was not associated with total energy but may be the result of insufficient physical activity during pregnancy. Daily intake of vitamin D, vitamin E, folate, niacin, riboflavin, calcium, iron, and zinc was suboptimal compared to RDA.

Physical activities, dietary profile and nutritional status of students from the Higher Institute of Physical and Sports Education (ISEPS), Marien Ngouabi University in Congo-Brazzaville

A study of the physical activities, food profile and nutritional status of the students was carried out at the Higher Institute of Physical and Sports Education (ISEPS) of Marien Ngouabi University in Congo-Brazzaville. Its objective was to assess the physical activity level, food profile and nutritional status of these students in order to compare them with the current recommendations. A food consumption survey that included all activities performed during the day was conducted on 291 students ranging in age from 18 to 48 years. The weekly method was used. Energy expenditure was calculated by multiplying a base expenditure by the physical activity level (PAL). The individual's nutritional status was determined using the body mass index (BMI). Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used for statistical analysis. The students' physical activity level was high, with an average PAL of 1.89. Energy expenditure was 2531.64 kcal for girls and 3045.18 kcal for boys. These expenditures were consistent with moderately active athletes' recommendations. These students' dietary profiles did not adhere to current nutritional recommendations, with unbalanced, non-diversified food rations and certain meals skipped or even eliminated. Despite the high prevalence of overweight, including obesity (17.5% overweight and 9.3% obesity) and a few cases of underweight (6.5%), the nutritional status was normal overall (23.91 kg/m2 in girls and 23.88 kg/m2 in boys). The findings of this study showed that ISEPS students have a high physical activity level, an unbalanced food intake, and normal nutritional status.

Dietary Intakes and the Risk of Low Energy Availability in Male and Female Advanced and Elite Rock Climbers.

Monedero, J, Duff, C, and Egan, B. Dietary intakes and the risk of low energy availability in male and female advanced and elite rock climbers. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): e8-e15, 2023-There is a culture among rock climbers of striving to maintain low body mass and percentage body fat to enhance performance. Diet practices based on this belief might lead to increased risk of low energy availability (LEA) or eating disorders (EDs). Twenty-five advanced or elite rock climbers (male, n = 14; female, n = 11) had body composition measured, completed 4-day food intake and physical activity diaries while wearing an accelerometer and heart rate monitor, and completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)-26 and the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q; n = 11 female subjects only). EAT-26 scores of 3.5 (1.8, 7.0) [median (IQR)] and 9.3 ± 6.4 (mean ± SD ) for male and female subjects, respectively, indicated low risk of ED in this cohort, but 4 female subjects were at high risk of LEA according to LEAF-Q scores. Suboptimal (<45 kcal·kg·FFM -1 ·d -1 ) and LEA (<30 kcal·kg·FFM -1 ·d -1 ) were evident in 88 and 28%, respectively, of climbers. However, only the female climbers had energy intakes (1775 ± 351 kcal·d -1 ) significantly lower than their calculated energy requirements (2056 ± 254 kcal·d -1 ; p = 0.006). In all subjects, carbohydrate intakes were lower (male subjects: 3.8 ± 1.2 g·kg -1 ·d -1 , p = 0.002; female subjects: 3.4 ± 0.7 g·kg -1 ·d -1 , p < 0.001), and fat intakes were higher (male subjects: 1.6 ± 0.5 g·kg -1 ·d -1 , p < 0.001; female subjects: 1.4 ± 0.4 g·kg -1 ·day -1 , p < 0.001) than current sports nutrition recommendations, and inadequate intakes of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D were observed. Female subjects specifically had lower than recommended intakes of protein and iron. These results show that advanced and elite rock climbers have a high prevalence of LEA and have a risk of having nutritional deficiencies as result of their diet.

Self-Selected Diets in the US Show a Reduction in Carbon Footprints Over Ten Years

ObjectivesGrowing evidence indicates the need for demand-side changes to global food systems to meet nutritional needs while staying within planetary boundaries. Previous research documented the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE, or carbon footprint) of self-selected diets in the US from the 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), but more recent such data do not exist. To address this gap, we assessed the carbon footprint of diets reported in the 2015–2016 NHANES, and analyzed the 10-year trend from the 2005–2006 wave. MethodsFoods eaten by adults (N = 5,060), ages 18 years and older, reported in a one-day 24-hour recall in NHANES 2005–2006 were translated to commodity intakes using recipes from the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Food Commodity Intake Database (FCID). GHGE (kg carbon dioxide equivalents, or CO2-eq, per kg of edible portion) in the production of these commodities were calculated from the database of Food Impacts on the Environment for Linking to Diets (dataFIELD), then summed for each person to get a total one-day dietary carbon footprint. Newly reported foods consumed by adults (N = 4,982) in 2015–2016 required new recipes to be translated to commodity intakes. We developed these recipes by modifying similar existing FCID recipes. If no similar food existed, recipes were constructed using ingredients and proportions from the US Department of Agriculture’s FoodData Central. ResultsMean food-related GHGE decreased 7.9% across the ten-year period, from 4.9 to 4.5 kg CO2-eq/day. Controlling for energy intake, age, gender, race, and income-to-poverty ratio, one-day food-related GHGE were still lower in 2015–2016 than they were in 2005–2006, by 0.3 kg CO2-eq (p < 0.02). ConclusionsThe average carbon footprint of US adults’ self-selected diets has decreased over time. This is a positive development for efforts to slow climate change. However, evidence reported elsewhere shows that US diets do not meet current nutritional recommendations. Additional research is needed to find and encourage “win-win” diets that meet nutritional objectives, while reducing environmental impacts. Funding SourcesWellcome Trust, National Cancer Institute, Health Resources and Services Administration.

The enhancement of the perception of saltiness by umami sensation elicited by flavor enhancers in salt solutions

Health concerns related to the intake of salt have encouraged the investigation into sodium reduction by examining the taste-taste interaction between the perception of saltiness and umami. The effect of saltiness enhancement and sodium reduction of four kinds of umami carrier (WSA, MSG, IMP, and I + G) in a salt model solution with different salt concentrations (2.03–13.94 g/L) were investigated using the two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) and generalized Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS). The saltiness difference thresholds (DT) under different umami carrier were further explored using the constant stimuli method. The results showed that umami carriers had effective effects of saliness enhancement in the salt solutions with different concentrations, and higher enhancemen levels were obtained at larger salt concentrations. The level of saltiness enhancement were varied between the different umami intensity and carriers, and WSA carrier with moderate intensity had the maximum sodium reduction percentages which reached to 24.25%. Besides, the DT values of saltiness taste were increased under umami carrier, which means that more salt can be reduced without evoking a variation in saltiness. The present work not only provided insight into the effect of umami chemicals on the saltiness perception and saltiness DT values but also presented valuable information regarding flavor when developing low sodium foods and contributing to the development of more healthful products that meet current nutritional recommendations.

Reasonableness of Enriching Cow's Milk with Vitamins and Minerals.

Milk is an exceptional nutritional product that has been used for many millennia in human nutrition. Milk is a source of many valuable nutrients, including calcium, vitamin B, an especially significant amount of vitamin B2 and fat-soluble vitamins, such as A, D and E. Milk is an attractive product for fortification as it has a high nutritional density in a small volume and a relatively low price. Research shows positive health effects of drinking milk and consuming dairy products. Even more health benefits can be obtained from consuming fortified dairy products. A literature review, current nutritional recommendations, medical recommendations and an analysis of the market situation all recommend introducing milk enriched with minerals in combination with vitamins to the market. This concept corresponds to the current market demand and may supplement the missing and expected range of fortified milk and the correct number of recipients.

Nutritional recommendations for surfing: a narrative review

In recent years, many areas of health have produced studies that support the evolution of sport, such as sports medicine and nutrition. Nutritional strategies serve as fuel for the practice of sport and to meet the body's demands. This study aimed to evaluate the food intake of surfers through clinical studies and observe if they are following the current nutritional recommendations. This study is an analytical research of the narrative review type. The Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Scielo databases were consulted to carry out this study. The studies analyzed are between 2004 and 2020. The results found in the present review demonstrate that most surfers have an inadequate diet, with low consumption of fiber, fruits, and vegetables. The carbohydrate intake of surfers is below the carbohydrate recommendation for improving physical performance (6-10 g/kg of body weight), a good percentage of body fat, evaluation of inadequate food consumption by frequency of consumption, and daily portions within the recommendation.

Eating behavior in a group of overweight pregnant women in two municipalities of Antioquia, Colombia: qualitative study

RESUMENObjetivo: Describir el comportamiento, frente a la alimentación, de un grupo de gestantes con exceso de peso.Materiales y métodos: Estudio cualitativo, desde la perspectiva de etnografía enfocada. Se incluyeron mujeres gestantes mayores de 18 años con sobrepeso u obesidad, o ganancia excesiva de peso en el embarazo, y que asistieron al programa de control prenatal de dos instituciones públicas de salud pertenecientes al régimen subsidiado por el Estado en el Sistema General de Seguridad Social, en dos municipios del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia). Se realizaron 13 entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales y tres entrevistas grupales. Análisis por triangulación y codificación abierta y axial. Resultados: Participaron 22 mujeres gestantes. Se encontraron cinco factores que condicionan el comportamiento alimentario de esta población: el nivel socioeconómico bajo que limita el acceso a una alimentación variada, la red social de apoyo, el estado de salud en los embarazos previos o en la gestación actual, las recomendaciones genéricas brindadas por el personal de salud sobre alimentación y nutrición, y, por último, los conocimientos de las participantes sobre alimentación y las implicaciones del exceso de peso materno en la salud madre-hijo.Conclusión: Es imperante que la atención y educación alimentaria y nutricional sean brindadas desde las particularidades que inciden en la adopción de cambios del comportamiento alimentario de las mujeres embarazadas con exceso de peso; los profesionales del control prenatal deben contar con capacitación que promueva la unificación de criterios y una atención adaptada a la realidad social de la gestante.

Sarcopenic Obesity In The Elderly And Current Nutritional Recommendations

Yaşlılık dönemi, hastalık yükünün ve hastalıklara karşı direncin azaldığı, engellenemeyen biyolojik bir dönemdir. Yaşlanmayla birlikte sindirim sisteminde çiğneme, yutma, sindirme ve bağırsak hareketliliği gibi birçok fonksiyondaki değişiklikler besin alımını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Herhangi bir beslenme sorunu olmasa bile yaşla beraber iskelet kas kütlesi azalırken; malnütrisyon varlığında iskelet kası yıkımıyla sarkopeni görülmektedir. Bu döngünün kırılmadığı durumlarda daha farklı hastalıkların da eklenmesiyle bireyin sağlığı olumsuz etkilenmektedir. İskelet kas fonksiyonunun zayıflamasıyla birlikte yaşlı bireylerin fiziksel aktivitesi ve enerji harcaması azalmaktadır. Buna eşlik eden abdominal yağlanma ile sarkopeninin yanında obezite de oluşabilmektedir. Sarkopenik obezite olarak adlandırılan bu durumda obezite kaynaklı ortaya çıkan inflamasyon, iskelet kası yıkımını daha da artırmaktadır. Bu nedenle sarkopenik obezite, sarkopeninin tek başına varlığından daha tehlikelidir. Yaşlı bireylerde kas kütlesindeki azalmayla birlikte yağ kütlesindeki artış, gözle görülür değişiklik oluşmaması halinde sarkopenik obezite tanısının konmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Yaşlıların ihtiyaç duyduğu besin ve besin ögelerinin, yaşlılığın getirdiği nedenlerle oluşan iştahsızlık ve yeme güçlüklerine göre modifiye edilerek, yeterli ve dengeli bir diyetle verilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu şekilde yaşlıları hem sarkopeniden hem de sarkopenik obeziteden koruyabilmek mümkündür. Bu makalede, sarkopenik obezite görülen yaşlı bireylerde beslenme müdahalelerinin sağlık üzerine etkileri ve güncel beslenme önerileri literatürdeki kanıta dayalı son yayınlar incelenerek derlenmiştir.

Meat and Human Health-Current Knowledge and Research Gaps.

Meat is highly nutritious and contributes with several essential nutrients which are difficult to obtain in the right amounts from other food sources. Industrially processed meat contains preservatives including salts, possibly exerting negative effects on health. During maturation, some processed meat products develop a specific microbiota, forming probiotic metabolites with physiological and biological effects yet unidentified, while the concentration of nutrients also increases. Meat is a source of saturated fatty acids, and current WHO nutrition recommendations advise limiting saturated fat to less than ten percent of total energy consumption. Recent meta-analyses of both observational and randomized controlled trials do not support any effect of saturated fat on cardiovascular disease or diabetes. The current evidence regarding the effect of meat consumption on health is potentially confounded, and there is a need for sufficiently powered high-quality trials assessing the health effects of meat consumption. Future studies should include biomarkers of meat intake, identify metabolic pathways and include detailed study of fermented and other processed meats and their potential of increasing nutrient availability and metabolic effects of compounds.

Development and Validity of the Sports Food Literacy Assessment Tool for Collegiate Athletes

ObjectivesFood literacy, the interrelated knowledge, skills, and behaviors needed to successfully navigate a complex food-choice environment, has yet to be formally explored in athletes. However, it is important for this population to understand and apply specialized food-related recommendations to optimize health and performance outcomes. The goal of this study was to develop and test the validity of the Sports Food Literacy Assessment Tool (SFLAT) to evaluate food literacy concepts relevant to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. MethodsThe SFLAT was developed based on current food literacy definitions, items from validated food literacy and sports nutrition knowledge assessment tools, and current sports nutrition recommendations. Content validity was assessed using a 2-round modified Delphi expert panel of Registered Dietitians (RDs, n = 16) who gave comments and rated items based on importance. Content Validity Ratios (CVRs) were calculated for each item based on these ratings and used along with participant comments to improve items after each round of rating. In-depth interviews (n = 5) and written comments (n = 6) from collegiate athletes were used to assess face validity, and feedback was used to improve item wording and clarity. ResultsThe first draft of the SFLAT contained demographic, food frequency, behavior frequency, self-efficacy, and nutrition knowledge questions. The expert panel of RDs had 2 to 27 years of experience working with NCAA Division I athletes. Their expert feedback led to addition, adjustment, and removal of items, and an increase in average CVR of the SFLAT from 0.58 to 0.68. Comprehension was high among face validity participants, all of which were NCAA Division 1 collegiate athletes. Comments were used to make minimal wording changes and combine two questions. The final draft of the SFLAT contained 108 items. ConclusionsThe SFLAT has adequate content and face validity and, with further reliability tests, may be used to identify gaps in food choice-related knowledge, skills, and behaviors specific to collegiate athletes, which can inform the development of more effective nutrition interventions in this population. Funding SourcesNo funding.

Pre- and Post-Surgical Nutrition for Preservation of Muscle Mass, Strength, and Functionality Following Orthopedic Surgery.

Nutritional status is a strong predictor of postoperative outcomes and is recognized as an important component of surgical recovery programs. Adequate nutritional consumption is essential for addressing the surgical stress response and mitigating the loss of muscle mass, strength, and functionality. Especially in older patients, inadequate protein can lead to significant muscle atrophy, leading to a loss of independence and increased mortality risk. Current nutritional recommendations for surgery primarily focus on screening and prevention of malnutrition, pre-surgical fasting protocols, and combating post-surgical insulin resistance, while recommendations regarding macronutrient composition and timing around surgery are less established. The goal of this review is to highlight oral nutrition strategies that can be implemented leading up to and following major surgery to minimize atrophy and the resultant loss of functionality. The role of carbohydrate and especially protein/essential amino acids in combating the surgical stress cascade and supporting recovery are discussed. Practical considerations for nutrient timing to maximize oral nutritional intake, especially during the immediate pre- and post- surgical periods, are also be discussed.

Do Growing Rabbits with a High Growth Rate Require Diets with High Levels of Essential Amino Acids? A Choice-Feeding Trial.

Simple SummaryTwo diets were designed to investigate the effect of the growth rate on amino acid requirements in growing rabbits: M diet (with medium levels of amino acids, following current nutritional recommendations for growing rabbits) and H diet (with high levels of lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine compared with current nutritional recommendations). Performance, nutrient retention and digestibility (faecal and ileal) trials, as well as a choice-feeding test were conducted. We found no differences in animal performance, nutrient retention and digestibility parameters between diets, but the animals showed a preference for the M diet, expressed by a high intra-individual repeatability in preference. Our results provide useful information and nutrition tools to move towards precision protein nutrition in growing rabbits.As a consequence of the genetic selection process in growing rabbits, there are currently fast-growing animals exhibiting an average daily gain that may exceed 45 g/d. The protein requirements of these animals, namely amino acid requirements, may differ from animals with low growth rates. The objective of this work was to evaluate growth performance, the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD), the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids and nutrient retention of fast-growing rabbits when they had access to a diet with high levels of amino acids and/or a diet formulated with current nutritional recommendations in a choice-feeding trial. To this end, two diets were formulated: the M diet following current nutritional recommendations for growing rabbits (including 8.1, 5.8 and 6.9 g/kg dry matter (DM) of total lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine, respectively) and the H diet with higher levels of total lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine (9.4, 6.6 and 7.8 g/kg DM, respectively). A total of 220 weaned rabbits, from a paternal line selected for the growth rate, had free access to the M diet, the H diet or both (MH) diets from 28 to 63 days of age. The CTTAD of DM, crude protein and gross energy from 49 to 53 days of age as well as the AID of amino acids of the diets at 63 days of age were determined. Protein, amino acids and energy retained in the empty body from 28 to 63 days of age were also registered. No significant differences in growth performance, CTTAD, AID and nutrient retention between dietary treatments were observed. However, animals fed the H diet showed a higher AID of cysteine (p < 0.05) and higher threonine retention (p < 0.05) compared to the M diet. As regards the choice-feeding trial, MH animals showed a higher feed intake of the M diet compared to the H diet (+8.61%; p < 0.001), and furthermore, more than 50% of the animals preferred the M diet throughout the experimental period (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that animals with high growth rates do not show significantly higher productive traits when fed the H diet compared to the M diet. As regards choice feeding, MH animals were capable of choosing their preferred diet, showing high intra-individual repeatability in preference for the M diet. It would be interesting to continue studying this behaviour of choice based on amino acid levels.

Comparisons of Daily Energy Intake vs. Expenditure Using the GeneActiv Accelerometer in Elite Australian Football Athletes.

Salagaras, BS, Mackenzie-Shalders, KL, Nelson, MJ, Fraysse, F, Wycherley, TP, Slater, GJ, McLellan, C, Kumar, K, and Coffey, VG. Comparisons of daily energy intake vs. expenditure using the GeneActiv accelerometer in elite Australian Football athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1273-1278, 2021-To assess validity of the GeneActiv accelerometer for use within an athlete population and compare energy expenditure (EE) with energy and macronutrient intake of elite Australian Football athletes during a competition week. The GeneActiv was first assessed for utility during high-intensity exercise with indirect calorimetry. Thereafter, 14 professional Australian Football athletes (age, 24 ± 4 [SD] y; height, 1.87 ± 0.08 m; body mass, 86 ± 10 kg) wore the accelerometer and had dietary intake assessed via dietitian-led 24-hour recalls throughout a continuous 7 days of competition period (including match day). There was a significant relationship between metabolic equivalents and GeneActiv g·min-1 (SEE 1.77 METs; r2 = 0.64; p < 0.0001). Across the in-season week a significant difference only occurred on days 3 and 4 (day 3: energy intake [EI] EI 137 ± 31 kJ·kg-1·d-1; 11,763 ± 2,646 kJ·d-1 and EE: 186 ± 14 kJ·kg-1·d-1; 16,018 ± 1973 kJ·d-1; p < 0.05; d = -1.4; day 4: EI: 179 ± 44 kJ·kg-1·d-1, 15,413 ± 3,960 kJ·d-1 and EE: 225 ± 42 kJ·kg-1·d-1; 19,313 ± 3,072 kJ·d-1; d = -0.7). Carbohydrate intake (CI) was substantially below current sports nutrition recommendations on 6 of 7 days with deficits ranging from -1 to -7.2 g·kg-1·d-1 (p < 0.05), whereas daily protein and fat intake was adequate. In conclusion, the GeneActiv provides effective estimation of EE during weekly preparation for a professional team sport competition. Australian Footballers attempt to periodize dietary EI to varying daily training loads but fail to match expenditure on higher-training load days. Specific dietary strategies to increase CI may be beneficial to achieve appropriate energy balance and macronutrient distribution, particularly on days where athletes undertake multiple training sessions.

Vegetarian diet in dialysis patients: A significant gap between actual intake and current nutritional recommendations.

Nutritional status is a predictor of mortality and morbidity in dialysis patients. This study aimed to assess dietary behaviors in dialysis patients compared to the recommendations of the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative.Ninety five dialysis patients recruited from a hospital completed a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. Body weight, energy requirements, protein requirements, albumin, normalized protein catabolic rate, and 25(OH) vitamin D levels were measured.Of the 95 patients, 11 (11.6%) were below the desirable body mass index range, 59 (62.1%) were within the desired range, and 25 (26.3%) were above the desired range. However, only 32.7% of patients met the target energy intake, 29.5% reached the protein intake target, and 20.0% had adequate vitamin D concentrations. Vegetarian patients had lower energy, protein, fat, vitamin D intake, lower body mass index, serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphate, normalized protein catabolic rate, and vitamin D status than the omnivorous patients (P < .05). After adjusting for age, sex, and body weight, vegetarianism was an independent risk factor for severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/ml, P < .01).Most dialysis patients do not meet their dietary recommendations or goals. The risk of a vegetarian diet may outweigh the benefits in dialysis patients. Careful consideration of dietary behaviors is required for dialysis patients to prevent malnutrition, more so in vegetarians.