Current Market Price Research Articles

Design, global energy integration, and sustainability analyses of a process coupling renewable energy water electrolysis for hydrogen production with ammonia synthesis

The conventional ammonia synthesis process typically depends on fossil energy and faces challenges such as low utilization of elements and high CO2 emissions, leading to unsatisfactory economic performance. In order to achieve green synthesis and sustainable development of ammonia, this study constructed a process for renewable energy water electrolysis hydrogen production coupled with ammonia synthesis. The process includes: PEM electrolysis water hydrogen production coupling synthesis ammonia (PEM-GHtA) and SOEC electrolysis water hydrogen production coupling synthesis ammonia (SOEC-GHtA). Compared to traditional ammonia synthesis, the new process eliminates the use of carbon conversion for hydrogen production. Instead, it utilizes green electrolysis to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, leading to enhanced energy efficiency and decreased carbon emissions. By employing modeling, simulation, global energy integration, and conducting technical and economic analysis of the new process, this study elucidates the technical advantages and economic competitiveness of the new process over the traditional ammonia synthesis process. According to the analysis results, the utilization rates of hydrogen element in the PEM-GHtA and SOEC-GHtA processes are 92.64% and 92.59%, and the utilization rate of nitrogen element is 90.56% and 90.50%, respectively, much higher than the traditional ammonia synthesis process. In addition, the SOEC-GHtA demonstrated improved energy efficiency, achieving a range of 72.19–75.08%. The CO2 emissions of the two green ammonia synthesis processes are 0.17–0.81 t CO2/t NH3, much lower than the 1.6–3.6 t CO2/t NH3 of the traditional ammonia synthesis process. Based on the current market price, the production cost of green ammonia is relatively high, which has no economic advantage over the traditional ammonia synthesis process. Considering the future implementation of carbon taxes and the decreasing prices of renewable energy electricity to 0.014 $/kWh, the production costs of PEM-GHtA and SOEC-GHtA will be reduced to 359.7 $/t NH3 and 343.5 $/t NH3 respectively. In comparison to the traditional process (403.1–514.7 $/t NH3), the new process offers substantial economic benefits and shows promising prospects for further development.

Economic Viability and Financial Feasibility of Secondary Processing Unit of Turmeric in Chamarajanagar District of Karnataka, India

Turmeric is an important commercial crop with both domestic and international demand facing challenges due to the absence of organized processing units at production centres. Addressing this gap requires a thorough analysis of the economic viability and financial feasibility of establishing turmeric processing units to empower stakeholders and foster agricultural advancement in the study area. The study was conducted in Chamarajanagar district of Karnataka, by collecting primary data on establishment and annual processing costs and secondary data on market prices of turmeric rhizome and powder. Financial feasibility analysis revealed positive Net Present Value (NPV) of ₹1,714.36 lakh and ₹623.56 lakh, Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of 2.37 and 1.76, Internal Rate of Returns (IRR) of 76 and 57 per cent at current and constant market prices, respectively. The findings showed that the establishment of turmeric processing units are both economically viable and financially feasible. Emphasizing this potential through extension systems can empower farmers to maximize benefits through mechanized value addition. These insights provide valuable guidance for entrepreneurs, Farmers Producers Organizations, Self Help Groups and cooperatives facilitating informed decisions on establishing small-scale turmeric processing units.

Cost, market, and policy constraints on mitigating climate change through afforestation in China

Afforestation is a promising nature-based climate solution for mitigating climate change, but it is subject to a complex web of biophysical, cost-benefit, market, and policy processes. Although its biophysical feasibility has been established, the cost, market, and policy constraints that affect climate change mitigation through afforestation are still unclear. Here, we estimate such cost, market, and policy constraints on the basis of biophysical feasibility. Our findings reveal that implementation costs are a more relevant constraint than opportunity costs on mitigating climate change through afforestation. The China Certified Emission Reduction market currently provides only a 0.308 % incentive for climate change mitigation through afforestation, due to market access constraints. The current market prices of China Certified Emission Reduction, China Carbon Emissions Trading Exchange, and Nature Based Carbon Offset in Voluntary Carbon Market constrain 88.15 %, 87.95 %, and 85.75 % of CO2 removal actions through afforestation, compared to the carbon price scenario (US$62.97 tCO2-1) of the EU Emissions Trading System. Moreover, land policy under the scenarios of prohibiting conversion of cultivated land to forest and forest restoration in degraded areas exhibit 8.87–29.59 % and 65.16–74.10 % constraints, respectively, on mitigating climate change through afforestation compared to land-use freedom conversion scenarios from 2020 to 2060. Thus, enhancing the incentive price of CO2 removal, addressing the market access barrier, strengthening cooperation between global carbon markets, and exploring carbon–neutral and food multi-oriented land policies can be valuable sources of mitigation efforts over the next 40 years.

The future of waste cooking oil and its carbon and economic benefits——An automotive energy perspective

As a crucial energy carrier, waste cooking oil poses a significant threat to land and water resources. Furthermore, there is a risk of its reintroduction into the restaurant system, posing a direct threat to public health. Hence, converting waste cooking oil into clean energy has emerged as a pressing concern. This study compares the CO2 emissions and economic benefits of two pathways applied to automotive energy consumption——the waste cooking oil produced biodiesel pathway and the waste cooking oil mixed with coal for power generation pathway. The results show that for both diesel and electric versions of the same brand of vehicles, the CO2 emission of an electric vehicle using waste cooking oil mixed coal produced electricity is 0.181 kg/km, which is a 26.12% reduction compared to a diesel vehicle using waste cooking oil converted to biodiesel. Consumers appreciate the low price of electricity. However, for producers, the waste cooking oil produced biodiesel pathway demonstrates superior economic benefits. At the current market price, converting waste cooking oil into biodiesel will result in a net gain of 112.89 billion Yuan for the producer, whereas the waste cooking oil mixed with coal for power generation pathway will result in only 2.08 billion Yuan in net gain. This disparity is primarily attributed to the lower electricity prices for electric vehicles. To encourage the widespread adoption of waste cooking oil energization technologies, Chinese government can raise electricity prices for electric vehicles to a minimum of 1.599 Yuan/kW·h, ensuring equal net gains in both pathways.

Operating windows and techno-economics of a power-to-methanol process utilizing proton-conducting high temperature electrolyzers

Methanol is a crucial commodity in the chemical industry and is employed as precursor for many products. It can be used to store fluctuating renewable energy, specifically benefiting from its liquid state at ambient temperatures. As the demand for green, renewable methanol is projected to soar in the next decades, environmentally friendly and sustainable pathways for its production have to be provided. Through the combination of proton-conducting high temperature electrolysis for the provision of dry H2 with a heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation of CO2, efficient and simple power-to-methanol production processes can be established. Here, a novel power-to-methanol system model capable of real-time transient simulation is presented and viable operating windows are determined for different key operating parameters of the respective main process stages. A techno-economic assessment is carried out to determine the specific production costs of renewable methanol. Specific methanol production costs of 2419 € t−1MeOH for small-scale applications (1.12 MW) were retrieved, which corresponds to a more than fourfold increase over the current market price of conventionally produced methanol. Increases in system scale are found to decrease the methanol production costs due to economy-of-scale effects. The sensitivity of the process economics is assessed with regards to crucial operational and capital characteristics.

Estimated Sustainable Cost-Based Prices for Diabetes Medicines

The burden of diabetes is growing worldwide. The costs associated with diabetes put substantial pressure on patients and health budgets, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The prices of diabetes medicines are a key determinant for access, yet little is known about the association between manufacturing costs and current market prices. To estimate the cost of manufacturing insulins, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is), and glucagonlike peptide 1 agonists (GLP1As), derive sustainable cost-based prices (CBPs), and compare these with current market prices. In this economic evaluation, the cost of manufacturing insulins, SGLT2Is, and GLP1As was modeled. Active pharmaceutical ingredient cost per unit (weighted least-squares regression model using data from a commercial database of trade shipments, data from January 1, 2016, to March 31, 2023) was combined with costs of formulation and other operating expenses, plus a profit margin with an allowance for tax, to estimate CBPs. Cost-based prices were compared with current prices in 13 countries, collected in January 2023 from public databases. Countries were selected to provide representation of different income levels and geographic regions based on the availability of public databases. Estimated CBPs; lowest current market prices (2023 US dollars). In this economic evaluation of manufacturing costs, estimated CBPs for treatment with insulin in a reusable pen device could be as low as $96 (human insulin) or $111 (insulin analogues) per year for a basal-bolus regimen, $61 per year using twice-daily injections of mixed human insulin, and $50 (human insulin) or $72 (insulin analogues) per year for a once-daily basal insulin injection (for type 2 diabetes), including the cost of injection devices and needles. Cost-based prices ranged from $1.30 to $3.45 per month for SGLT2Is (except canagliflozin: $25.00-$46.79) and from $0.75 to $72.49 per month for GLP1As. These CBPs were substantially lower than current prices in the 13 countries surveyed. High prices limit access to newer diabetes medicines in many countries. The findings of this study suggest that robust generic and biosimilar competition could reduce prices to more affordable levels and enable expansion of diabetes treatment globally.

Thermal analysis of aerogels and their vacuum-formed forms, their potential uses, and their effects on the environment

The main topic of the paper is to investigate the thermal examination of aerogels and their vacuumed forms, application possibilities, and environmental impact. In the paper, the thermal conductivity of homemade vacuum insulation panels was tested with different silica-based core materials. Three types of fibrous aerogel materials were used as core materials; another silica-based microporous insulation was used as a filling material. Microscopic images were taken from the core materials; furthermore, the thermal conductivities of both base materials and their vacuumed form were also tested at different mean temperatures (0, 10 and 20 °C). The results regarding the applicability of these materials as filling-core materials for vacuum insulation panels are interesting. The results showed that for microtherm and pyrogel, the thermal conductivities decreased more than 15%, while for the spaceloft and slentex it was about 8 and 2%, respectively, after evacuating the air. The paper also presents compressibility changes of the samples after vacuumization. The results were used as a basis for building energetic calculations; furthermore, the comparison of different materials from their carbon footprint point of view was also presented. These calculations depicted aerogel's very long payback time with a current market price.

An Integrated Process Analysis for Producing Glycerol Carbonate from CO2 and Glycerol.

Glycerol carbonate (GC) is one of the most attractive green chemicals involved in several applications such as polymer synthesis, e. g., the production of polyurethanes and polycarbonates. This relevant chemical can be produced, in a green way, using CO2 (from carbon capture) and glycerol (a byproduct from biodiesel manufacturing). Therefore, in this work, a comprehensive analysis of the GC production process is conducted based on the following synthesis route: urea-dimethyl carbonate-GC using carbon dioxide and glycerol as the main raw materials where the synthesis pathway was efficiently integrated using Aspen Plus. A techno-economic analysis was performed in order to estimate the required capital investment and operating cost for the whole GC process, providing insights on individual capital cost requirements for the urea, dimethyl carbonate, and GC production sections. A total capital cost of $192.1 MM, and a total operating cost of $225.7 MM/y were estimated for the process. The total annualized cost was estimated as $1,558 USD/t of GC produced, competitive with current market price.

Potential solution to the sustainable ethanol production from industrial tail gas: An integrated life cycle and techno-economic analysis

Utilising industrial tail gas for ethanol production is a viable pathway to significantly mitigate CO2 emissions whilst simultaneously producing value-added fuels and chemicals, which has received great attention in recent years. While some technologies have been commercial deployed, new technological concepts continue to emerge in order to improve the life cycle and techno-economic performance. In this investigation, a novel ethanol production technology integrating tail gas-based ethanol (TG-ethanol) with electro-catalytic CO2 reduction (ECR), called TGEE technology, was first proposed to address the energy and carbon efficiency issues associated with the state-of-the-art TG-ethanol technologies. The process was modularly modelled for to accommodate different ECR integration scenarios for three typical industrial tail gas streams (steel, iron alloy and calcium carbide). In addition, life cycle & techno-economic analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation were employed to evaluate the environmental and economic performance of the TGEE process. Results show that ethanol capacity can be increased by 1.3–2.9 times with carbon efficiency up to 36–82%. Life cycle carbon footprints of TGEE-ethanol were estimated to be 1.77–3.93 t CO2eq/t ethanol, with a carbon reduction potential of 32–63% higher than the TG-ethanol. Minimum ethanol selling price is estimated to be 428–962 $/t ethanol, which is lower than the current ethanol market price (900–1080 $/t). Overall, the comprehensive analysis suggests that the TGEE process emerges as a more economically and environmentally benign next-generation technology for ethanol production from industrial tail gas.

Waste oxy-fuel combustion integrated with supercritical CO2 cycle and high-temperature electrolysis technologies for e-methanol production: A feasibility analysis

The municipal solid waste (MSW) oxy-fuel incineration power plant based on the supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) cycle integrated with high-temperature electrolysis technology has been developed with the aim of compensating the energy penalties of air separation unit (ASU), reducing the carbon emission and producing renewable methanol by CO2 hydrogenation process. Results shows that the suitable excess oxygen ratio, flue gas circulation ratio and methanol synthesis temperature are 1.1, 0.74 and 240 °C, respectively. The thermal efficiency of proposed system reaches 74.83%, above the that of traditional MSW incineration power plant. In addition, environmental analysis shows that the carbon retention index (CRI) is 97.76%, and the goal of near zero carbon emission can be achieved. Economic analysis demonstrates that the levelized cost of methanol (LCOM) of proposed system is 728.40 $/t, which is more than double the current market price of methanol. However, with the technological breakthrough and expansion of market scale in the further, e-methanol shows economic competitiveness when the cost of water electrolysis unit is reduced to 40 M$/250 MW and carbon emission credit is higher than 70 $/t. This work is innovative, and provides a high-efficiency and sustainable MSW disposal and energy recovering scheme for e-methanol production.

The implementation of long-term prudent valuation models across the UK and Mainland Europe for financial regulation purposes

ABSTRACT The Basel 3 guidance on bank regulation includes a new definition of real estate valuation which differs from existing bases. Prudently conservative valuation or prudent value includes four criteria which include the exclusion of ‘expectations of price increases’ and it must be ‘adjusted to take into account the potential for the current market price to be significantly above the value that would be sustainable over the life of the loan’. ‘National supervisors should provide guidance’ and ‘If a market value can be determined, the valuation should not be higher than the market value’. Prudent value has synergies with existing post Global Financial Crisis (GFC) debates concerning long-term valuations for commercial real estate bank loan origination and monitoring purposes. This paper outlines the concepts of long-term and prudent values in more detail, reviews the literature on long-term valuation and develops a framework for prudent value. It also puts that literature into a wider perspective on the analysis of market cycles and portfolio disaggregation within performance measurement, and suggests ways in which the property industry could implement the current Basel 3 prudent value proposals.

The Status of Wildlife Damage Compensation in China.

The conservation management of natural ecosystems in China has significantly improved in recent decades, resulting in the effective protection of wildlife and the restoration of habitats. With the rapid growth in wildlife populations and corresponding range expansions, incidents of human-wildlife conflict have notably increased across China. However, only a few studies have paid adequate attention to wildlife damage management and compensation. In our review, we focus on the foremost mitigation measure to combat human-wildlife conflict, i.e., compensation for damage caused by wildlife. We conducted a questionnaire survey and an in-depth review of the literature across 19 Chinese provinces and autonomous regions, resulting in a total of 78 relevant sources. We first introduce the concept of wildlife damage compensation in China, followed by a review of Chinese legislation and policies regarding wildlife damage compensation. We compiled a comprehensive list of nuisance species, and we showcase four case studies in which we exemplarily describe the current situation of wildlife damage compensation. We reflect on difficulties and challenges such as delayed damage assessments or compensation quotas that do not correspond to current market prices. Since local legislation is often insufficient or completely absent, we make suggestions on how to improve existing policies and compensation mechanisms.

상속세 및 증여세법상부동산 시가적용에 관한 최근 과세 쟁점

The basic structure of the assessment of property under the current inheritance and gift tax law is a simple one in which it is based on the market price, but in cases where it is impracticable to calculate the current market price, complementary valuation methods are used as an exception. However, the abstractness of the concept of the market price and what specific extent to which it should be recognized as the market price are complex and difficult issues. Because of this, many controversies arise between taxpayers and tax authorities.
 With the purpose of the improvement of fair taxation, Korea's inheritance and gift tax law has continuously expanded the scope of what can be recognized as the market price based on the principle of the market price. This reflects the reality that there is an inevitable conflict of interest between taxpayers who prefer complementary valuation methods due to the property valuation method of the inheritance and gift law, which allows complementary valuation methods to be exceptionally applied only in cases where it is impracticable to calculate the current market price and the realistic price rate of the officially assessed real estate price that is far below the market price, and tax authorities.
 The value recognized as the market price under the current inheritance and gift tax law can be divided into four categories, which are the relevant property and the case value for similar property within the principle of assessment period, and the relevant property and the case value for similar property within the extended evaluation period.
 This study deals with ‘the application of similar case values to apartments, etc.’ which is controversial regarding the scope of market recognition and ‘whether the appraised value requested by the tax office after the reporting date for non-residential real estate, etc. is recognized as market price or not’ targeting real estate, which accounts for a high proportion of inherited and gifted properties. In relation to this, there are many criticisms that it is not only against the principle of fair taxation, but it can also infringe on the taxpayer's predictability in terms of that excessive taxation is imposed on some taxpayers for properties with the same burden due to the existence of a sale price of similar property traded by another person by chance or an appraisal request based on the arbitrary judgment of the tax authorities, etc.
 It is not easy in reality to establish clear and consistent standards that all taxpayers can agree on when calculating the market price of inherited or gifted property whose ownership is transferred gratuitously. However, it is essential that the tax authorities continue to make efforts to accept criticism of existing taxation practices as article 15 of the enforcement rules of the inheritance and gift tax law legislate the scope of similar property in apartments in detail.
 This study analyzed major issues in taxation practice by analyzing the provisions of the inheritance and gift tax law and recent precedents regarding the scope of provisional recognition of the market price and sought ways to improve them. The main tax issues in applying the case value for similar property to apartments, etc. are; first, exclusion of application of the case value for similar property if there is a case value for the relevant property, second, the period of market recognition for the case value for similar property, third, criteria for judging similarity, and fourth, whether there are special circumstances for price fluctuations.

Economically viable co-production of methanol and sulfuric acid via direct methane oxidation

The direct oxidation of methane to methanol has been spotlighted research for decades, but has never been commercialized. This study introduces cost-effective process for co-producing methanol and sulfuric acid through a direct oxidation of methane. In the initial phase, methane oxidation forms methyl bisulfate (CH3OSO3H), then transformed into methyl trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2CH3) via esterification, and hydrolyzed into methanol. This approach eliminates the need for energy-intensive separation of methyl bisulfate from sulfuric acid by replacing the former with methyl trifluoroacetate. Through the superstructure optimization, our sequential process reduces the levelized cost of methanol to nearly two-fold reduction from the current market price. Importantly, this process demonstrates adaptability to smaller gas fields, assuring its economical operation across a broad range of gas fields. The broader application of this process could substantially mitigate global warming by utilizing methane, leading to a significantly more sustainable and economically beneficial methanol industry.

A profitability study for catalytic ammonia production from renewable landfill biogas: Charting a route for the next generation of green ammonia

This study introduces a novel techno-economic approach to renewable ammonia production using landfill biogas. The proposed process involves bio-hydrogen generation from landfill biogas, nitrogen production via air separation, and the Haber-Bosch process. Building on our prior research, which demonstrated the economic competitiveness of renewable hydrogen production from landfill gas, we extend our investigation to analyze the feasibility of producing renewable ammonia from biogas-derived bio-hydrogen. However, the economic analysis for the baseline scenario reveals the current lack of profitability (net present value of −18.3 M€), with ammonia prices needing to quadruple to achieve profitability. Major costs, including investment, maintenance, overhead expenses, and electricity, collectively account for over 70%, suggesting the potential efficacy of investment subsidies as a political tool. Only cases with subsidies exceeding 50% of total investment costs, under current ammonia market prices, would render the green ammonia route profitable. Our findings underscore the significant techno-economic challenges in realizing renewable ammonia production, emphasizing the need for innovation in process engineering and catalytic technologies to enable competitive and scalable green ammonia production.

#84 : Should Women Who Had Recurrent Miscarriage be Offered Karyotyping Analysis of the Product of Conception: A Survey of Patients’ View

Background and Aims: Recurrent miscarriage (RM) affects 2-3% of couples. Approximately 60% of miscarriages result from fetal aneuploidy. Current international guidelines do not recommend routine genetic analysis of product of conception (POC). Nevertheless, a national survey reported that 78% of women wanted to know the cause of their miscarriage. In addition, a majority of patients thought they had done something wrong, leading to miscarriages. The identification of the cause of their miscarriages may help to reduce their guilty feelings. This study aims to assess women’s views on the karyotyping of the POC to determine if the existing guideline should be amended. Method: Women who attended the Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient clinic were recruited. They were asked to fill in a questionnaire consisting of 24 questions. Results: A total of 149 women were recruited. The desire to know the karyotype of POC, which was assessed by a 100 mm Visual analogue Scale, was 85.1 ± 24.3 (mean ± SD). 77.6% of women expressed that they wanted to perform karyotyping of POC even though they were informed that there was no apparent beneficial effect of genetic testing of POC on the prognosis. Nevertheless, only 10.7% of women were given the option to check the karyotype. More than one-third of women were willing to spend equal to or more than two thousand Hong Kong dollars on a karyotyping test, which is comparable to the current market price (Figure 1). Conclusion: Our findings suggested that women had a strong desire to know the karyotyping of POC even though they were well informed of the limitation of the karyotype test. To respect and empower our clients, physicians should consider offering the karyotype of POC.

Techno-economic and environmental evaluation of the production of biodiesel from rice-straw in China

Rice straw (RS) is the residue obtained during the rice processing process, and is recognized as one of the most abundant biomass resources in the world. Approximately 800 million to 1 billion tons of rice straw are produced globally every year, and most of them are considered general waste and typically end up in landfills or incineration. This approach wastes resources and can also lead to environmental pollution. In the current study, the RS was used as the source of biodiesel production and a comprehensive process model of the RS valorization process was developed to evaluate the energy flow, production efficiency, production costs, and greenhouse gas emissions in Hunan Province, China. The evaluation results showed that the energy efficiency of biodiesel production from rice straw and the overall energy efficiency of the rice straw valorization process are reported as 52.1% and 56.1%, respectively. The minimum selling price of biodiesel, which is CNY 3.03/kg, is considerably lower than the current market prices for similar products in China. The largest proportion of the production cost of biodiesel is the cost of natural gas, followed by utilities, capital, transportation, plant maintenance and overheads, consumables, labor, and waste disposal. For the current RS valorization plant with a 5000 kg/h RS feed rate, the investment payback times are 8.9 yr and 7.1 yr when the biodiesel is sold at the lowest (CNY 4/kg) and highest (CNY 4.6/kg) market price, respectively. Environmental analysis shows that the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of biodiesel production is 75.8 g CO2eq/MJ, which is only about 52% of traditional fossil diesel and indicating that biodiesel is an environmentally friendly energy source.

Optimal integrated plant for renewable surfactants production from manure and CO2

An integrated facility to produce surfactants from manure and CO2 is conceptually designed avoiding the use of external chemicals. Cow and pig manure is anaerobically digested to produce biogas and digestate. The biogas is used to produce hydrogen via reforming. The digestate provides the nutrients for algae growing. From the algae, lipids and starch are extracted and broken down to produce oil, and glucose. Finally, the alkyl polyglucoside surfactant (APG) is produced from hydrogenated oil and glucose. The yield of the facility reaches 0.08 kgAPG/kgmanure (0.47 kgAPG/kgalgae). A facility of 252 kt/yr of APG, consumes 17.7 MW of thermal energy and steam and 7.9 MW of electricity, capturing 788 kt/yr of CO2. The investment adds up to 196 M€ with a production cost of 0.17€/kgAPG. A scale down study is also developed. Current market price of APG can be achieved processing the waste of over 1.4 k cows and 11.4 k pigs.

Performance of K-Means and DBSCAN Algorithm in Clustering Gross Regional Domestic Product

Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) is one of important indicator to determine the economic conditions of a region. GRDP are obtained from sum of value added produced by all unit of production in a region. This study uses GRDP by production approach that grouped into seventeen categories of industry. The government always put the big efforts to increase the economic growth after Covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this study is determined the cluster GDRB based on province in Indonesia at current prices and analyses the performance of the cluster method. The results showed that by using the DBSCAN, two clusters were formed and one province can be detected as an outlier. On the other hands, performance of the method by K-Means showed two clusters. The silhouette value using K-Means is higher than the DBSCAN. For this case, the performance of K-Means is more appropriate than DBSCAN to use in clustering province in Indonesia based on GRDP at Current Market Prices. Moreover, performance of DBSCAN shows more sensitive on outliers detection.

Fabricating orientated nanofibrous meshes with a bespoke ultra-cost-effective electrospinning machine

Electrospinning's production method has been streamlined and perfected because to advancements in technology and increased demand. While working with electrospun fibers, it is crucial to ensure that they are collected in the correct orientation. Electrospun fibers can be either aligned or random. In contrast to randomly oriented fibers, all aligned ones will point in the same direction. Our results show that a low-cost, tailored electrospinning device can achieve equivalent performance to that of a commercially available system. High voltage (up to 36 kV) and nanofiber orientation adjustments are now being made to the proposed device. A high-voltage direct-current electrical power supply that is custom-built per order and wired by hand. Two specialized collectors, one portable and manufactured from conductive material for random nanofibers, and the other an inexpensive rotational drum collector for aligned nanofibers, have been developed to allow for precise orientation control. By applying Image J software to scanning electron micrographs, we were able to determine the average diameter and orientation of the fibers produced by the electrospinning apparatus, demonstrating its potential to produce nanoscale directed fibers. Because of this research, it's possible that schools will be able to afford an electrospinning system at a price far lower than the current market price.