Current Marital Status Research Articles

Associations Between Divorce Histories and Unhealthy Alcohol Use Among Middle Aged and Older Adults

Background: Unhealthy alcohol use has been considered a coping strategy related to stressful and traumatic life events such as relationship loss. Yet, the effects of marital status on health behaviors are generally studied cross-sectionally or over one transition. We explored associations between the frequency and quantity of alcohol use with the number of episodes and duration of separation/divorce events across adulthood among English adults in mid to later life. Methods: This study used life history data from wave 3 (2006/07) of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging to compute marital sequences based on marital status at each year of age from 18 years of 6,355 adults aged 50–80 years. These sequences were used to compute the portion of adulthood spent separated/divorced and the number of episodes of divorce. These variables were used as predictors in logistic regressions predicting unhealthy alcohol use, while also controlling for current marital status. Results: We found that the number of episodes of separation/divorce increased the odds of drinking ≥5 days/week and binge drinking (≥6 drinks/occasion for women; ≥8 drinks/occasion for men), whereas the portion of adulthood spent divorced was not associated with drinking frequency or binge drinking. Some nuances by gender were also noted. Conclusions: Recurrent transitions into separation/divorce over adulthood appears to increase risk of unhealthy alcohol use in mid to later life beyond the risks associated with current marital status.

Multilevel analysis of intimate partner violence and associated factors among reproductive-age women: Kenya demographic and health survey 2022 data

IntroductionIntimate partner violence is a human rights violation that often involves violence against women, which appears to be the most prevalent type of abuse. Intimate partner violence is a major global public health issue that includes physical, emotional, and sexual violence. The prevalence of intimate partner violence in Africa is high. The burden of intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women is high in Kenya. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to determine the associated factors of intimate partner violence among reproductive-age women at the individual and community level from the recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2022 data of Kenya.MethodsThe Kenya National Demographic and Health Survey data of 2022 was used for this study. The overall sample size for this study was 14,612, which focused on women aged 15 to 49 years who had ever been partnered and responded to the domestic violence module. Multilevel logistic regression models to determine the prevalence and associated factors at the individual and community level with intimate partner violence with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR).ResultThe overall prevalence of intimate partner violence was 41.1% with a 95% CI (40.07%, 42.60. Male-headed households, poorest and middle wealth status, partner alcohol use, separated/widowed current marital status, and low education of women were statistically significantly associated with intimate partner violence at the individual level variables in this study.ConclusionsThe prevalence of intimate partner violence was high. Educating women, reducing partner alcohol use, and improving the economic status of women, were crucial in mitigating the burden of intimate partner violence. The intimate partners are supposed to respect the rights of women.

Prevalence and determinants of discrimination or harassment of women: Analysis of cross-sectional data from Bangladesh.

This study aimed to explore the prevalence and determinants of discrimination against or harassment among Bangladeshi women. The nationally representative cross-sectional data of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019 were employed in the study. Women aged 15-49 were asked whether they felt discrimination or harassment due to seven potential reasons in the last twelve months before the survey. The outcome was a binary variable indicating whether a woman has experienced discrimination or harassment for any of the seven reasons. Responses were obtained from 64378 women and analysed through bivariate and multivariate procedures. The data had a hierarchical structure since women were nested within the clusters. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to analyse the data appropriately. A strong association between discrimination or harassment was seen with the functional difficulties of women. Notably, women with functional difficulties were 1.629 times more likely to experience discrimination or harassment than women without such difficulties. Other significant factors were the respondents' area, age, education, current marital status, wealth index quintile and ethnicity. The study concludes that education, marital status, functional difficulties and wealth index are the most important determinants of discrimination or harassment of women.

Quality of life and socioeconomic and educational status in patients with congenital hypothyroidism

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of primary congenital hypothyroidism (CH) on quality of life, level of education and socioeconomic status (SES).MethodsTwo independent study cohorts, a national and a regional, were collected from Finnish national registers and patient records. Data on social security benefits, SES, marital status, and education were collected from Statistics Finland. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was studied in the regional patient cohort with the standardized 15D and 16D instruments.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in education level, marital status, or SES between CH patients (n = 40) and their matched controls at the age of 25 years. The mean 15D score was both statistically significantly and clinically importantly lower in CH patients (n = 29) than controls (0.904 vs. 0.953, p = 0.008). CH patients reported significantly lower scores across various dimensions of physical and mental HRQoL, including breathing, sleeping, speech, excretion, mental function, distress, and vitality. The mean 16D score was lower in CH patients compared to controls (0.917, vs. 0.947), but without statistical significance.ConclusionSES of CH patients did not differ from matched controls. Thus, most CH patients integrate well into society, but their HRQoL is impaired.ImpactMost patients with primary congenital hypothyroidism integrate well into society. In the current study, their socioeconomic and marital status did not differ from matched controls at the age of 25 years.However, health-related quality of life measured using 15D instrument was impaired.Every fourth patient reported that congenital hypothyroidism influenced everyday life.

Factors predicting depressive symptoms in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in eastern China

BackgroundParents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at a higher risk of depression than parents of typically developing children and those of children with other developmental disorders. Depression affects the well-being and quality of life of parents of children with ASD and has serious consequences for the long-term health outcomes of children with ASD. Therefore, this study explored the current status of depressive symptoms in parents of children with ASD in eastern China and further analyzed multiple aspects of the predictors of depressive symptoms.MethodsA multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted among parents of children with ASD in the rehabilitation department of a large specialized hospital and 10 rehabilitation centers for children with special needs in Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, Eastern China. A structured questionnaire that focused on child-related factors, parent-related factors, depressive symptoms, courtesy stigma, and social support was used to obtain data. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the independent predictors of depressive symptoms in parents of children with ASD.ResultsA total of 409 parents of children with ASD were recruited, of whom 18.8% had depressive symptoms. Parents of children with ASD who raised a child who spoke few to no words (odds ratio [OR]: 2.747, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.026–7.357), claimed a high economic burden (OR: 3.215, 95% CI: 1.234–8.379), reported no change or increased severity of ASD in their children (OR: 2.518, 95% CI: 1.108–5.720), and those with a higher courtesy stigma score (OR: 1.189, 95% CI: 1.093–1.294) were more likely to have depressive symptoms. Conversely, parents of children with ASD who were employed (OR: 0.427, 95% CI: 0.201–0.907), satisfied with their current marital status (OR: 0.429, 95% CI: 0.221–0.834), and those with a higher social support score (OR: 0.973, 95% CI: 0.950–0.996) were less likely to have depressive symptoms.ConclusionsDepressive symptoms are common in parents of children with ASD in eastern China. Therefore, screening and intervention for depressive symptoms in parents of children with ASD is necessary, especially for those with high-risk factors.

MEASURING UNION FORMALIZATION FOR A NEW GENERATION OF FAMILY DEMOGRAPHY: A CASE STUDY FROM URBAN KENYA.

AbstractDespite repeated calls for improved measures of marriage as a process in sub‐Saharan Africa, large‐scale surveys continue to rely on static marital status. As a result, there is an incomplete understanding of the effects of marriage on outcomes of interest. We use qualitative and survey data from a longitudinal study of 1,203 young mothers residing in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya, to (1) describe the development of an innovative measure of union formalization (UF) defined as the steps through which a union attains social legitimacy; (2) compare UF with a conventional current marital status measure; (3) examine the distribution of UF steps across union history; and (4) examine the sequence and timing of pregnancy and childbearing within the UF process. We find UF steps indicative of both increasing individualization of marriage and the ongoing importance of kin involvement hold meaning. We demonstrate extensive heterogeneity in the sequence and extent of UF steps completed and interrogate the classification of premarital childbearing using sequence analysis. We argue that measuring UF is feasible and necessary for the next generation of family demography in Africa; UF measures facilitate understanding the linkages among family dynamics, health, and social stratification within the context of ongoing socioeconomic change.

The development and validation of a nomogram-based risk prediction model for mortality among older adults

ObjectiveThis research aims to construct and authenticate a comprehensive predictive model for all-cause mortality, based on a multifaceted array of risk factors. MethodsThe derivation cohort for this study was the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), while the Healthy Ageing and Biomarkers Cohort Study (HABCS) and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were used as validation cohorts. Risk factors were filtered using lasso regression, and predictive factors were determined using net reclassification improvement. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to establish the mortality risk prediction equations, and the model's fit was evaluated using a discrimination concordance index (C-index). To evaluate the internal consistency of discrimination and calibration, a 10x10 cross-validation technique was employed. Calibration plots were generated to compare predicted probabilities with observed probabilities. The prediction ability of the equations was demonstrated using nomogram. ResultsThe CLHLS (mean age 88.08, n = 37074) recorded 28158 deaths (179683 person-years) throughout the course of an 8–20 year follow-up period. Additionally, there were 1384 deaths in the HABCS (mean age 86.74, n = 2552), and 1221 deaths in the CHARLS (mean age 72.48, n = 4794). The final all-cause mortality model incorporated demographic characteristics like age, sex, and current marital status, as well as functional status indicators including cognitive function and activities of daily living. Additionally, lifestyle factors like past smoking condition and leisure activities including housework, television viewing or radio listening, and gardening work were included. The C-index for the derivation cohort was 0.728 (95% CI: 0.724–0.732), while the external validation results for the CHARS and HABCS cohorts were 0.761 (95% CI: 0.749–0.773) and 0.713 (95% CI: 0.697–0.729), respectively. ConclusionThis study introduces a reliable, validated, and acceptable mortality risk predictor for older adults in China. These predictive factors have potential applications in public health policy and clinical practice.

Group differences and factors influencing obesity -- based on CFPS2020 data analysis

To understand the current status of obesity prevalence among Chinese adults and to target high-risk groups for obesity, in order to provide guidance for obesity prevention and intervention. The required data were extracted from the China Family Panel Studies 2020 (CFPS 2020) and statistically processed using SPSS 29.0 statistical software. Group differences in obesity were tested using Mann-Whitney U test for ranking variables and the chi-square test for dichotomous variables. The test of factors influencing obesity was performed using multifactorial logistic regression. In the study sample of 2613 cases, the percentage of obesity was 32.57%. The innovation of this paper is the use of the most recent data, the CFPS2020 database has not been used to do a study before. In addition, another novelty of this study is the discovery of the current influence of obesity on the internet usage, in addition to gender, which is a common sense understanding of obesity. New findings were also made on how different incomes and different marital status affect the prevalence of obesity. The prevalence of obesity was statistically significant in the group distribution across gender (P<0.001), age (P<0.001), current marital status (P<0.001), internet usage (P<0.001), and annual income from work (P<0.001). Accurate and effective obesity interventions should: (1) Adapt health and fitness programs to address different metabolic, hormonal, and social influences on diet and exercise for men and women. (2) Provide affordable or subsidized weight management programs for low-income groups to ensure that low-income groups can participate. (3) Implement nutrition counseling and fitness programs for couples or families to create a supportive environment that recognizes the impact of marital status on eating and activity habits.

THE CURIOUS CASE OF CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AND DEPRESSION: FINDINGS FROM THE IOWA UNMARRIED SURVIVORS STUDY

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between personality traits, coping, social support, stress, and loneliness relative to depression reported by N = 227 (M = 78.2, SD = 8.1) participants from the Iowa Unmarried Survivors Study. Using the Development Adaptation Model as a conceptual framework, a series of blocked multiple regression analyses were conducted. In the first block, age, gender, ethnicity, total years of education, and current marital status were included. The second block contained total life events and childhood poverty, whereas the third block included activities of daily living and total number of illnesses. The fourth block contained the aforementioned personality variables, and the fifth block included coping, social support, stress, and loneliness. Lifetime illnesses emerged as a significant predictor of depression, β = .158, p < .01. The more illnesses over one’s lifetime, the higher the levels of depression. In addition, both Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were significant predictors of depression, β = .453, p < .00, β = .139, p < .05 respectively. Finally, stress served as a significant predictor of depression, β = .200, p < .01. This model explained 58% of the variance in depression scores. Being unmarried and navigating through late adulthood presents a challenge to sustaining positive mental health. Results from this study have implications relative to how clinically trained counselors, geriatric social workers, and aging service providers develop interventions and programming to improve mental health and quality of life for persons who remain unmarried throughout later life.

The Interrelationships Between Marital and Housing Tenure Status of Female Adolescents and Adults in Jakarta Province

This study attempts to unveil the interrelationships between marital and housing tenure status of female adolescents and adults in Jakarta province. Although gender equality becomes one of the prioritized sustainable development goals, the housing tenure of female adolescents and adults, according to their current marital status, is rarely examined for ensuring their tenure security and improvement of well-being. The employed mixed-method research with sequential quantitative-qualitative methods delivers the crosstab analysis to identify the majority of types of housing tenure according to the marital status of 289 female respondents, and axial coding from interviews with the selected respondents to understand the interrelationship between their marital and housing status. The result highlights that life-course events such as entering marriage, parenthood, and marriage dissolution lead to housing mobility and tenure changes, which are driven by financial capacity for meeting physiological and psychological needs. It emphasizes the meaning of a house for women as a haven for physical and psychological refuge, rather than a mere representation of social status. It complements the academic conversation on the gender-related topic of housing and also enriches the housing policy, planning, and design to meet the objective of the gender equality program according to sustainable development goals.

라이프코스 관점으로 본 한국 고등교육 진학 성인이주민의 특성에 관한 연구

[Purpose] This study aims to understand the characteristics of adult immigrants who aspire to enter or have entered higher education institutions in South Korea from a lifecourse perspective.
 [Methods] Through an online survey, we collected data from 407 adult immigrants residing across the nation, seeking to explore the intricate interplay of pre-migration and post-migration factors that shape their educational aspiration and access to higher education.
 [Results] Our analysis revealed that pre-migration factors, such as prior education and job experiences, played a significant role, as did post-migration factors like participation in Korean language education programs. Additionally, we found that post-migration life conditions, such as current household income, marital status, and nationality significantly influenced adult immigrants' access to higher education.
 [Conclusion] These findings highlight the importance of understanding adult immigrants' educational aspirations or access within the broader context of their own lifecourse trajectory. By adopting a lifecourse perspective, we shed light on the multifaceted nature of the factors that influence adult immigrants' pursuit of higher education in South Korea.

Prevalence and predictors of post-abortion modern contraceptive utilization among reproductive age women in Ethiopia

The development of a post-abortion family plan is an integral part of comprehensive abortion care. In spite of this, it received insufficient attention as a means of breaking the cycle of repeated abortions, unintended pregnancies, and maternal deaths resulting from abortion. Therefore, this study examined post abortion modern contraceptive utilization among Ethiopian women as well as associated factors. The study was based on secondary data analysis of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data. A total weighted sample of 1236 reproductive age women was included. A multilevel mixed-effect binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify the significant associated factors of post abortion contraceptive use. Statistical significance was determined using Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval. Overall prevalence of post abortion contraceptive use was observed to be 25.6% (95% CI: 23.24, 28.12). Women's age 15–24 (AOR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.11, 4.93), and 25–34 (AOR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.98), married women (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.43, 4.96), women who had 1–4 (AOR = 4.13; 95% CI: 1.79, 9.57) and ≥ 5 number of children (AOR = 8.80; 95% CI: 3.30, 13.49), Being in metropolitan region (AOR = 9.14; 95% CI: 1.79, 12.48), women being in urban area (AOR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.32, 2.24), and community media exposure (AOR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.56) were associated with post abortion modern contraceptive use. Post abortion modern contraceptive use in this study was low. Women age, current marital status, number of living children, residency, community media exposure, and region were significantly associated with post abortion modern contraceptive utilization. Therefore, it is better to provide ongoing health information about post-abortion family planning and its benefits, especially for people who live in rural and small peripheral regions, and public health policymakers should take both individual and community level factors into account when designing family planning programmes.

Prevalence and correlates of loneliness in the later life-insights from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave-1.

Loneliness is a psychosocial problem that can affect anyone at any age in any circumstances, but it has become a serious issue of concern among the elderly. The present study aims to examine the overall and state and union-territories-wise prevalence of loneliness among India's elderly population and exploring the correlates of loneliness in old age. The study is based on secondary data from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave-1 (2017-2018) data collected from a total of 30,394 older adults aged 60 and above excluding missing responses. Frequent loneliness was measured using a single question asking how often you feel alone. Descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and bivariate logistic regression were used to meet the objectives. The statistical significance was set at <0.05. 13.4% of elderly reported frequent loneliness. The prevalence of loneliness among elderly was found to be maximum in Andaman and Nicobar Island and minimum in Tripura. Age, current marital status, region, religion, MPCE quintile, number of chronic conditions, number of Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) difficulties, involvement in physical activity, involvement in yoga/meditation, number of social networks, participation in social activities, and involvement in leisure activities like reading books, watching TV, or using computer were found to be significantly associated with loneliness. Not being in a marital union, having more than two chronic conditions, more than two ADL and IADL difficulties, being physically inactive, non-involvement in Yoga/Meditation, and small social network are associated with higher loneliness.

Distress and its Correlation with Potential Factors among Patients with Cancer in Vietnam

A cancer diagnosis and treatment are stressful for patients. Evidence has shown that the prevalence of mental health problems among cancer patients is very high globally. To our knowledge, there are no studies related to cancer diagnosis and treatment in Vietnam, where the rate of death caused by cancer is at the 50th in the world. This study investigates the prevalence of distress and its correlations with potential factors among Vietnamese cancer patients. This is a cross-sectional study using a self-report questionnaire for cancer patients focused on examining socio-demographic characteristics, satisfaction with current marital status, current job, life in general, cancer-related distress, diagnosis, cancer stage, acceptance of illness, treatment methods, and perceived social support. The prevalence of distress among cancer patients was very high (91.7%). There were significantly higher distress scores in patients living in rural areas and not receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Patients with higher satisfaction with their current employment status or satisfaction with life were less likely to have psychological distress. The patients’ belief in treatment methods and cancer also reduced the risk of experiencing distress. Rural Vietnamese cancer patients impacted by social determinants of health along with cancer-related factors might be experiencing higher psychological distress.

Long-term Consequences of Men's Migration for Women's Well-being in a Rural African Setting.

Labor migration is a massive global reality, and its effects on the well-being of nonmigrating household members vary considerably. However, much existing research is limited to cross-sectional or short-term assessments of these effects. This study uses unique longitudinal panel data collected over 12 years in rural Mozambique to examine long-term connections of women's exposure to husband's labor migration with women's material security, their perception of their households' relative economic standing in the community, their overall life satisfaction, and their expectations of future improvements in household conditions. To capture the cumulative quality of such exposure, we use two approaches: one based on migrant remittances ("objective") and the other based on woman's own assessment of migration's impact on the household ("subjective"). The multivariable analyses detect a significant positive association between "objective" migration quality and household assets, regardless of women's current marital status and other characteristics. However, net of household assets, "objective" quality shows a positive association with life satisfaction, but not with perceived relative standing of the household or future expectations. In comparison, "subjective" quality is positively associated with all the outcomes even after controlling for other characteristics. These findings illustrate the gendered complexities of long-term migration impact on nonmigrants' well-being.

Mental Health Status of Health Care Professionals Working in Public and Private Sectors in Visakhapatnam: A Cross-Section Study.

The material that is currently available on the psychological issues that doctors deal with is restricted to a few national surveys and certain particular hospital surveys. The motive of the current study was to define the mental health status of medical as well as surgical professionals working in the public and private sectors of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. A self-reported questionnaire survey was used in an observational cross-sectional study to appraise the mental health state of both private and public medical practitioners. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) by William C. Menninger was applied. The majority of study participants experienced psychological anguish, showing a substantial difference in the total level of psychological distress. When the Wellinger's Distress and the Kesslers Distress tools were compared, it was found that there was a substantial difference for all the variables taken into account in the current study, including gender, experience, marital status, children, and occupation, designation, and sector of work. Stress and burnout were more prevalent among medical specialists with lower yearly income, young ages, and fewer years of practice. Clinicians and policymakers must be proactive in creating programes that help healthcare professionals cope with stress and burnout.

Unwanted or Mistimed Pregnancy and Developmental Issues in Ecuadorian Children Aged 3 to 5: A Doubly Robust Estimate Using Data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018.

Past studies in high-income countries have shown an association between unintended (unwanted or mistimed) pregnancy and child development; no national-level studies in low-and-middle-income countries have been conducted. Moreover, extant studies often adjust for potential mediators, underestimating the average population effect. We aimed to estimate the effect of unintended pregnancy on early childhood development in Ecuadorian children aged 3 to 5, participating in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018. We used a design-based doubly robust estimate. First, we used propensity score matching (1:1) to identify a subsample equally likely to come from a desired vs. unintended pregnancy based on geographic area, household income, paternal intendedness, the mother's current marital status, age, ethnicity, and educational level, depressive symptoms, and the child's gender and age. Then, we used a logistic regression model to explore the relation of maternal pregnancy intentions with adequate development, as defined by the Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI). While exempt from review by an Institutional Review Board, this secondary research was conducted in accord with prevailing ethical principles. Among 1694 observations representing 162,285 Ecuadorian children, unintended pregnancy associated with inadequate development (odds ratio: 1.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.06; 2.29), after adjusting for all relevant confounders. Unintended pregnancy was also negatively associated with all four ECDI domains, socio-emotional development being the most affected. Our doubly robust design found evidence of the relation between the maternal perception of pregnancy and early child development. Addressing this relation to achieve reproductive justice entails considering a wide spectrum of population health and legal interventions to allow adequate access to education, contraception, and safe abortion. Moreover, pre- and post-natal check-ups could screen for unintended pregnancy and provide support accordingly.

Moderation of Marital and Occupational Status on the Effect of Personality Trait on 1 Year Suicidality of Middle-Aged Adults.

This study aimed to examine how marital status, occupational status, and individual personality influence suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among Korean middle-aged adults, and explore the effects of their interaction. A total of 2,464 middle-aged adults were surveyed about suicidality in the past year (1-year suicidality). Participants' current marital and occupational status, including other demographic and clinical variables were investigated. Personality traits were assessed using the Big Five Inventory. The dependent variable was the presence of 1-year suicidality. Independent variables were current marital and occupational status. Generalized linear model (GLM) analysis was performed to adjust for other covariates. The group with 1-year suicidality had significantly lower income. It had a lower proportion of full-time employment, and higher percentages of part-time employment and unemployment. The GLM analysis results showed that marital and occupational status had no significant association with 1-year suicidality. Neuroticism and openness were positively associated with 1-year suicidality, whereas conscientiousness and extraversion had a negative association. Interactions between marital status and neuroticism, conscientiousness, and occupational status were significant. Individualized social and psychological interventions for suicide prevention are required according to individual personality traits.

What it is Like to be Single: Experiences of Unmarried Female Professionals in Ghana

Being married is regarded as a significant social and developmental duty. However, the absence of such a connection frequently results in societal stigmatization and marginalization. The study explored the lived experiences of unmarried female professionals in Ghana. The study adopted a qualitative approach and a phenomenological design. Fifteen unmarried female professionals were selected using the snowball sampling technique. Data was accumulated through the use of an interview. The data were analyzed in themes. The study found among other reasons, that attaining a high level of education, setting a high standard in life, fear of being disappointed, and enjoyment of singlehood were reasons why unmarried female professionals remained single. The study again revealed that society made several verbal and nonverbal comments or reactions that stereotyped and discriminated against the lives of single female professionals. Such comments as “when are you getting married?”, “you are old, get married,” husband snatcher,” among others, were found. The results also showed that these stereotypes and discriminatory practices against single female professionals have negative psychological effects, including feelings of unhappiness, anxiety about staying single forever, shyness, and the stress of peer, family, workplace, and community pressure to get married. It was found that single female professionals were dissatisfied with their current marital status. Also, peers, co-workers and family members put pressure on single female professionals to get married. As a result, recommendations were made in light of the study. Keywords: Single, Experiences, Unmarried, Female professionals DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/13-8-05 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

Factors associated with birth registrations in Indonesia

&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Considering the importance of birth registration for children, the government has been put a policy in place to provide legal recognition of a child’s identity. This study aims to examine the factors associated with birth registration among children aged one-four years in Indonesia.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; A cross-sectional design was applied in this study using data from the 2017 Indonesian demographic and health survey. A sample of 15,624 mothers with children aged one-four years were included in this research as the subjects. To examine the associated factors, Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were used.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The prevalence of children’s birth registrations in Indonesia was 77.9%. Multivariate analysis showed that the mother variables, such as mothers aged between 35 and 39 years (odds ratio [OR]=1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.22-2.33), their higher education levels (OR=4.63, CI=2.93-7.30), their current marital status (OR=2.0, CI=1.48-2.66), the richest quintile (OR=5.04, CI=3.91-6.50), living in the west Indonesian region (OR=2.85, CI=2.29-3.55), were significantly associated with a higher possibility of registering the child’s birth. In the same vein, the variables of being born at a health facility (OR=1.23, CI=1.04-1.46), being assisted by a skilled birth attendant (OR=1.72, CI=1.39-2.15), female children (OR=1.28, CI=1.16-1.43), and children aged four years old (OR=8.07, CI=6.72-9.69), were the factors associated with birth registration in Indonesia.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Our study showed that birth registrations related to the demographic, socioeconomic, and health services are given to the family, particularly mother and child. Structured policies to improve the birth registration rate for the less privileged or vulnerable groups, poor and limited access to health services should be considered in the long run.