Current IP Networks Research Articles

AUTOMATED MONITORING OF TIME SYNCHRONISATION DEVICES AND DIGITAL PROCESSING OF VECTOR MEASUREMENTS OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART GRID POWER SYSTEMS

Currently, customers of energy companies use devices to generate electricity (solar panels, windmills, etc.) and return energy to the grid to save costs or generate income. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the problem of creating an automated system for diagnosing the quality of electricity for consumers who use renewable sources of electricity. The purpose of this study was to improve the efficiency of management in intelligent SMART Grid power systems. To fulfil the said purpose, it was proposed to use an automated system for monitoring synchro signals of PMU microprocessor equipment and software tools for digital processing and statistical analysis of the results of synchronised vector measurements of dynamic characteristics of power grids. Software tools for digital processing and statistical analysis of the obtained vector measurement data were developed. Linear regression, Random Forest Regression, and Ridge regression methods were employed to analyse and predict electricity quality indicators. The results of a comparative analysis of the obtained results of the predictive model were presented. To conduct experimental studies, a laboratory sample of a quality control device for generating synchro signals was developed and manufactured, which directly affects the reliability of digital data from distributed synchronised vector measurements in transient modes (in real time). The multichannel nature of the device increases the performance and reliability of the automated monitoring system. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the device as a part of the developed laboratory stand, which is connected to the current local IP network of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. The practical significance of the conducted experimental studies lies in the establishment of the technical possibility of simultaneous monitoring of time synchronisation signals generated by two GPS receivers. In this case, it is obvious to increase the performance of the developed and manufactured device for monitoring the quality of clock signal generation, compared to a single-channel one. This material can be useful for engineers who design electrical systems connected to renewable energy sources.

Traffic engineering based on deep reinforcement learning in hybrid IP/SR network

Segment Routing (SR) is a new routing paradigm based on source routing and provide traffic engineering (TE) capabilities in IP network. By extending interior gateway protocol(IGP), SR can be easily applied to IP network. However, upgrading current IP network to a full SR one can be costly and difficult. Hybrid IP/SR network will last for some time. Aiming at the low flexibility problem of static TE policies in the current SR networks, this paper proposes a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) based TE scheme. The proposed scheme employs multi-path transmission and use DRL to dynamically adjust the traffic splitting ratio among different paths based on the network traffic distribution. As a result, the network congestion can be mitigated and the performance of the network is improved. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme can improve the throughput of the network by up to 9% than existing schemes.

Light in‐network caching enabled IP network: A large‐scale content delivery in MAN

Although the future Internet paradigm especially Information‐Centric Networking (ICN) has been recognized and accepted in recent years, the end‐to‐end IP network structure always shows the overwhelming development tendency due to the deployment difficulty of ICN on the real and large‐scale network environment. However, each coin has two sides, that is to say, ICN also has its own unique value, that is, in‐network caching feature which is not included in the current IP network. In this letter, we propose an In‐network caching enabled IP network paradigm, which is a novel concept different from both ICN and the traditional IP network. Based on such paradigm, we present a light content delivery scheme depending on identity, with the chain‐based fine‐grained caching support. Given the NP‐hardness of delivery scheme in mesh topology, we make a case study in Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) to address the large‐scale content delivery scenario. The experimental results show that the proposal in this letter can effectively relieve the load pressure of origin server, and can also greatly improve the delivery efficiency.

IOT Supported Security Considerations for Network

The current IP and other networks such as Power Smart Grids are fast evolving, thus resulting in diverse connectivity methodologies. This has led to the emergence of "the Internet of Things” (IoT) methodologywhose goal is to transform the current IP and related networks to Device-to-Device (D-2-D) basis. It will seamlessly interconnect the globe via intelligent devices and sensors of varying types, this resulting in voluminousgeneration and exchange of data in excess of 20 billion Internet-connected objects and sensors (things) by 2022.The resultant structure will benefit mankind by helping us make tough decisions as well as be provisioned ofbeneficial services. In this paper, we overview both IoT enabled network architecture as well as security forassociated objects and devices. We commence with a description of a generalized IoT enabled network's security architecture as well as how the various elements constituting them interact. We then describe an approachthat allows the protection of both constrained and unconstrained IoT devices through robust encryption as wellas authentication so that both can equally leverage from the same security framework, but still maintaining lowcomputational loads, by avoiding excessive computational operations.

High Availability Aspects of SDN-IP Reactive Routing

SDN (Software-Defined Network) is a new paradigm in the world of networks that separates the control plane from the data plane. Over the past few years, SDN network deployment has been difficult because it was isolated from the current IP network. SDN-IP is an ONOS (Open Network Operating System) application used to connect SDN networks to external networks using the standard Border Gateway Protocol. The SDN device will create a path with OpenFlow after receiving a route from an external peering network with BGP speakers on the SDN network. SDN-IP Reactive Routing will calculate and create paths for traffic when receiving ipv4 or ipv6 packets. Therefore, with SDN-IP Reactive, Routing can make host communication between two SDN Network or SDN Network with the internet network. As a core network that connects autonomous systems to internet network, SDN-IP networks need to pay attention to aspects of redundancy. In this research, SDN-IP Architecture use many OpenFlow Switches that are connected to an external BGP are not sufficiently controlled by one controller because if the controller is down, the forwarding plane will be lost. Multiple controllers and multiple links are required to ensure the system continues to run when the controller or link is broken. The purpose of this research is to analyze the High Availability aspects of SDN-IP Reactive Routing. This is done by making multiple onos controllers in one onos cluster system. The testing process is carried out on aspects of BGP speakers, ONOS controller and links between components.

An Overview of Current IP Network Emulators for the Validation of Railways Wireless Communications

Communication technologies are in continuous evolution and as well, the different applications making use of them. In order to succeed with the roll-out of the communication-based applications, it is required that the communications technologies are intensively tested and validated before deployment. Current strategies for testing and validation cover field tests and laboratory tests. Railways is also taking advantage of the communication technologies evolution, and therefore, there is a need for having testing and validation strategies adapted to the railway environment, especially for safety-critical applications. Field tests and laboratory tests also apply in Railways. In the frame of laboratory tests, this paper includes an overview of different network emulators existing currently in the market. Furthermore, an analysis of the gaps of the network emulators with regards to the needs of the railways environment is also included. The goal of this paper is to show that network emulators are a flexible cost-effective solution for communication technologies testing purposes. Additionally, this paper also shows that there is a need to adapt current emulators to the railway environment in order to test and validate the future railway applications based on communication technologies.

Efficient Caching for Data-Driven IoT Applications and Fast Content Delivery with Low Latency in ICN

Edge computing is a key paradigm for the various data-intensive Internet of Things (IoT) applications where caching plays a significant role at the edge of the network. This paradigm provides data-intensive services, computational activities, and application services to the proximity devices and end-users for fast content retrieval with a very low response time that fulfills the ultra-low latency goal of the 5G networks. Information-centric networking (ICN) is being acknowledged as an important technology for the fast content retrieval of multimedia content and content-based IoT applications. The main goal of ICN is to change the current location-dependent IP network architecture to location-independent and content-centric network architecture. ICN can fulfill the needs for caching to the vicinity of the edge devices without further storage deployment. In this paper, we propose an architecture for efficient caching at the edge devices for data-intensive IoT applications and a fast content access mechanism based on new clustering and caching procedures in ICN. The proposed cluster-based efficient caching mechanism provides the solution to the problem of the existing hash and on-path caching mechanisms, and the proposed content popularity mechanism increases the content availability at the proximity devices for reducing the content transfer time and packet loss ratio. We also provide the simulation results and mathematical analysis to prove that the proposed mechanism is better than other state-of-the-art caching mechanisms and the overall network efficiencies are increased.

INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE TIME SCALE TRANSMISSION THROUGH AN INTEGRATED ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF SMART TECHNOLOGIES

The comparative analysis of the features of the existing and perspective technologies of providing timestamps of the process of continuous monitoring of the stability of power system parameters, according to the concept of smart grid (SMART Grid). A new IEEE-1588 synchronization mechanism is considered that is capable of providing accurate time stamping by packet switching technology that does not require a dedicated network. The experimental data of the results of the research of the equipment of Ukrainian production for transmitting the time scale of the "energy" profile using the RTR protocol are presented. For the technical implementation of the information system for the transmission of reference values ​​of the time scale with certain qualitative characteristics, it is necessary to analyze the features of existing and promising technologies to ensure timing of the process of continuous monitoring of the stability of power system parameters, according to the concept of smart grid (SMART Grid). It is appropriate to take into account the fact that, given the increasing demand for Internet service providers, telecommunications operators are actively developing packet switched asynchronous networks (IP networks) that can be used to reproduce the national time and frequency scale based on the modern RTD synchronization protocol ( Precision Time Protocol) [4] recommended by international standard IEC 61850-9. An important component of the preparation for the technical implementation of the information system is the experimental confirmation of the possibility of using equipment, including Ukrainian production for transmission over the current IP-networks timestamp with an accuracy of ± 1 microseconds, the use of which will create conditions for diversification of synchronization support and reduction of the accident in the intelligent electric power. Test results of a set of equipment of Ukrainian production showed that its basic characteristics meet the requirements of the "energy" profile of RTR and indicate that its technical and economic indicators correspond to the world level.

A controller-based architecture for information centric network construction and topology management

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) has recently emerged as a result of the increased demand to access contents regardless of their location in the network services. This new approach facilitates content distribution as a service of the network with lower delay and higher security in comparison with the current IP network. Applying ICN in current IP infrastructure leads to major complexities. One approach to deploy ICN with less complexity is to integrate ICN with Software Defined Networking (SDN). The SDN controller manages the content distribution, caching, and routing based on the users' requests. In this paper, we extend these context by addressing the ICN topology management problem over the SDN network to achieve an improved user experience as well as network performance. In particular, a centralized controller is designed to construct and manage the ICN overlay. Experimental results indicate that this adopted topology management strategy achieves high performance, in terms of low failure in interest satisfaction and reduced download time compared to a plain ICN.

PPUSTMAN: Privacy-Aware PUblish/Subscribe IoT MVC Architecture Using Information Centric Networking

IoT applications have been evolved in relation to every aspect of human life. The design of the applications adds new challenges such as mobility, scalability, and privacy to the current networking architecture design. For that reason, it is mandatory to investigate new solutions and paradigms such as Information Centric Network (ICN). ICN handles many of the challenges barely handled by current IP networks such as mobility and scalability, by using in-network caching and content retrieving based on contents names instead of host addresses. This paper presents a privacy-aware ICN architecture for IoT environments based on the Model-View-Controller (MVC) publish/Subscribe communication approach. This architecture focuses on supporting mobility, scalability, and privacy. A communication and processing cost comparison between Publish/Subscribe N-Tier and Publish/Subscribe MVC architectures, shows that the later outperforms N-Tier in communication, processing cost, and parallelism capabilities. Reasoning and planning for publishing actuation commands scenarios is performed using Situation Calculus which is used to formalize the communications in causality and temporal framework.

PPUSTMAN: Privacy-Aware PUblish/Subscribe IoT MVC Architecture Using Information Centric Networking

IoT applications have been evolved in relation to every aspect of human life. The design of the applications adds new challenges such as mobility, scalability, and privacy to the current networking architecture design. For that reason, it is mandatory to investigate new solutions and paradigms such as Information Centric Network (ICN). ICN handles many of the challenges barely handled by current IP networks such as mobility and scalability, by using in-network caching and content retrieving based on contents names instead of host addresses. This paper presents a privacy-aware ICN architecture for IoT environments based on the Model-View-Controller (MVC) publish/Subscribe communication approach. This architecture focuses on supporting mobility, scalability, and privacy. A communication and processing cost comparison between Publish/Subscribe N-Tier and Publish/Subscribe MVC architectures, shows that the later outperforms N-Tier in communication, processing cost, and parallelism capabilities. Reasoning and planning for publishing actuation commands scenarios is performed using Situation Calculus which is used to formalize the communications in causality and temporal framework.

A multi‐anchoring approach in mobile IP networks

AbstractMany recent mobility solutions, including derivatives of the well‐known Mobile IP as well as emerging protocols employed by future Internet architectures, propose to realize mobility management by distributing anchoring nodes (Home Agents or other indirection agents) over the Internet. One of their main goals is to address triangle routing by optimizing routes between mobile nodes and correspondent nodes. Thus, a key component of such proposals is the algorithm to select proper mobility anchoring nodes for mobile nodes. However, most current solutions adopt a single‐anchoring approach, which means each mobile node attaches to a sole mobility anchor at one time. In this paper, “we argue that the single‐anchoring approach has drawbacks when facing various mobility scenarios. Then, we offer a novel multi‐anchoring approach that allows each mobile node to select an independent mobility anchor for each correspondent node. We show that in most cases our proposal gains more performance benefits with an acceptable additional cost by evaluation based on real network topologies. For the cases that lead to potential high cost, we also provide a lightweight version of our solution which aims to preserve most performance benefits while keeping a lower cost. At last, we demonstrate how our proposal can be integrated into current Mobile IP networks. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mobility management solutions for current IP and future networks

Enormous progress in the design of portable electronic devices allowed them to reach a utility level comparable to desktop computers, while still retaining their mobility advantage. At the same time new multimedia services and applications are available for IP users. Unfortunately, the performance of base IP protocol is not satisfactory in mobile environments, due to lack of handover support and higher layer mobility management mechanisms. In this paper, we outline the most important current methods of handling mobility in IP networks that are expected to play an important role in the future (covering the following ISO---OSI layers: 2+, 3, 3+, 4 and 7 of mobility solutions), as well as describe the newly proposed methods.

A survey on methods to provide multipath transmission in wired packet networks

IP networks were designed to provide general connectivity. At their advent, routing methods focused only on finding one optimal path between given endpoints. Although many solutions to sending traffic via multiple paths have appeared over time, the majority of current IP networks are still managed to support only single-path transmissions. This survey examines various approaches which can provide multipath transmissions in existing IP networks. Firstly, the most recognizable solutions are presented, and later, less well-known proposals are introduced. We show how it is possible to realize multipath transmission in source and hop-by-hop routing, multi-topology routing, bio-inspired routing solutions, Valiant’s routing, Multi-Protocol Label Switching, Software-Defined Networks, Flow-Aware Multi-Topology Adaptive Routing, Shortest-Path Bridging, Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links, network virtualization, and Multipath TCP. Moreover, the mentioned approaches are compared, contrasted and subjectively assessed. The goal of the survey is to show that multipath transmissions can be achieved in the current IP networks and in many different ways.

Review of Approaches for the use of the Label Flow of IPv6 Header

One of the radical changes that have occurred in current IP networks has been the migration from IPv4 to IPv6. One of the most important aspects of the IPv6 protocol is the fact that allows the labeling of packets belonging to a particular flow in order to give proper treatment by routers, for such purpose, the "Flow Label" field was originally created. However, this field has not been exploited yet and it has even been shelved due to the rise of other technologies such as MPLS. With the rise of IPv6 world implementation, it is essential to know the requirements of the use of this field to exploit the functions for which it was created. This article describes the IPv6 flow label field evolution, specifications and recommendations published by the IETF to use it; also here, some approaches are described, which have been proposed so far using the Label Flow for different purposes.

Improve efficiency of rate limitation and compensation principles in IP network.

At each time, the scheduler of each network node selects a packet of packet flows to forward. Principle of selecting packets to transmit decides the rate of each flow. Because of the unpredictable traffic and possible outbreaks of the application in current IP networks, the bandwidth limitations of the packet flow to avoid affecting other flows and compensating bandwidth for the flow after error recovery remains problematic. On the basis MPWPS model [5], this paper proposes a solution to improve the effectiveness of the principle to limit and compensate bandwidth two features: 1) New periodical average rate estimating method for raising the efficiency of the bandwidth limitation mechanism; 2) Use the feedback control model to choose the weight adjustment parameter and to improve QoS compensation mechanism.

QoS Control Strategy Simulation and Analysis Based on DiffServ

As the development and applying of real-time multimedia such as VoIP, video conferencing and so on, the Internet is required to provide a better QoS support. However, current IP network can only provide ‘Best Effort’ service and can not satisfy different network multimedia traffic quality requirements. Based on the analysis DiffServ architecture and studies its control mechanism, the OPNET simulation design different ToS value in IP header of VoIP traffic, and apply WFQ scheduling algorithm on the bottleneck link. The simulation results compare jitter, delay, delay variation of different ToS value of VoIP traffic, and analyze relationship of QoS and ToS value in the IP network.

PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF BOTTLENECK LINK IN RED VEGAS OVER HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS

In communication networks, congestion avoidance in routers is one of the hottest topics. Current IP network has become the dominant paradigm for all networking environments. The significant cause of packet losses in such heterogeneous networks is no longer limited to network congestion. Traditional TCP interprets every packet loss as caused by congestion which may be not the case in the current Internet. TCP Vegas detects network congestion in the early stage and successfully prevents periodic packet loss that usually occurs in TCP Reno. In this paper a new variant of TCP Vegas namedRed Vegas has used. The Red Vegas may detect random packet losses precisely. Through the packet loss differentiation, Red Vegas reacts appropriately to the losses, and therefore the throughput of connection over heterogeneous networks significantly improved. The bandwidth of the bottleneck link is under-utilized when the random loss rate is high. Therefore, a new design of the fast recovery mechanism for Red Vegas would be carried out. The proposed mechanism improves the aggression of Vegas TCP in competing for the available bandwidth whilst maintaining the inherent stability of the original Vegas TCP scheme.

The concept and realization of context-based content delivery of NGSON

An explosively increasing number of multimedia contents including video, music, and pictures will be the main driver for data explosion in the next decade. However, the current IP network does not have enough capabilities to support smart content delivery that enables a network to enhance end-to-end quality and fair usage of network resources for every user while optimizing network traffic for ISPs, and to present a collaborative way for a content provider. In order to realize smart content delivery, NGSON, which has recently finished standards on its functional architecture, includes important implications like context-based routing and content delivery. In this article, we focus on smart content delivery using context information called context-based content delivery (CBCD). We present experiences with implementing and evaluating the concept as a new feature of the NGSON standard. Experiment results show that a network provider could achieve over 30 percent backbone traffic reduction by realizing the CBCD concept.

NAT Traversal and Detection on Dual Stack Implementation of Mobile IPv6

IPv4 private networks are behind NAT devices. So, to bypass the Binding Update and Binding Acknowledgment by NAT, we need to encapsulate it in UDP packets. So, the dual stack mobile IPv6 should support NAT traversal and Detection. Dual Stack Mobile IPv6 (DSMIPv6) is an extension of MIPv6 to support mobility of devices irrespective of IPv4 and IPv6 network. Current IP networks are predominantly based on IPv4 technology, and hence various firewalls as well as Network Address Translators (NATs) have been originally designed for these networks. Deployment of IPv6 networks is currently work in progress. This research provides an overview of network address translation (NAT) and its detection and traversal on dual stack implementation on Mobile IPv6. In DSMIPv6 the MIP6D daemon should bypass NAT, when Mobile Node is behind NAT device in IPv4 Foreign Link. General Terms Networks