Curl Field Research Articles

Phenotyping of okra germplasm for resistance to okra enation leaf curl disease and field evaluation of insecticides for its management

Okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCuV) adversely affects the potential and productivity of okra crop and in present scenario it is an emerging disease and development of OELCuV-resistant varieties is an economical and environmentally friendly approach to managing the disease. Looking in to this a field screening experiment was conducted. Among the fifty-seven okra varieties and germplasm screened against OELCuV under field conditions during Kharif, 2022, the final disease reaction revealed that 9 varieties/germplasm namely, Prabhani Kranti, GAO 5, GJO 3, Pusasawani, GP-OK-243, GP-OK-262, GPOK-296, GP-OK-373 and GP-OK-391 exhibited highly resistant reaction to OELCuV while, 15 okra germplasm/ varieties exhibited resistant reaction, 13 varieties/germplasm expressed moderately resistant reactions, 11 germplasm/varieties showed moderately susceptible reaction, 5 germplasm/ varieties showed susceptible reaction and 4 varieties/germplasm found to be highly susceptible to OELCuV. The AUDPC and infection rate (r) found to be lower for resistant germplasm/ varieties reaction and higher for susceptible reaction. The field evaluation of insecticides against OELCuV and its vector revealed that two foliar sprays of Tolfenpyrad 15 EC, 0.03 per cent and Diafenthiuron 47 + Bifenthrin 9.4 SC, 0.0705 per cent, at 15 days interval commencing from the appearance of whitefly vector was most effective and economical in managing okra enation leaf curl disease and its vector. The resistant germplasm/varieties selected might be used as OELCuV resistant parent(s) in breeding programs.. KEYWORDS :Field screening, insecticidal management, Okra enation leaf curl virus

Non-Stationary Helical Flows for Incompressible Couple Stress Fluid

We explored here the case of three-dimensional non-stationary flows of helical type for the incompressible couple stress fluid with given Bernoulli-function in the whole space (the Cauchy problem). In our presentation, the case of non-stationary helical flows with constant coefficient of proportionality α between velocity and the curl field of flow is investigated. In the given analysis for this given type of couple stress fluid flows, an absolutely novel class of exact solutions in theoretical hydrodynamics is illuminated. Conditions for the existence of the exact solution for the aforementioned type of flows were obtained, for which non-stationary helical flow with invariant Bernoulli-function satisfying to the Laplace equation was considered. The spatial and time-dependent parts of the pressure field of the fluid flow should be determined via Bernoulli-function if components of the velocity of the flow are already obtained. Analytical and numerical findings are outlined, including outstanding graphical presentations of various types of constructed solutions, in order to elucidate dynamic snapshots that show the timely development of the topological behavior of said solutions.

Motion Estimation for Complex Fluid Flows Using Helmholtz Decomposition

In this paper, we proposed a novel motion model with Helmholtz decomposition for complex fluid flows in a filtering-based optical flow framework, where the optimization of the regularization term is treated as a filtering process, and different motion patterns can be captured by finding appropriate filter kernels based on the designed filters. In this framework, we introduce a novel optical flow method with a joint spatial filter, which is based on the Helmholtz decomposition theorem that assumes a local motion field is composed of a curl field and a divergence field. By adjusting the scale of the weights in the filter kernels and combining a curl filter with a divergence filter in a certain ratio, it can simulate different motion patterns. In addition, if the correlation between the horizontal and vertical components of the optical flow field in the filter kernel is eliminated, it will be transformed into a linear motion model. Based on this linear motion model, we also develop a novel optical flow method with an adaptive guided filter. By finding an adaptive filter kernel driven by both the input image and the guided motion field for the designed filter, it can successfully capture different motion patterns, and yield an edge-preserving smoothing optical flow field. Most importantly, the proposed optical flow model provides a new way to design the regularizers for capturing different motion patterns in complex fluid flow. In particular, the designed optical flow method with an adaptive guided filter significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art optical flow methods in predicting complex fluid flows.

Numerical investigation on solitary waves traveling over rigid vegetation by a 3D-MPS method

In this study, a three-dimensional wave-vegetation numerical model based on the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method is established to investigate the interaction between solitary waves and rigid vegetation. Different from traditional wave-vegetation models, the effect of vegetation in the present numerical model is considered in terms of the stress between fluid and solid particles. Several improvements are put forward to increase the simulation accuracy, including a higher-order pressure gradient discrete model, a multi-term source involving a background mesh scheme, and multi-condition free surface detection. Based on the improved 3D-MPS method, the propagation of solitary waves on a flat bed with and without vegetation is simulated. The results show improvement in resolving the issue of numerical energy dissipation. Because of the intrinsic advantage of the particle method, the attenuation and deformation of a wave on a vegetation area can be realistically reproduced, as can detailed velocity and curl fields. In addition, a parametric study of the effects of wave height, plant relative height, and stem density on the wave attenuation rate is conducted. The result indicates that the relationship between wave attenuation rate and plant height is nonlinear.

Evaluation of Nearshore QuikSCAT 4.1 and ERA-5 Wind Stress and Wind Stress Curl Fields over Eastern Boundary Currents

Fields of coastal wind stress and wind stress curl in the 10–100 km next to the land control the processes of upwelling and downwelling of nutrients and water properties that are vital to highly productive coastal marine ecosystems. Here we ask the question: Do the present surface wind stress products from a satellite-borne scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and an atmospheric reanalysis model (ERA-5) systematically overestimate the magnitude of wind speed and stress in the 10–50 km next to the coast? We compare QuikSCAT wind speed retrievals to the relatively unused wind speed retrievals from satellite altimeters, which are able to approach closer to the coast than scatterometers without land reflections, due to their smaller radar footprints. Altimeter data on tracks approaching and crossing the coast indicate that the increases in coastal QuikSCAT wind speed values and ERA-5 coastal wind stress values are unrealistic. For analyses of wind speed and stress requiring high accuracy, especially those involving wind stress curl, we suggest considering individual Level 2B scatterometer wind retrievals as suspect at distances of 10 km and less from the coast, along with use of the Poor Coastal Processing flag. We found that similar increases in wind stress values next to the coast in gridded ERA-5 fields are not due to errors in the model physics or wind speeds. They are created during the interpolation of wind stress from the original model grid to a regular rectangular grid. We recommend that researchers who are analyzing wind stress and wind stress curl should calculate wind stress themselves from the gridded ERA-5 vector wind speed fields, rather than using the interpolated model wind stress or curl fields.

Significant Difference of the Summertime Eastward Jet Enhancement in the South China Sea During the El Niño Developing Summers of 1982 and 1997

AbstractThe interannual variation of the South China Sea (SCS) summertime eastward jet (SEJ) contributes to the regional climate and ecology. Based on the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation data set, this study conducts a case analysis of SEJ in the SCS during two El Niño developing years, 1982 and 1997. In both years, the summer‐mean circulation presented a stronger SEJ with an obvious dipole pattern; however, the enhancement of SEJ was significantly weaker in 1997 than that in 1982. The reasons for enhanced SEJ and the difference of the enhancement magnitude (e.g., 256% and 52%) between 1982 and 1997 are explored. The climatological summer‐mean southwesterly wind stress is strongest in the middle SCS and decreases northward and southward (i.e., an arch‐shaped structure), forming a wind stress curl field conducive to the generation of SEJ. There is a low‐level anticyclonic anomaly during El Niño developing summer, with its northern flank enhancing the SCS monsoon. However, the structures of wind anomaly in the SCS are different in 1982 and 1997, which may relate to the earlier or later development of El Niño events modulated by the eastward migration of Madden‐Julian oscillation. In 1982, the northern flank of the anomalous anticyclone strengthened the climatological arch‐shaped structure, effectively enhancing the wind stress curls and SEJ. Whereas, in 1997, the northward deviation of the northern flank weakened the arch‐shaped structure north of 11°N, reduced the positive wind stress curl around 11°N–14.2°N, and caused the weaker enhancement of SEJ in 1997 than in 1982.

Cortical preparatory activity indexes learned motor memories.

The brain's remarkable ability to learn and execute various motor behaviours harnesses the capacity of neural populations to generate a variety of activity patterns. Here we explore systematic changes in preparatory activity in motor cortex that accompany motor learning. We trained rhesus monkeys to learn an arm-reaching task1 in a curl force field that elicited new muscle forces for some, but not all, movement directions2,3. We found that in a neural subspace predictive of hand forces, changes in preparatory activity tracked the learned behavioural modifications and reassociated4 existing activity patterns with updated movements. Along a neural population dimension orthogonal to the force-predictive subspace, we discovered that preparatory activity shifted uniformly for all movement directions, including those unaltered by learning. During a washout period when the curl field was removed, preparatory activity gradually reverted in the force-predictive subspace, but the uniform shift persisted. These persistent preparatory activity patterns may retain a motor memory of the learned field5,6 and support accelerated relearning of the same curl field. When a set of distinct curl fields was learned in sequence, we observed a corresponding set of field-specific uniform shifts which separated the associated motor memories in the neural state space7-9. The precise geometry of these uniform shifts in preparatory activity could serve to index motor memories, facilitating the acquisition, retention and retrieval of a broad motor repertoire.

Wind‐Driven Variability in the Spitsbergen Polar Current and the Svalbard Branch Across the Yermak Plateau

AbstractThe Yermak Plateau (YP) acts as a guidance or barrier for the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC), which either crosses the plateau or flows around it to enter the Arctic Ocean. Closer to the West Spitsbergen coast, the Spitsbergen Polar Current (SPC) also flows over the YP in a narrow passage between the Svalbard Branch (SB) and the coast. A 2‐year ocean observing program combined with altimetry and re‐analysis wind data has given new knowledge on the variability and dynamics of the SPC and SB. The variability in the SPC and SB is controlled by the sea surface pressure gradient driven by the wind stress along the West Spitsbergen coast and locally on the YP. A peak‐to‐peak volume transport variability of 0.8 Sv and a positive heat transport anomaly of 3 TW were found in the SPC. The variability in the SB is mainly controlled by the upstream wind stress curl field along the West Spitsbergen Shelf where the negative wind stress curl field force the barotropic WSC branch directly into the SB. The peak‐to‐peak variability in the SB can exceed 4 Sv and in January 2016, an episodic heat flux was estimated to be 10 TW. Hence, an increasing number of winter cyclones affecting Svalbard will increase the volume transport variability and pulses of warm water to the shelf areas north of Svalbard.

Geometric Variation in the Surface Rupture of the 2018 Mw7.5 Palu Earthquake from Subpixel Optical Image Correlation

We obtained high-resolution (10 m) horizontal displacement fields from pre- and post-seismic Sentinel-2 optical images of the 2018 Mw7.5 Palu earthquake using subpixel image correlation. From these, we calculated the curl, divergence, and shear strain fields from the north-south (NS) and east-west (EW) displacement fields. Our results show that the surface rupture produced by the event was distributed within the Sulawesi neck (0.0974–0.6632°S) and Palu basin (0.8835–1.4206°S), and had a variable strike of 313.0–355.2° and strike slip of 2.00–6.62 m. The NS and EW displacement fields within the Palu basin included fine-scale displacements in both the near- and far-fault, the deformation patterns included a small restraining bend (localized shortening), a distributed rupture zone, and a major releasing bend (net extension) from the curl, divergence, and shear strain. Surface rupture was dominated by left-lateral strike-slip from initiation to termination, with a localized normal slip component peaking at ~3.75 m. The characteristics and geometric variation of the ruptured fault controlled both the formation of these surface deformation patterns and sustained supershear rupture.

Turbulent Details Simulation for SPH Fluids via Vorticity Refinement

AbstractA major issue in smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approaches is the numerical dissipation during the projection process, especially under coarse discretizations. High‐frequency details, such as turbulence and vortices, are smoothed out, leading to unrealistic results. To address this issue, we introduce a vorticity refinement (VR) solver for SPH fluids with negligible computational overhead. In this method, the numerical dissipation of the vorticity field is recovered by the difference between the theoretical and the actual vorticity, so as to enhance turbulence details. Instead of solving the Biot‐Savart integrals, a stream function, which is easier and more efficient to solve, is used to relate the vorticity field to the velocity field. We obtain turbulence effects of different intensity levels by changing an adjustable parameter. Since the vorticity field is enhanced according to the curl field, our method can not only amplify existing vortices, but also capture additional turbulence. Our VR solver is straightforward to implement and can be easily integrated into existing SPH methods.

A synthetic macroscopic magnetic unipole

We demonstrate experimentally with a prototype for the first time, that an artificial emergent magnetic unipole hedgehog field in a simply connected three-dimensional domain is possible, emulating effectively the Dirac model by simply using a novel permanent magnets’ topology and geometrical arrangement in a ring array. Although similar effects were demonstrated by others over the last decade, with these effects usually observed and lasting for a small fraction in time and applied at the quantum or microscopic scale using primary BECs, Skyrmions, Spin Ice and recently Chiral Magnets this was never shown until now and performed at the macro scale and by using normal magnets. The synthetic magnetic unipole ring array prototype progressively twists and steers the magnetic flux into vanishing curl field (i.e. vortex) geometry towards the centre of the ring and its air cap. This mere act alone proves enough to create the desired effect and an apparent isolated magnetic unipole region is observed at the centre of this magnetic ring array, as we have mapped with a 3-axis magnetometer and show with the quantum magnetic-optic device flux viewer, the ferrolens. This apparent unipolar magnetic array exhibits anomalous behavior at its centre, air cap and registers with a magnetometer or a normal compass needle as having the same magnetic polarity on both opposite faces of the ring on the same axis passing through the centre of the ring. Also the other opposite polarity pole is dispersed and confined along the periphery of the ring array with a 90° angle to the unipole axis and none existing in the far field and nowhere to be found. Even in the near field, counting the total number of discrete poles of the magnets of the array including its emergent unipole at the centre, counts to an odd number. The results were analyzed and software simulated and some interesting conclusions are drawn about the ultimate quantum vortex nature of ferromagnetism.

Validation of different global data sets for sea surface wind-stress

ABSTRACT Different surface wind-stress products over the global ocean were validated by comparing with in-situ measurements from moored buoys, and by inter-comparing among them. The products are ones constructed from satellite observations by microwave scatterometers and radiometers, and reanalysed ones by data assimilation and numerical models. Comparisons with buoy measurements revealed that the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform Version 2 (CCMP v2.0) has the lowest positive bias, the smallest root mean square error (RMSE) and the largest correlation coefficient in this inter-comparison, meaning that the CCMP v2.0 gives the best performance. Inter-comparisons among the different wind-stress products exhibited that the meridional wind-stress data of the National Centre for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) are not different in the subtropical region from those of other ones, and zonal and meridional wind-stress data of the National Centre for Environmental Prediction/Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (NCEP/CFSR) have relatively low values in the westerly region. In the zonal-spectral analysis, we found that the zonal wind-stress/wind-vector data from the Institut Français de Recherche pour la Recherche et l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) have short wave-like oscillations. Thus, the surface wind and wind-stress data in IFREMER products have been well affected by spatial resolution of background data used in their gridding procedure. We also investigated the spatial characteristics of wind-stress curl fields for the different data sets, and found that there are differences between the CCMP v2.0 and Japanese Ocean Flux Data sets with Use of Remote Sensing Observations Version 3 (J-OFURO3) which are characterized by spike-like features in the equatorial Pacific where there are the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean and the TRIangle Trans-Ocean buoy Network (TAO/TRITON) buoys. These features were spatially correlated with buoy locations, which suggests that the reliability of the CCMP v2.0 products is governed by buoy locations in this region.

DKD–DAD: a novel framework with discriminative kinematic descriptor and deep attention-pooled descriptor for action recognition

In order to improve action recognition accuracy, the discriminative kinematic descriptor and deep attention-pooled descriptor are proposed. Firstly, the optical flow field is transformed into a set of kinematic fields with more discriminativeness. Subsequently, two kinematic features are constructed, which more accurately depict the dynamic characteristics of action subject from the multi-order divergence and curl fields. Secondly, by introducing both of the tight-loose constraint and anti-confusion constraint, a discriminative fusion method is proposed, which guarantees better within-class compactness and between-class separability, meanwhile reduces the confusion caused by outliers. Furthermore, a discriminative kinematic descriptor is constructed. Thirdly, a prediction-attentional pooling method is proposed, which accurately focuses its attention on the discriminative local regions. On this basis, a deep attention-pooled descriptor (DKD–DAD) is constructed. Finally, a novel framework with discriminative kinematic descriptor and deep attention-pooled descriptor is presented, which comprehensively obtains the discriminative dynamic and static information in a video. Consequently, accuracies are improved. Experiments on two challenging datasets verify the effectiveness of our methods.

Utilizing Active Sensor Nodes in Smart Environments for Optimal Communication Coverage

Wireless sensor networks are widely used in smart environments to capture and detect the activities of human beings, and achieving reliable transmission between sensor nodes has become one of the main challenges of practical applications. This paper presents a scheme for path planning that is designed to achieve optimal coverage by using active nodes to periodically fill in the blank areas and to replace the failed nodes. This approach can effectively avoid uneven energy consumption while maintaining complete link states. Meanwhile, the curl field of the nodes is used to model the effects of the residual energy and the distance between nodes, thereby effectively relaxing the requirements on the spatial positions of the nodes. Experiments show that in the case of directional transmission, the proposed method demonstrates better performance than other algorithms in terms of the network lifecycle, coverage, and transmission reliability. This method can effectively address the problem of cross-node failure along the transmission paths in complex and dynamic networks.

Increasing muscle co-contraction speeds up internal model acquisition during dynamic motor learning

During reaching movements in the presence of novel dynamics, participants initially co-contract their muscles to reduce kinematic errors and improve task performance. As learning proceeds, muscle co-contraction decreases as an accurate internal model develops. The initial co-contraction could affect the learning of the internal model in several ways. By ensuring the limb remains close to the target state, co-contraction could speed up learning. Conversely, by reducing kinematic errors, a key training signal, it could slow down learning. Alternatively, given that the effects of muscle co-contraction on kinematic errors are predictable and could be discounted when assessing the internal model error, it could have no effect on learning. Using a sequence of force pulses, we pretrained two groups to either co-contract (stiff group) or relax (relaxed group) their arm muscles in the presence of dynamic perturbations. A third group (control group) was not pretrained. All groups performed reaching movements in a velocity-dependent curl field. We measured adaptation using channel trials and found greater adaptation in the stiff group during early learning. We also found a positive correlation between muscle co-contraction, as measured by surface electromyography, and adaptation. These results show that muscle co-contraction accelerates the rate of dynamic motor learning.

Characterizing Complex Surface Ruptures in the 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan Earthquake Using Three‐Dimensional Displacements

AbstractWe use satellite‐derived high‐resolution topography and orthoimages, namely, preearthquake Advanced Land Observing Satellite World 3‐D data and postearthquake Pleiades data, to retrieve 3‐D displacements in the 2013 Balochistan, Pakistan, earthquake. Previous studies of this earthquake have revealed many complex rupture patterns, such as off‐fault deformation (near‐field strike‐slip displacements smaller than the far field) and inelastic surface deformation (horizontal shortening on the surface significantly larger than that from simple elastic model). In this paper, we reanalyze the complexities of surface ruptures in a systematic way using the newly derived 3‐D displacements. In doing so, we made use of the vertical component of the curl and the horizontal divergence of the displacement field. By comparing the off‐fault deformation and curl field along the rupture, we found that curl is a good measure of the width of the deformation zone. The curl width ratio (CWR)—the ratio of the basic resolution of the curl field and curl width—was used to quantify the degree of surface slip localization. When CWR ≥ 0.9, there is no or very little off‐fault deformation, whereas when CWR ≤ 0.6, surface deformation is almost 100% distributed. The distributed deformation observed is controlled by both the fault geometry and local material types. Despite the overall strike slip with some thrusting, the divergence shows localized extension or enhanced shortening in the near field due to fault geometric variations at a spatial scale of tens to hundreds of meters, consistent with the 3‐D displacements and geological interpretations.

Visual feedback of hand and target location does not explain the tendency for straight adapted reaches.

Subjects in laboratory settings exhibit straight hand paths—typified by the minimum jerk path—even in the presence of a learned but disturbing force field. At the same time it is known that in this setting, visual feedback strongly influences reaches, biasing them to be straight. Here we examine whether or not this bias can account for the straightness of movements made in a force field. We ran three curl field experiments to investigate how the lack of visual feedback influences adapted reaches. In a first experiment, hand position was displayed at the beginning and at the end of each trial, but extinguished during movement, and the hand was passively brought back to the home location. In the second experiment, visual feedback of neither the hand nor the target was provided, and targets were haptically rendered as “dimples.” In order to provide extended practice, a third experiment was run with a single target and an active reach back to the home location. In all three cases we found minor changes in the adapted reaches relative to control groups that had full visual feedback. Our subjects adopted trajectories that were better explained by minimum jerk paths over those that minimize effort. The results indicate that for point-to-point reaching movements the visual feedback, or lack there of, cannot explain why reaches appear to be straight, even after adapting to a perturbing force field.

The subsurface circulation of the Iceland Sea observed with RAFOS floats

The pathways of dense waters located above the sill depth of Denmark Strait were investigated in the Iceland Sea using 52 acoustically tracked RAFOS floats. These floats were deployed in summer 2013 and 2014, with a target depth of 500 m, resulting in a total of 40.9 float-years of track data covering the Iceland Sea basin. In the interior Iceland Sea basin, the float tracks showed a double gyre circulation, out of which floats eventually escaped towards the Norwegian Sea in the East Icelandic Current, with some appearing to be en route to the Faroe Bank Channel. Four floats exited through Denmark Strait and surfaced in the Labrador and Irminger Seas. Four other floats deployed west of the Kolbeinsey Ridge at 70°N show the connection between the East Greenland Current and the East Icelandic Current. Floats deployed east of the Kolbeinsey Ridge along the Icelandic slope were captured in a region with no clear main flow. Eddy motions, mainly small scale (radii of 0.5–3 km), are seen throughout the Iceland Sea. Several floats were grounded on the Icelandic slope both east and west of the Kolbeinsey Ridge due to upslope currents, which created a rim of cold water along the slope. While this water was indicative of the presence of the North Icelandic Jet, no connection between the eastern Iceland Sea and Denmark Strait sill was found. Our investigation of wind stress curl fields from atmospheric reanalysis data suggests that high wind stress curl conditions may have been unfavorable for a westward connection by the North Icelandic Jet at the time of the float observations.

On a new type of non-stationary helical flows for incompressible 3D Navier-Stokes equations

In fluid mechanics, a lot of authors have been executing their researches to obtain the analytical solutions of Navier-Stokes equations. But there is an essential deficiency of non-stationary solutions indeed.In our presentation, we proceed exploring the case of non-stationary helical flows of the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible fluids, with variable (spatially dependent) coefficient of proportionality α between velocity and the curl field of flow.The main motivation of the current research is the exploring the case when velocity field u is supposed to be perpendicular to the vector ∇α. Conditions for the existence of the exact solution for the aforementioned type of flows are obtained, for which non-stationary helical flow with invariant Bernoulli-function is considered.The spatial part of the pressure field of the fluid flow should be determined via Bernoulli-function, if components of the velocity of the flow are already obtained.

Greater neural responses to trajectory errors are associated with superior force field adaptation in older adults.

Although age-related declines in cognitive, sensory and motor capacities are well documented, current evidence is mixed as to whether or not aging impairs sensorimotor adaptation to a novel dynamic environment. More importantly, the extent to which any deficits in sensorimotor adaptation are due to general impairments in neural plasticity, or impairments in the specific processes that drive adaptation is unclear. Here we investigated whether there are age-related differences in electrophysiological responses to reaching endpoint and trajectory errors caused by a novel force field, and whether markers of error processing relate to the ability of older adults to adapt their movements. Older and young adults (N = 24/group, both sexes) performed 600 reaches to visual targets, and received audio-visual feedback about task success or failure after each trial. A velocity-dependent curl field pushed the hand to one side during each reach. We extracted ERPs time-locked to movement onset [kinematic error-related negativity (kERN)], and the presentation of success/failure feedback [feedback error-related negativity (fERN)]. At a group level, older adults did not differ from young adults in the rate or extent of sensorimotor adaptation, but EEG responses to both trajectory errors and task errors were reduced in the older group. Most interestingly, the amplitude of the kERN correlated with the rate and extent of sensorimotor adaptation in older adults. Thus, older adults with an impaired capacity for encoding kinematic trajectory errors also have compromised abilities to adapt their movements in a novel dynamic environment.