Curcumin Nanoemulsion Research Articles

Therapeutic effects of curcumin nanoemulsion on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity in adult male mice

Therapeutic effects of curcumin nanoemulsion on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity in adult male mice

Improving the storage quality of Harbin red sausages by quaternized chitosan/sodium alginate coating curcumin nano-emulsion

In this study, the effect of sodium alginate and quaternized chitosan bis-polysaccharide-based shell transport curcumin nano-emulsions (Cur@QCS/SA) on the microbiological, physicochemical properties, quality characteristics of Harbin red sausage during storage is investigated. According to the microbiological results, the shelf life of Harbin red sausage is extended from 3 d to 6 d by adding 0.15% Cur@QCS/SA, and Bacillus is the most predominant bacterial before 6 d. Additionally, the physicochemical properties change significantly, the pH, weight loss (WL), water holding capacity (WHC), water activity (aw), L*, and a* of red sausage decrease gradually with the extension of storage time, as well as b*, lipid oxidation, proteolysis increase significantly (P < 0.05). Secondly, it is found that 0.15% treatment group can better maintain the quality characteristics of Harbin red sausage according to texture profile analysis (TPA), electronic nose (E-nose), and electronic tongue (E-tongue) (P < 0.05). This study provides a new way for nano-emulsions in food applications and a new option for the preservation of Harbin red sausage as well as other low-temperature meat products.

The study of the quenching mechanism of hemoglobin by curcumin in nanoemulsion

The study of the quenching mechanism of hemoglobin by curcumin in nanoemulsion

Therapeutic effect of curcumin nanoemulsion on cystic echinococcosis in BALB/c mice: a computerized tomography (CT) scan and histopathologic study evaluation

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin nanoemulsion (CUR-NE) in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto protoscoleces.MethodsForty-two inbred BALB/c mice were divided into seven groups of six animals each. Six groups were inoculated intra-peritoneally with 1500 viable E. granulosus protoscoleces, followed for six months and used as infected groups. The infected groups were named as: CEI1 to CEI6 accordingly. The 7th group was not inoculated and was named cystic echinococcosis noninfected group (CENI7). CEI1 and CEI2 groups received 40 mg/kg/day and 20 mg/kg/day curcumin nanoemulsion (CUR-NE), respectively. CEI3 received nanoemulsion without curcumin (NE-no CUR), CEI4 received curcumin suspension (CUR-S) 40 mg/kg/day, CEI5 received albendazole 150 mg/kg/day and CEI6 received sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). CENI7 group received CUR-NE 40 mg/kg/day. Drugs administration was started after six months post-inoculations of protoscoleces and continued for 60 days in all groups. The secondary CE cyst area was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) scan for each mouse before treatment and on the days 30 and 60 post-treatment. The CT scan measurement results were compared before and after treatment. After the euthanasia of the mice on the 60th day, the cyst area was also measured after autopsy and, the histopathological changes of the secondary cysts for each group were observed. The therapeutic efficacy of CUR-NE in infected groups was evaluated by two methods: CT scan and autopsied cyst measurements.ResultsSeptal calcification in three groups of infected mice (CEI1, CEI2, and CEI4) was revealed by CT scan. The therapeutic efficacy of CUR-NE 40 mg/kg/day (CEI1 group) was 24.6 ± 26.89% by CT scan measurement and 55.16 ± 32.37% by autopsied cysts measurements. The extensive destructive effects of CUR-NE 40 mg/kg/day (CEI1 group) on the wall layers of secondary CE cysts were confirmed by histopathology.ConclusionThe current study demonstrated a significant therapeutic effect of CUR-NE (40 mg/kg/day) on secondary CE cysts in BALB/c mice. An apparent septal calcification of several cysts revealed by CT scan and the destructive effect on CE cysts observed in histopathology are two critical key factors that suggest curcumin nanoemulsion could be a potential treatment for cystic echinococcosis.

Boosting the Anti-Helicobacter Efficacy of Azithromycin through Natural Compounds: Insights From InVitro, InVivo, Histopathological, and Molecular Docking Investigations.

Antimicrobial-resistant Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) poses a significant public health concern, especially given the limited therapeutic options for azithromycin-resistant strains. Hence, there is a necessity for new studies to reconsider the use of azithromycin, which has diminished in effectiveness against numerous strains. Thus, we aimed to augment azithromycin's anti-Helicobacter properties by combining it with curcumin in different formulations, including curcumin in clove oil, curcumin nano-gold emulsion, and curcumin nanoemulsion. The antimicrobial activities of the investigated compounds, both individually and in combination with other anti-Helicobacter drugs, were evaluated. Their antibiofilm and anti-virulence properties were assessed using both phenotypic and genotypic methods, alongside molecular docking studies. Our findings were further validated through mouse protection assays and histopathological analysis. We observed high anti-Helicobacter activities of curcumin, especially curcumin nanoemulsion. A synergistic effect was detected between curcumin nanoemulsion and azithromycin with fraction inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values <0.5. The curcumin nanoemulsion was the most active anti-biofilm and anti-virulence compound among the examined substances. The biofilm-correlated virulence genes (babA and hopQ) and ureA genes were downregulated (fold change <1) post-treatment with curcumin nanoemulsion. On the protein level, the anti-virulence activities of curcumin nanoemulsion were documented based on molecular docking studies. These findings aligned with histopathological scoring of challenge mice, affirming the superior efficacy of curcumin nanoemulsion/azithromycin combination. The anti-Helicobacter activities of all curcumin physical forms pose significant challenges due to their higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values exceeding the maximum permissible level. However, using curcumin nanoemulsion at sub-MIC levels could enhance the anti-Helicobacter activity of azithromycin and exhibit anti-virulence properties, thereby improving patient outcomes and addressing resistant pathogens. Therefore, more extensive studies are necessary to assess the safety of incorporating curcumin nanoemulsion into H. pylori treatment.

Randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of nanoemulsion curcumin in women with aromatase inhibitor-induced arthropathy: an Alliance/NCORP pilot trial

PurposeAromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy reduces risk of recurrence and death for postmenopausal women with breast cancer (BC); however, AI-induced arthralgia (AIIA) can lead to discontinuation of treatment. Curcumin, a bioactive polyphenolic substance, may help ameliorate inflammation-related conditions including osteoarthritis and pain.MethodsWe conducted a multisite randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial (Alliance A22_Pilot9) to evaluate the effects of nanoemulsion curcumin (NEC, 200 mg/day) in postmenopausal women experiencing AIIA for ≥ 3 months. The primary objective was to determine the feasibility of using Functional Assessment of Cancer Treatment-Endocrine Symptoms (FACT-ES) to detect changes from 0 (T0) to 3 months (T3) of NEC treatment in AI-induced symptoms and well-being; secondary objectives included evaluation of changes in Disabilities of the Shoulder, Arm, and Hand (DASH), Brief Pain Inventory-short form (BPI-SF), grip strength, and biomarkers at T0 and T3.ResultsForty-two patients were randomized to NEC or placebo; 34 women completed the 3-month study. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs: FACT-ES, DASH, BPI-SF) and biospecimens were collected at T0-T3 in > 80% of participants. Adherence was ≥ 90% for both arms. PROMs and grip strength did not differ significantly by treatment arm. Plasma curcumin was detected only in NEC arm participants. Serum estradiol and estrone levels were below detection or low on study agent. Gastrointestinal adverse effects were commonly reported in both arms.ConclusionNEC versus placebo in a multisite randomized trial is feasible and well-tolerated. Additional studies with larger sample size are needed to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of NEC in treatment of AIIA.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03865992, first posted March 7, 2019.

Designing of Curcumin nanoemulsion by using Tamarind gum as Natural Emulsifying agent

Nanoemulsions are most promising delivery system for the natural bioactives compounds which posses poor bioavailability due to low solubility. Nanoemulsions as dosage delivery system and formulations have been found to be suitable for loading high amount of drugs to improve its therapeutic effect. These are widely used in cosmetics, diagnostic, drug therapies and bioactives because of the nanosized formulation. In the present work, nanoemulsion formulations of curcumin were prepared by using the tamarind gum as emulsifier using hot homogenization method. The six batches (F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 and F6) of nanoformulations were prepared and optimized on the basis of particle size and zeta potential. The optimized nanoemulsion (F3) which one reported to have particle size of 173.5 ±nm with zeta potential of -33.2±mV. The drug content was found to be 70% and the particles were found to be spherical, smooth and non-aggregated. The formulation were found to be stable in tested conditions. Thus, tamarind gum as a natural polymer can be used as stabilising, gelling, thickening, binding and muco- adhesive agents for formulation of novel drug delivery system of various drugs.

EVALUATION OF CURCUMIN NANOEMULSION EFFECT TO PREVENT INTESTINAL DAMAGE

Curcumin has gained great prominence for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. However, studies have reported the low bioavailability of orally administered curcumin. This work aimed to evaluate the characteristics, stability and effects of a curcumin-carrying nanoemulsion in preventing intestinal damage induced by indomethacin. Nanoemulsions containing curcumin were prepared by spontaneous emulsification method and it was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential and the morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Its stability was tested under different conditions of pH, temperature at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. In animal experimentation, 36 male mice of the Mus musculus lineage (C57BL/6) were used. The intestinal inflammation was evaluated based on macroscopic, histopathological and metagenomic analysis. It was found a stable nanoemulsion with a size of 409.8 nm, polydispersion index (PDI) of 0.132 and zeta potential of -18.8 mV. However, these lost charge in pH2, showing instability in acidic media (p< 0.05). In animal experiments, the nanoemulsion did not significantly improve intestinal inflammation. However, the group treated with curcumin nanoemulsion showed a higher relative abundance of the genus Lactobacillus (p<0.05). In conclusion, the curcumin nanoemulsion was relevant in the modulation of the intestinal microbiota.

Development of a Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Curcumin in Nanoemulsion and in Its Phase Solubility Studies

Development of a Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Curcumin in Nanoemulsion and in Its Phase Solubility Studies

Preparation and characterization of a curcumin nanoemulsion gel for the effective treatment of mycoses

Fungal infections of skin including mycoses are one of the most common infections in skin or skins. Mycosis is caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte moulds and yeasts. Various studies show different drugs to treat mycoses, yet there is need to treat it with applied drugs delivery. This study was designed to prepare a bio curcumin (CMN) nanoemulsion (CMN-NEs) for transdermal administration to treat mycoses. The self-nanoemulsification approach was used to prepare a nanoemulsion (NE), utilizing an oil phase consisting of Cremophor EL 100 (Cre EL), glyceryl monooleate (GMO), and polyethylene glycol 5000 (PEG 5000). Particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometric analysis, and morphological analyses were performed to evaluate the nanoemulsion (NE). The in vitro permeation of CMN was investigated using a modified vertical diffusion cell with an activated dialysis membrane bag. Among all the formulations, a stable, spontaneously produced nanoemulsion was determined with 250 mg of CMN loaded with 10 g of the oil phase. The average droplet size, ZP, and PDI of CMN-NEs were 90.0 ± 2.1 nm, − 7.4 ± 0.4, and 0.171 ± 0.03 mV, respectively. The release kinetics of CMN differed from zero order with a Higuchi release profile as a result of nanoemulsification, which also significantly increased the flux of CMN permeating from the hydrophilic matrix gel. Overall, the prepared nanoemulsion system not only increased the permeability of CMN but also protected it against chemical deterioration. Both CMN-ME (24.0 ± 0.31 mm) and CMN-NE gel (29.6 ± 0.25 mm) had zones of inhibition against Candida albicans that were significantly larger than those of marketed Itrostred gel (21.5 ± 0.34 mm). The prepared CMN-NE improved the bioavailability, better skin penetration, and the CMN-NE gel enhanced the release of CMN from the gel matrix on mycotic patients.

Potential efficacy of curcumin and curcumin nanoemulsion against experimental cyclosporiasis

Potential efficacy of curcumin and curcumin nanoemulsion against experimental cyclosporiasis

Curcumin Nanoemulsion: Unveiling Cardioprotective Effects via ACE Inhibition and Antioxidant Properties in Hypertensive Rats.

Background and Objectives: Curcumin, derived from Curcuma longa, is a well-known traditional medicinal compound recognized for its therapeutic attributes. Nevertheless, its efficacy is hampered by limited bioavailability, prompting researchers to explore the application of nanoemulsion as a potential alternative. Materials and Methods: This study delves into the antihypertensive effects of curcumin nanoemulsion (SNEC) by targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and oxidative stress in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt-induced hypertensive rats. To gauge the cardio-protective impact of SNEC in DOCA salt-induced hypertension, molecular docking was undertaken, uncovering curcumin's high affinity and adept binding capabilities to the active site of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Additionally, the investigation employed uninephrectomized rats to assess hemodynamic parameters via an AD instrument. Serum ACE, angiotensin II, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels were quantified using ELISA kits, while antioxidant parameters were evaluated through chemical assays. Result: The outcomes of the molecular docking analysis revealed robust binding of curcumin to the ACE active site. Furthermore, oral administration of SNEC significantly mitigated systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure in contrast to the DOCA-induced hypertensive group. SNEC administration also led to a reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and an elevation in the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise (LV (dP/dt) max). Moreover, SNEC administration distinctly lowered serum levels of ACE and angiotensin II compared to the hypertensive DOCA group. Renal markers, including serum creatinine and BUN, displayed a shift toward normalized levels with SNEC treatment. Additionally, SNEC showcased potent antioxidant characteristics by elevating reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels, while decreasing the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings underscore that curcumin nanoemulsion exerts noteworthy cardio-protective effects through ACE activity inhibition and remarkable antioxidant properties.

Influence of blending and layer-by-layer assembly methods on chitosan–gelatin composite films enriched with curcumin nanoemulsion

In this study, gelatin (GE) was composited with chitosan films (CH) and chitosan films incorporated with curcumin nanoemulsion (CH-CNE) through blending and layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly in order to overcome the physical limitations of the chitosan and its incorporated films. Furthermore, the distinctive effects of blending and LbL assembly on the physicochemical parameters of the composite films were assessed. The composite LbL films incorporated with GE exhibited improvement of water vapor barrier, tensile strength, solubility, which contributed to the enhanced antioxidant activity from the single components. By contrast, the composite films of the blending method exhibited greater elongation at break and increased swelling degree. Additionally, the films containing the nanoemulsion exhibited reduced light transmission and increased opacity. The thermal properties indicating the thermal stability and compatibility interactions of the composite films were examined by the glass transition temperature (Tg). Results revealed that the distinctive behavior of the Tg was affected by the compositing method. The LbL films exhibited substantially increased Tg, indicating enhanced thermal stability. The results indicated that the composited films formed via the LbL assembly attained better physicochemical properties and thermal stability, implying higher compatible film than the blending.

Okra Mucilage Extract as A Co-Surfactant Increased the Curcumin Nanoemulsion Stability and Encapsulation Efficiency

Okra Mucilage Extract as A Co-Surfactant Increased the Curcumin Nanoemulsion Stability and Encapsulation Efficiency

Comparison of Fabrication Technique and Carrier Oil to Curcumin Nanoemulsion Properties

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is included in the rhizome plant containing curcumin which has various therapeutic properties. However, curcumin has poor bioavailability. The manufacture of nanoemulsion is expected to increase curcumin bioavailability. This study aims to compare 3 methods (wet-ball milling, ultrasonication and microfluidic) and 3 carrier oils (soybean, virgin coconut, and olive oil) in the production of curcumin nanoemulsion. Wet-ball milling reduces particle size through grinding process using milling beads in liquid medium. Microfluidic decreases the particle size via collision of emulsion components in microchannel while ultrasound utilizes sound-wave energy to break down the particle size. Parameters compared were particle size, polydispersity index and entrapment efficiency. Particle size and polydispersity index were observed using Particle Size Analyzer with Dynamic Light Scattering technique while entrapment efficiency was measured based on the curcumin absorbance in UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 420 nm. Our study concludes that microfluidic is the most effective and efficient fabrication method which produces the smallest particle size and polydispersity index compared to ultrasonication and microfluidic. The resulting particle sizes using microfluidic are 154, 140 and 132 nm with polydispersity index of 0.224; 0.200 and 0.208 in soybean, virgin coconut, and olive oil respectively. However, entrapment efficiency is best achieved using wet-ball milling method with the average value of 49±10%. Soybean oil appears to be the most curcumin solubilizing oil compared to olive and virgin coconut oil. Thus, it can be concluded that fabrication methods and carrier oils determine curcumin nanoemulsion properties.

Production and utilization of non-covalent dairy-based proteins complexed with date palm leave polyphenols for improving curcumin stability

This study provides insights into the non-covalent complexation of greent solvent extracted date leaf polyphenolic extracts (DLPE) with bovine and camel dairy proteins and their utilization for enhancing the photo and thermal stabilities of curcumin loaded into nano-emulsion. UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies showed marked variation among bovine and camel dairy-DLPE complexes. Dairy protein-DLPE complexation improved the radical scavenging activities compared to unmodified milk proteins. Caseins-DLPE complexes showed higher total phenolic content (TPC) than whey-DLPE complexes with camel casein (CC) showing highest values. The formation of protein-polyphenol complexes was also predicted using molecular docking that suggested van der Waals interaction as a dominant force binding camel dairy protein with DLPE. Further, curcumin-loaded nanoemulsions were fabricated using dairy proteins-DLPE complexes as emulsifiers. The thermal stability of curcumin loaded in nanoemulsions was studied at different temperatures (55 °C, 75 °C and 95 °C) for varying periods of time (0–6 h) while photostability was studied by exposure to UV light for a period of 120 min. The results showed that the thermal and photostability of curcumin improved when dairy protein-DLPE complexes were used for nanoemulsion production. Camel casein-DLPE stabilized nanoemulsions imparted the highest thermal and photostabilities to curcumin while camel whey-DLPE showed the lowest retention of curcumin in nanoemulsions. In vitro digestion showed complexation of caseins with DLPE improved the bioaccesibility of curcumin. Moreover, curcumin bioaccesibility was higher for CC-DLPE (69.25%) compared to CC (49.83%) stabilized emulsions. Overall, CC-DLPE complexes demonstrated the superior performance for stabilizing the emulsion and delivering the curcumin in simulated GI tract efficiently.

Protoscolicidal effects of curcumin nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus

BackgroundThe aim of the present study was to assess in vitro protoscolicidal effects of curcumin nanoemulsion (CUR-NE) against protoscoleces of cystic echinococcosis (CE)/hydatid cysts.MethodsThe CUR-NE was prepared via spontaneous emulsification of soybean as the oil phase, a mixture of Tween 80 and Tween 85 as the surfactant, ethanol as the co-surfactant and distilled water. Various concentrations of CUR-NE (156, 312, 625 and 1250 µg/ml) were exposed to collected protoscoleces of infected sheep liver hydatid cysts for 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 min. Viability of the protoscoleces were assessed using eosin exclusion test. Morphological changes of the protoscoleces were observed using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy.ResultsThe mean particle size and zeta potential of CUR-NE included 60.4 ± 14.8 nm and − 16.1 ± 1.1 mV, respectively. Results showed that the viability of the protoscoleces decreased significantly with increases in CUR-NE concentrations (p < 0.001). The mortality rates of protoscoleces with exposure to concentrations of 1250 and 625 µg/ml of CUR-NE for 60 min were 94 and 73.33%, respectively. Mortality of the protoscoleces was 100% after 120 min of exposure to 1250 and 625 µg/ml concentrations of CUR-NE. Using NIC microscopy, extensively altered tegumental surface protoscoleces was observed after protoscoleces exposure to CUR-NE.ConclusionThe findings of the present study revealed the in vitro protoscolicidal potential of CUR-NE. Therefore, CUR-NEs are addressed as novel protoscolicidal agents, which can be used as an alternative natural medicine to kill the protoscoleces, owing to their low toxicity and significant inhibition potency. However, further studies are necessary to investigate pharmacologic and pharmacokinetics of CUR-NEs.

Nanoemulsion curcumin injection showed significant anti-inflammatory activities on carrageenan-induced paw edema in Sprague-Dawley rats

Medicinal plants are candidates for the discovery of potential new anti-inflammatory agents. Curcumin is the active compound found in turmeric root, which has high anti-inflammatory activity. One of the limitations of curcumin as a therapeutic agent is its low solubility in water and extensive first-pass effect metabolism. The aim of this study was to formulate curcumin nanoemulsion for parenteral injection. We prepared curcumin nanoemulsions with a homogenizer using three surfactant concentrations (1.8%; 2.4%; and 3%) and two curcumin concentrations (1% and 3%). Formulas were evaluated for droplet diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, viscosity, pH, entrapment efficiency (EE), osmolality, sterility, and morphology. The nanoemulsion containing 1% curcumin and 3% surfactant (F3) demonstrated good stability. Curcumin nanoemulsions at 20 and 40 mg/kg doses showed anti-inflammatory activity on carrageenan-induced paw edema in male Sprague-Dawley rats. These two doses inhibited paw edema by 33% and 56% respectively at 5 h after carrageenan induction. Inhibition of edema volume by curcumin nanoemulsion at a dose of 40 mg/kg did not show a significant difference (P > 0.05) compared to the activity of the standard drug ketorolac at a dose of 2.7 mg/kg. We conclude that curcumin nanoemulsion has anti-inflammatory activity and can be a promising anti-inflammatory agent.

Enhancement of the chemical stability of nanoemulsions loaded with curcumin by unsaturated mannuronate oligosaccharide

Unsaturated mannuronate oligosaccharide (MOS) is an acidic oligosaccharide prepared from alginate-derived polymannuronate by enzymatic depolymerization, followed by double bond formation between C-4 and C-5 at the nonreducing end. In this study, MOS was used as a stabilizer to fabricate O/W nanoemulsions loaded with curcumin (MOS-CUR) for the first time. The results revealed that the MOS-CUR showed small droplet sizes and narrow size distributions and was slightly more stable than normal oil-in-water (O/W) curcumin nanoemulsions (water-CUR). Additionally, MOS can improve the superoxide anion scavenging ability and iron ion reducing ability of the curcumin nanoemulsion system. Although the digestion behaviour of MOS-CUR and water-CUR was similar, the bioavailability of curcumin in MOS-CUR was significantly higher than that in water-CUR. All these results indicated that MOS could be used as a stabilizer for preparing nanoemulsions to easily encapsulate labile nutrients and to enhance the bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of these nutrients.

Prospect of Bioactive Curcumin Nanoemulsion as Effective Agency to Improve Milk Based Soft Cheese by Using Ultrasound Encapsulation Approach.

The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of stabilized curcumin nanoemulsions (CUNE) as a food additive capable of directionally acting to inhibit molecules involved in dairy products' quality and digestibility, especially cheese. The objects were cheeses made from the milk of higher grades with addition of a CUNE and a control sample. The cheeses were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in terms of organoleptic properties, such as appearance, taste, and aroma. The results show that the addition of CUNEs improved the organoleptic properties compared to the control cheese by 150% and improved its shelf life. The SEM study shows that formulation with CUNE promotes the uniform distribution of porosity. The CUNE-based cheese shows a better sensory evaluation compared to the emulsion without curcumin. CUNE-processed cheese provided better antioxidant and antimicrobial analysis than the control sample and offers added value to the dairy sector.