Curb Parking Research Articles

Safe curb parking distance near school-gate ensuring child pedestrians' safety

Safe curb parking distance near school-gate ensuring child pedestrians' safety

Economic Analysis of On-Street Parking with Urban Delivery

The surge in online shopping has dramatically increased the demand for short-term curb access for package pickups and deliveries, leading to heightened competition for limited curb space. This paper addresses the problem of how the unique parking demand of deliverers, particularly their parking duration for delivery attempts linked to parking space availability, affects the dynamics of urban curb parking systems. We develop continuum models of a curb parking system and perform analytical analyses to understand the dynamics and steady-state properties of the system under the influence of increased urban deliveries. We conduct comparative statics to examine how various curb management measures, such as pricing, parking duration caps, and dedicated delivery bays, influence the equilibrium conditions, followed by comparisons of the theoretical capacity of these measures. We further demonstrate the working mechanism of delivery bays and their role in forestalling specific failures within a hybrid system with both general parkers and deliverers. Finally, we investigate curb management strategies in nonstationary operational contexts and prescribe the optimal strategies therein. Our findings offer valuable insights into the unique properties that deliverers introduce to curb parking dynamics, highlighting the need for a strategic reevaluation of current management practices. We find that pricing strategies for metered parking to general parkers prove to be more efficient and flexible compared with other interventions. Notably, our analysis suggests that when curb parking pricing is optimally calibrated, the necessity for dedicated delivery bays diminishes. Furthermore, we reveal that optimal curb management strategies could diverge in response to surges in demand, depending on whether the increase sources from general parkers or deliverers. To be effective, the sizing of delivery bays must align with the underlying causes of parking scarcity. History: This paper has been accepted for the Transportation Science Special Section on ISTTT25 Conference. Funding: This work was supported by the George Washington University [University Facilitating Fund]. Supplemental Material: The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2024.0569 .

What Lies Behind Fare Evasion in Curb Parking Behavior? Evidence from Nanjing, China

Frequent incidents of parking fare evasion pose ongoing challenges, placing parking management departments under pressure as a result of reduced parking revenues. The causal mechanisms behind parking fare evasion, as identified in existing studies, remain incompletely explained. To address this gap, our study utilized empirical data from Nanjing, China, employing a random forest methodology to elucidate the intricate and non-linear relationships among parking site attributes, weather conditions, and the built environment concerning curb parking fare evasion behavior. Additionally, we used the Shapley Additive Explanations method to clarify the pertinent variables. Our empirical findings emphasize the significant impact of parking site attributes, including departure time, parking space availability, and occupancy, on evasion behavior. Notably, our results underscore the necessity of strategically managing parking near scenic spots and points of interest (POIs) associated with accommodation during weekends. Conversely, on workdays, there is a need for strategic oversight of parking fees in the vicinity of government institutions, scenic spots, and workplace-related POIs. These research outcomes make valuable contributions to the existing literature on curb parking and provide actionable insights for improving urban parking management.

The influence of parallel curb parking on traffic capacity at an intersection

In this paper, we propose a model based on traffic flow theory to quantify the influence of curb parking on traffic capacity at a road intersection. The model takes into account vehicles parked at the curb and those that perform parking maneuvers, under three different saturation scenarios at the intersection. We apply the model to three input data sets and compare the results with those obtained from a traffic simulation. The model calculation and traffic simulation errors (MAPE and RMSE) are within an acceptable range (smaller than 10 %), which shows the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Pricing curb parking: Differentiated parking fees or cash rewards?

Parking price adjustment is an effective method for influencing curb parking choices, playing a crucial role in alleviating urban parking shortages and balancing uneven distribution. The government has extensively explored the implementation of differentiated parking fees and cash incentives for curb parking; however, few studies have investigated the effects of these policies on parking balance management. This study utilized a questionnaire survey to construct two multinomial logit models and examine the mechanisms behind drivers' choice behaviors. Taking the curb parking facilities in Yinzhou District, Ningbo as the case study area, the optimal dynamic pricing schemes for the two strategies were established, and their operational effectiveness was evaluated. The results show that parking cost, value of cash rewards, parking occupancy, and surrounding road conditions have a significant impact on curb parking choice behavior. Both strategies can effectively balance the utilization rate of curb parking space-time resources. The cash rewards strategy yields higher earnings compared to the differentiated parking fee strategy, but the latter is more conducive for reducing the occupancy during peak hours. The research findings of this study can provide insights and a theoretical foundation for real-time and proactive management of roadside parking.

Parking Benefit Districts

Where curb parking is overcrowded, drivers who are searching for a rare open curb space congest traffic, pollute the air, and produce carbon dioxide. To avoid these problems, some cities have established Parking Benefit Districts that charge market prices for curb parking and spend the revenue to pay for public services on the metered blocks. A case study of Manhattan’s Upper West Side found that charging market prices for the currently unmetered curb spaces would eliminate 22 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per block per year and yield at least $1,025 per household per year to improve public services.

공공데이터 기반 공영주차장 최적입지 선정을 위한 최대 커버지역 문제(MCLP) 해결 기법

The illegal parking problem is the biggest problem around the world. Seoul and many metorpolitan cities are making great efforts to solve the problem by introducing policies to expand parking supply and curb parking demand. However, in urban areas of metropolitan cities, land prices are high and no site is available for parking lots, a vast budget is spent to make additional parking lots. Therefore, the creation of extra parking lots is extremely limited. Also, it is not easy to obtain parking lots because urban areas have a large floating population, an there is a variation in the floating population over time. In this paper, we present a method for selecting the optimal location for public parking lots through the Maximum Coverage Location Problem (MCLP). It allows policymakers to distribute parking demand in a metropolitan city and reduce parking concentration. Moreover, congestion on nearby roads can be alleviated by reducing queues for parking and wandering time to find a parking lot and reducing social costs to prevent illegal parking.

Estimation of influence width and shy-away distance of parallel curb parking on undivided urban roads: a theoretical approach

Estimation of influence width and shy-away distance of parallel curb parking on undivided urban roads: a theoretical approach

Providing curb availability information to delivery drivers reduces cruising for parking

Delivery vehicle drivers are experiencing increasing challenges in finding available curb space to park in urban areas, which increases instances of cruising for parking and parking in unauthorized spaces. Policies traditionally used to reduce cruising for parking for passenger vehicles, such as parking fees and congestion pricing, are not effective at changing delivery drivers’ travel and parking behaviors. Intelligent parking systems that use real-time curb availability information to better route and park vehicles can reduce cruising for parking, but they have never been tested for delivery vehicle drivers. The current study tested whether providing real-time curb availability information to delivery drivers reduces the travel time and distance spent cruising for parking. A curb parking information system deployed in a study area in Seattle, Wash., displayed real-time curb availabilities on a mobile app called OpenPark. A controlled experiment assigned drivers’ deliveries in the study area with and without access to OpenPark. The data collected showed that when curb availability information was provided to drivers, their cruising for parking time significantly decreased by 27.9 percent, and their cruising distance decreased by 12.4 percent. These results demonstrate the potential for implementing intelligent parking systems to improve the efficiency of urban logistics systems.

Pricing curb parking

Where traffic is congested and all the curb spaces are occupied, some drivers are probably cruising for parking. Cities can eliminate this cruising by charging demand-based prices for curb parking to ensure one or two open spaces on every block. Drivers will then usually find convenient places to park within a short walk of their destinations. But if cities charge demand-based prices for curb parking, how will drivers choose where to park, and what will they pay? To answer these questions, I have examined how four variables—parking duration, number of persons in the car, walking speed, and value of saving time spent walking—determine parking choices when prices increase as drivers approach their destinations. Short-term parkers, carpools, slow walkers, and drivers with a high value of saving time will park closer to their destinations. Long-term parkers, solo drivers, fast walkers, and drivers with a low value of saving time will park farther away. This spontaneous, self-organizing pattern of parking choices responding to demand-based parking prices will minimize the collective cost of the time drivers spend walking to and from their destinations. Demand-priced curb parking will also reduce uncertainty about travel times. Drivers delayed by traffic congestion can save time at the end of their trips by paying a higher price to park closer to their destinations. Demand-priced curb parking at the end of a trip can serve as a buffer allowing late-arriving drivers to buy time when they need it most.

The causes and consequences of curb parking management

The curb is a monopoly good: it is network infrastructure owned entirely by cities. Unlike most network infrastructure, however, it is not managed primarily by prices. Cities instead allocate the curb with a confusing patchwork of meters, time limits, permits, and—perhaps most notably—fines. Urban parking thus stands out among network infrastructure for its low level of payment, low level of quality, and large share of revenue derived from punishment. We develop an explanation for why this is so, which emphasizes the curb’s public ownership and low production costs. We then use both qualitative and quantitative methods to examine some of our theory’s implications. We draw on descriptive data from a variety of US cities, but focus primarily on the city of Los Angeles as a case study.

Analysis on Stability of Roadside Parking System in a Rail-Integrated Transport Hub

Roadside parking systems plays an important role in the planning and design of parking spaces, parking management and operation, and ensuring the safety of passengers. Firstly, we proposed a traffic wave theory and an avoidance logic algorithm to analyze the interaction mechanism of the roadside parking system in a rail-integrated transport hub. Moreover, we researched the evaluation indexes of the stability of roadside parking systems via two new concepts, namely static roadside parking time and dynamic roadside parking time. We found these improved the algorithm of the time utilization rate of the berth. Secondly, the coupling relationship between parking rate, delay and time utilization of berth was also discussed, and mathematical models of stability of the curb parking system were established. Furthermore, the feasibility of models was verified by multi-agent simulation through the VISSIM simulation platform. Finally, a new rail-integrated transport hub was taken as a practical case and studied alongside the simulation of the stability of curb parking system. Our study concluded that the curb parking system was ultimate stable when the time utilization rate was 37.5% and the parking rate was 91.2%. The results of these studies will provide theoretical support for designing curb parking berths in rail-integrated transport hubs.

Public Curb Parking Demand Estimation With POI Distribution

With the increasing quantity of private cars, curb parking has evolved into an important approach to mitigate parking pressure in urban cities. While some efforts have been made for the demand analysis of point-of-interest (POI) and pattern analysis of human mobility, which may indirectly reflect the parking situation in urban area, there is a lack of comprehensive models for the parking demand, so as to make a prediction for the road sections without parking lots. In this paper, by focusing on curb parking and designing a systemic framework, named <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Curb Parking Demand Estimation</i> (CPDE), we model the public parking demand in urban area, w.r.t. parking durations and regional characteristics. Specifically, we use taxi destinations and the distribution of POIs to quantitatively analyze the regional characteristics, designing corresponding features, and propose a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K-means-based</i> Least Square (KLS) method to relate parking characteristics, namely, the temporal parking durations and the corresponding demands, with these features. In this way, we effectively avoid the geographical sparsity of road parking sections and can finely estimate parking durations and demands for newly developed districts without parking data. Moreover, we give a strategy, named <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Parking Types Estimation</i> (PTE), which projects estimated parking durations and demands onto Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to accurately measure the distribution of demands over different parking durations for a road section. At last, we conduct experiments on a real-world curb parking dataset in Hefei, a provincial city in China. This dataset contains parking orders of 2016 over the urban area of Hefei. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of our methods, and show that our framework outperforms the state-of-the-art baseline schemes.

Analysis of parking cruising behaviour and parking location choice

ABSTRACT This paper explores car drivers’ cruising behaviour and location choice for curb parking in areas with insufficient parking space based on a survey of car drivers in Beijing, China. Preliminary analysis of the data show that car drivers’ cruising behaviour is closely related to their parking duration and parking location. A multinomial probit (MNP) model is used to analyse cruising behaviour and the results show that the closer to the destination car drivers are, the more likely they choose to park on the curb. The adjacent locations are the basis of car drivers’ sequential parking decisions at different locations. The research results provide a better understanding of cruising behaviour for parking and recommendations for reducing cruising for parking. The provision of parking information can help regulate the parking demand distribution.

Modeling the Curb Parking Price in Urban Center District of China Using TSM-RAM Approach

Parking demand forecasting is an important part of urban parking planning and is also an important basis for the development of parking facilities. The primary objective of this study was to explore multiple factors that affect the curb parking price (CPP) and the changing rules of the curb parking price (CPP) with these factors and to predict the CPP in terms of urban mobility. The data were collected through a statistical survey that was administered in 81 cities in China. The cities were divided into three categories: rich cities (RCs), poor cities (PCs), and tourist cities (TCs). Both the time series method (TSM) and regression analysis method (RAM) were developed to simultaneously examine the factors associated with the CPP among parking users. The results showed that TSM and RAM can account for common urban curb parking prices. The prediction results showed that the CPP is affected by the number of urban dwellers (UD), the prevalence of car ownership (CO), and the per capita disposable income (PCDI) of urban residents; the CPP can be predicted by a model built on the basis of the above three influencing factors. The results can enhance our understanding of the factors that affect CPP. Based on the results, some suggestions regarding the use of the CPP range in parking policy planning were discussed.

Commercial Vehicle Parking in Downtown Seattle: Insights on the Battle for the Curb

Rapid urban growth puts pressure on local governments to rethink how they manage street curb parking. Competition for space among road users and lack of adequate infrastructure force delivery drivers either to search for vacant spaces or to park in unsuitable areas, which negatively impacts road capacity and causes inconvenience to other users of the road. The purpose of this paper is to advance research by providing data-based insight into what is actually happening at the curb. To achieve this objective, the research team developed and implemented a data collection method to quantify the usage of curb space in the densest urban area of Seattle, Center City. This study captures the parking behavior of commercial vehicles everywhere along the block face as well as the parking activities of all vehicles (including passenger vehicles) in commercial vehicle loading zones. Based on the empirical findings, important characteristics of Seattle’s urban freight parking operations are described, including a detailed classification of vehicle types, dwell time distribution, and choice of curb use for parking (e.g., authorized and unauthorized spaces). The relationship between land use and commercial vehicle parking operations at the curb is discussed. Seattle’s parking management initiatives will benefit from the insights into current behavior gained from this research.

Bayesian approach to model pedestrian crashes at signalized intersections with measurement errors in exposure

This study intended to identify the potential factors contributing to the occurrence of pedestrian crashes at signalized intersections in a densely populated city, based on a comprehensive dataset of 898 pedestrian crashes at 262 signalized intersections during 2010–2012 in Hong Kong. The detailed geometric design, traffic characteristics, signal control, built environment, along with the vehicle and pedestrian volumes were elaborately collected. A Bayesian measurement errors model was introduced as an alternative method to explicitly account for the uncertainties in volume data. To highlight the role played by exposure, models with and without pedestrian volume were estimated and compared. The results indicated that the omission of pedestrian volume in pedestrian crash frequency models would lead to reduced goodness-of-fit, biased parameter estimates, and incorrect inferences. Our empirical analysis demonstrated the existence of moderate uncertainties in pedestrian and vehicle volumes. Six variables were found to have a significant association with the number of pedestrian crashes at signalized intersections. The number of crossing pedestrians, the number of passing vehicles, the presence of curb parking, and the presence of ground-floor shops were positively related with pedestrian crash frequency, whereas the presence of playgrounds near intersections had a negative effect on pedestrian crash occurrences. Specifically, the presence of exclusive pedestrian signals for all crosswalks was found to significantly reduce the risk of pedestrian crashes by 43%. The present study is expected to shed more light on a deeper understanding of the environmental determinants of pedestrian crashes.

Impact of Curbside Parking on Bicycle Lane Capacity in Nanjing, China

As roadway resources are being occupied by curbside parking and because of the operational characteristics of parking maneuvers, the capacity of the adjacent travel lane can be significantly reduced. To analyze the influence of curbside parking on the capacity of the bicycle lane, a conflict technique based on additive conflict flow was applied to establish the base capacity model. The actual capacity of the bicycle lane with curb parking was then established by adjusting the base capacity to reflect the influence: lane width, the time influence of parking maneuvers, and proportion of e-bikes. Eight datasets from the exclusive bicycle lanes with different widths and parking maneuvers were collected in Nanjing, China for calibration and evaluation purposes. As a result of a higher number of parking maneuvers, the Emeiling Road was taken as the main case study. The capacity of the bicycle lane was calculated, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was validated by the speed-density-volume relationship model. The proposed model was applied to analyze the effect of different positions of parking berths on the capacity. The results indicate that, with around 65% share of e-bikes, the estimated capacity of Emeiling Road is 2622 bicycles/h, decreasing by 47.10% under the influence of curbside parking. The results also imply that the berths near the openings of the isolation belt have less influence than those in the middle position. These findings could be helpful and useful for practitioners to improve the capacity of bicycle lanes under the influence of curbside parking.

The effect of curb parking on road capacity and traffic safety

PurposeIn order to explore the effect of curb parking on dynamic traffic and formulate some reasonable and effective traffic management measures, the effects on capacity and traffic safety are studied.MethodsFour road segments with curb parking were selected as the investigation location. Several traffic characteristics and parameters were then investigated and counted, including traffic flow volume, speed, headway and traffic conflict. Based on a reduction of lane effective width and the Gap Acceptance Theory, two effect models describing curb parking and road capacity were constructed. Considering the factors involved in motor vehicle conflicts (such as non-motor vehicle lane distribution and stopping sight distance), the effects of curb parking on both motor vehicle and non-motor vehicle traffic safety was analyzed, as well as pedestrian crossing safety. This case study analyzes both the capacity and traffic safety of all four investigation segments.ResultsResults show that the lane effective width of road segment with curb parking significantly influences the road capacity and impacts the traffic flow volumes of the parking lane and its adjacent lane.ConclusionsCurb parking significantly effects traffic operation safety; however, it can be improved by implementing traffic safety management measures.

Parking for residential delivery in New York City: Regulations and behavior

Increasing demand for direct-to-home deliveries requires frequent delivery of small volumes; these deliveries generate growth in commercial vehicle curb side parking activities in dense urban areas. In New York City, which has extremely densely developed, mixed land uses, this new demand is only exacerbating already challenging conditions for urban delivery. This study utilizes a number of existing “open” datasets from New York City to compare commercial vehicle parking regulations and violations in commercial, mixed-use, and residential land use areas in New York City. Results suggest that parking availability – and resulting violation rates – vary considerably by area and roadway type, and that current curb parking regulations are not adequate to accommodate growing residential demand.