Curative Activity Research Articles

Design, synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, and antifungal evaluation of new acetohydrazide derivatives containing a 4-thioquinazoline moiety.

To find efficient agricultural fungicides, 29 new 4-thioquinazoline-containing acetohydrazide derivatives were prepared and tested for their fungicidal properties. All of the target compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques, and the molecular structure of compound A2 was verified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement. The experimental results revealed that many compounds from this series had impressive inhibition efficacies in vitro against the tested fungi. For example, compound A25 was identified as the best fungicidal agent against Rhizoctonia solani with an EC50 (half-maximal effective concentration) value of 0.66 μg mL-1, superior to those of the commercial fungicides chlorothalonil, carbendazim and boscalid. Additionally, this compound displayed favorable protection and curative activities in vivo against rice sheath blight caused by R. solani. Antifungal mechanistic studies on compound A25 indicated that this compound exerted its strong anti-R. solani effects probably through an effective inhibition of fungal succinate dehydrogenase activity [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 4.88 μm] and the impairment of cell membrane integrity, based on the results from enzymatic bioassays, molecular docking studies, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations. Acetohydrazide derivatives containing the 4-thioquinazoline moiety had the potential to be employed as lead compounds for developing more efficient agricultural fungicides in the near future. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chalcone derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazole and pyridine moiety: design, synthesis, and antiviral activity.

A series of chalcone derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazole and pyridine were designed and synthesized, and their antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were evaluated. Notably, S7 (EC50 = 89.7μg/mL) exhibited excellent curative activity against the TMV, which was superior to that of ningnanmycin (NNM: EC50 = 201.7μg/mL). Molecular docking showed that S7 exhibited satisfactory affinities for the TMV coat protein (TMV-CP), with four strong conventional hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues. Further, microscale thermophoresis (MST) showed that S7 (Kd = 0.5340 ± 0.2233 μmol/L) bound more strongly to TMV-CP than NNM (Kd = 5.1186 ± 1.9568μmol/L). The results of chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and biological enzyme activity confirmed that S7 enhanced the disease resistance of tobacco plants by affecting the change of chlorophyll content, interfering with plant lipid peroxidation, and enhancing SOD activity in plants, respectively.

Biological activity and systemic translocation of the new tetrazolyloxime fungicide picarbutrazox against plant-pathogenic oomycetes.

Picarbutrazox is a new tetrazolyloxime fungicide discovered in 2014 by Nippon Soda. It is mostly used to protect against Phytophthora spp. and Pythium spp. However, little is known of its inhibition spectrum, protective and curative activity, and systemic translocation in plants. While picarbutrazox did not show obvious antifungal activity, it exhibited significant activity against oomycetes, including Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp. and Phytopythium spp.. The effective concentration for 50% growth inhibition (EC50) values of picarbutrazox against 16 oomycetes ranged from 3.1 × 10-4 and 7.27 × 10-3 μg mL-1. Furthermore, picarbutrazox could markedly inhibited the mycelial development, sporangia production, zoospore release, and cyst germination of Phytophthora capsici, with EC50 values of 1.34 × 10-3, 1.11 × 10-3, 4.85 × 10-3, and 5.88 × 10-2 μg mL-1, respectively. Additionally, under greenhouse conditions, the protective and curative activities of picarbutrazox at 200 mg L-1 (100%, 41.03%) against the P. capsici infection in peppers were higher than those of the reference fungicide dimethomorph at 200 mg L-1 (77.52%, 36.15%). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed that picarbutrazox showed excellent systemic translocation in pepper plants. The results showed that picarbutrazox markedly inhibited the important plant oomycete pathogens including Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp. and Phytopythium spp.. It also displayed excellent protective, curative and systemic translocation activity. Picarbutrazox thus has significant potential for preventing and controlling diseases caused by oomycetes. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Repositioning anthelmintics for the treatment of inflammatory-based pathological conditions.

Acute, uncontrolled and/or long-lasting inflammation causes a breakdown in immunological tolerance, leading to chronicity and contributing to a series of significant local or systemic tissue changes. Anti-inflammatory efficacy, fewer adverse effects, improved selectivity, and curative action are imminent issues for patients suffering from chronic inflammation-related pathologies. Then, we performed a complete and critical review about anthelmintics, discussing the main classes and the available preclinical evidence on repurposing to treat inflammation-based conditions. Despite low bioavailability, many benzimidazoles(albendazole and mebendazole), salicylanilides(niclosamide), macrocyclic lactones(avermectins), pyrazinoisoquinolones (praziquantel), thiazolides (nitazoxanide), piperazine derivatives, and imidazothiazoles(levamisole) indicate that repositioning is a promising strategy. They may represent a lower cost and time-saving course to expand anti-inflammatory options. Although mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated and well-delineated, in general, anthelmintics disrupt mitogen-activated protein kinases, the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IFN-γ), the migration and infiltration of leukocytes, and decrease COX-2 expression, which impacts negatively on the release of prostanoids and leukotrienes. Moreover, some of them reduce nuclear accumulation of NF-κB (niclosamide, albendazole, and ivermectin), levels of nitric oxide (nitazoxanide and albendazole), and mucus, cytokines, and bronchoconstriction in experimental inflammatory pulmonary diseases (ivermectin and niclosamide). Considering the linking between cytokines, bradykinin, histamine, and nociceptors with algesia, anthelmintics also stand out for treating inflammatory pain disorders (ivermectin, niclosamide, nitazoxanide, mebendazole, levamisole), including for cancer-related pain status. There are obstacles, including the low bioavailability and the first-pass metabolism.

Antifungal Activity of Novel Isoindoline-2-Yl Putrescines as Potential Autophagy-Activated Fungicide.

The exacerbation of plant fungal diseases necessitates the development of new fungicides to prevent outbreaks. In this study, five novel isoindoline-2-yl putrescines (ISPs) were synthesized, and their synthetic procedures and gram-scale preparation were explored. When tested at 50 μg mL-1, ISPs did not significantly inhibit mycelial growth on agar plates. However, at 100 μg mL-1, they demonstrated remarkable in vivo efficacy in mitigating Botrytis cinerea infection, especially ISP3 showed curative and protective activities of 91.9 % and 92.6 %, respectively. Moreover, ISP3 also effectively halted lesion expansion of gray mold, Sclerotic rot, and Fusarium scabs, while inducing excessive malformed top mycelial branches of B. cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, suppressing sclerotia formation in S. sclerotiorum, and triggering autophagic vacuolization with numerous autophagosomes in the mycelia of these fungi. Molecular docking revealed that ISP3 effectively bound to the active site of BcAtg3, forming hydrogen bonds with Ser279, Gly343, Asp370, and Asp13, along with establishing a stable salt bridge with Asp13. Furthermore, ISP3 possessed favorable ADMET properties. These findings highlight ISP3 as a promising antifungal candidate through autophagy activation.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity Studies of Myricetin Derivatives Containing a Diisopropanolamine Structure.

A series of myricetin derivatives containing diisopropanolamine were designed and synthesized. The in vitro inhibitory effects of the target compounds on 9 fungal pathogens and 3 bacterial pathogens were also evaluated. A12 had the best inhibitory effect against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), with an EC50 value of 4.9 μg/mL, which was better than zinc-thiazole (ZT: EC50 = 7.3 μg/mL) and thiodiazole-copper (TC: EC50 = 65.5 μg/mL); A25 had the best inhibitory effect against Phomopsis sp. (Ps), with an EC50 value of 17.2 μg/mL, which was better than azoxystrobin (Az: EC50 = 22.3 μg/mL). In vivo inhibition tests were performed on kiwifruit for A25 and rice leaves for A12. At 200 μg/mL, the curative activity of A12 against rice leaf blight was 40.7%, which was better than that of ZT (37.2%) and TC (32.9%), and the protective activity of A12 was 44.8%, which was better than that of ZT (39.5%) and TC (34.6%). The curative activity of A25 against kiwi soft rot disease was 70.1%, which was better than that of Az (62.8%). Preliminary elucidation of the possible mechanisms of action was carried out by experiments on fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, formation of biofilms, density functional theory calculations, and so on.

Design and research of new virulence factor inhibitors for plant bacterial disease control

In this work, various chalcone derivatives incorporating piperazine-isopropanolamine were elaborately designed and synthesized. The antibacterial efficacy revealed that compound Z6 showed notable biological activity, with a median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.29 mg/L against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) in vitro, which is around 200 times higher than thiodiazole copper (TC, 91.00 mg/L). Similarly, Z21 exhibited a strong biological response (EC50 = 0.83 mg/L) against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), outperforming TC (EC50 = 114.60 mg/L). Results of bioactivity test in vivo demonstrate that Z6 displayed significantly better curative and protective activities (51.5 %, 47.9 %) than TC (47.9 %, 30.5 %) against rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB). Further biochemical studies indicates that Z6 targeted multiple virulence factors and repressed the release of essential nutrients required for bacterial proliferation, thereby disrupting the reduction of cell membrane content of the pathogenic bacteria. According to the research, chalcone derivatives containing piperazine-isopropanolamine have potential to be antibacterial candidates.

4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4-HPAA) Induced Upregulation of Immunological Cascades Involved in Acute Analgesic and Chronic Curative Activities

4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4-HPAA) Induced Upregulation of Immunological Cascades Involved in Acute Analgesic and Chronic Curative Activities

Antifungal activity mechanisms of venturicidin A against Botrytis cinerea contributes to the control of gray mould.

Gray mould caused by Botrytis cinerea, an airborne phytopathogenic pathogen, infects many economically important fruits and vegetables. Secondary metabolic products of microorganisms are potential resources for developing fungicide alternatives. Venturicidin A (VentA) is produced by a biocontrol strain Streptomyces pratensis S10. Although a broad spectrum of antifungal activity has been reported for VentA, little is known about its antifungal mechanisms against B. cinerea. Venturicidin A exhibited a strong hyphal inhibition of B. cinerea with an EC50 (effective concentration causing 50% growth inhibition) value of 1.08 μg mL-1 on PDA medium. Different concentrations of VentA inhibited spore germination with an inhibition rate of 49-86%. Venturicidin A also displayed protective and curative activity against the development of B. cinerea infection on tomato fruit, reducing disease incidence by ≈28-78%. Additionally, VentA effectively reduced the disease index and lesion length of gray mould on tomato plant. Meanwhile, VentA downregulated the expression levels of six genes related to pathogenicity in B. cinerea. As observed by scanning electron microscopy, B. cinerea spores and hyphae are abnormal after treatment with VentA. Propidium iodide staining revealed that VentA destroyed cell membrane integrity, causing cytoplasmic leakage. Furthermore, VentA induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and upregulated the genes encoding subunits for NADPH oxidase in B. cinerea. This study indicated that VentA displayed strong inhibitory activity against B. cinerea and effectively reduced gray mould disease. Thus, VentA has the potential to manage gray mould caused by B. cinerea. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

New chalcone derivatives containing morpholine-thiadiazole: Design, synthesis and evaluation of against tobacco mosaic virus

Twenty chalcone derivatives containing morpholine-thiadiazole were designed and synthesized from the natural product chalcone. The bioactivity test results indicate that some compounds exhibit good antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). In particular, the EC50 values for the curative and protective activity of S14 against TMV were 91.8 and 130.6 μg/mL, which was better than that of the antiviral agent ningnanmycin (NNM, 237.8, 220.6 μg/mL). The results of preliminary mechanism study indicated that S14 had strong binding capacity and affinity to tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMV-CP). In the chlorophyll content assay, the chlorophyll content of tobacco leaves increased significantly after the action of S14, so that it can enhance the photosynthetic capacity of plants. In addition, the results of malondialdehyde (MDA) content assay also indicated that S14 could improve the disease resistance of tobacco.

Phenazine-1-carboxamide Regulates Pyruvate Dehydrogenase of Phytopathogenic Fungi to Control Tea Leaf Spot Caused by Didymella segeticola.

Due to a lack of understanding of the disease epidemiology and comprehensive control measures, tea leaf spot caused by Didymella segeticola has a significant negative impact on tea yield and quality in the tea plantations of Southwest China. Phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) is a phenazine compound derived from Pseudomonas species, which exhibits antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. However, its inhibitory mechanism is not yet clear. The current study evaluated the inhibitory activity of PCN against various phytopathogenic fungi and found that PCN has inhibitory activity against multiple pathogens, with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) value for D. segeticola of 16.11 μg/mL in vitro and a maximum in-vivo curative activity of 72.28% toward tea leaf spot. Morphological changes in the hyphae after exposure to PCN were observed through microstructure and ultrastructure analysis, and indicated that PCN causes abnormalities in the hyphae, such as cytoplasmic coagulation, shortened hyphal inter-septum distances, and unclear boundaries of organelles. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that PCN upregulated the expression of genes related with energy metabolism. PCN significantly reduced the ATP concentration in the hyphae and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Molecular docking analysis indicated that PCN binds to one of the candidate target proteins, pyruvate dehydrogenase, with lower free energy of -10.7 kcal/mol. This study indicated that PCN can interfere with energy metabolism, reducing ATP generation, ultimately affecting hyphal growth. Overall, PCN shows potential for future application in the control of tea leaf spot due to its excellent antifungal activity and unique mode of action.

A framework of data curation competencies

Over the last decade, the library and information science (LIS) field has driven data curation education, research, and practice. As the field continues to grow and new techniques and technologies are developed, there is a need to evaluate current data curation practices to understand the important data curation competencies that should be taught to LIS students. This research expands our understanding of data curation competencies, skills, and technical tools and provides a data curation competencies framework. This data curation competencies framework was developed through 1) a systematic literature review and 2) focus groups with strategic stakeholders. For the systematic literature review, over 1,400 documents were reviewed, with 43 deemed relevant. Relevant documents described the competencies needed to conduct data curation activities, and from these findings, the initial competencies framework was created. The framework consists of twenty specific competencies organized into data curation activities, technical skills, and soft skills related to data curation. Secondly, focus groups were held with strategic stakeholders (educators, practitioners, and community organizations) to provide feedback on the overall structure of the competencies framework and input on the competencies necessary to working with community data. As this framework extends our current understanding of data curation competencies, it can also be utilized in both research and curriculum development. Currently, this framework is being utilized to create and test a pilot community data curation curriculum with LIS students and will be disseminated for LIS educators to incorporate into their curriculum.

Smart β-cyclodextrin-dominated helical supramolecular dendritic assemblies improve the foliar affinity and biofilm disruption for treating alarming bacterial diseases

Recent outbreaks of alarming bacterial diseases have significantly impacted global agricultural productivity. Conventional bactericides exhibit certain limitations in efficiently impeding biofilm formation and annihilating biofilm-dispersed pathogens, and often expose to high off-target movement during foliar spraying. Here, we produce an innovative helical dendrimer-like supramolecular material (PhA28@β-CD) assembled by a bioactive small-molecule 2-chlorophenylisopropanolamine (PhA28) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) through host-guest recognition principle. In this system, the advisable optimization by a macrocyclic oligosaccharide—β-CD significantly enhances the water-solubility, biocompatibility, and bioavailability of PhA28. At a low-dose of 6.8 μg/mL, PhA28@β-CD discloses an outstanding biofilm disruption rate of 82.4 %, notably exceeding that of PhA28 (60.6 %), which thereby reduces the biofilm-associated virulence. Meanwhile, the self-assembled PhA28@β-CD possesses superior wetting and dispersing properties on hydrophobic leaves, leading to effective foliar deposition and prolong retention of active components. In vivo studies reveal that PhA28@β-CD exhibits superior curative (66.0 %) and protective (72.6 %) activities against citrus canker at 200 μg/mL, markedly surpassing those of the existing bactericide thiodiazole‑copper (46.8 % and 52.2 %) and single PhA28. This material also has broad-spectrum control efficiency (53.0 % ~ 59.5 %) against rice bacterial blight. This research lays the groundwork for developing carbohydrate-optimized multifunctional dendrimer-like assemblies aimed at disrupting biofilms and improving sustained bioavailability to combat bacterial diseases.

Thematic Trends in Data Curation Literature

ABSTRACTThe field of data curation is rapidly changing due to new developments in technologies and techniques for conducting data work. As the field of data curation evolves, researchers, practitioners, and educators need to be able to respond to these developments. One way to understand trends in a field is by examining published literature. This study first gathered data curation literature through a modified systematic literature review with the framing question, ‘What competencies, skill sets, and proficiencies are needed to conduct data curation activities?’. These literatures were then analyzed using bibliometric analysis, visual analysis of the citation data, and topic modeling to understand trends in the data curation field.

Trends in Data Curation: Competencies and Tools

ABSTRACTLibrary and information science has led data curation research and education for the last two decades, providing data curation education, professional development programs, and a robust professional opportunity. To keep current with the latest trends in competencies and tools needed to conduct data curation activities, this research conducted a systematic literature review of literature that captures competencies and tools to build a framework of current trends in data curation work that educators can utilize to ensure up‐to‐date educational materials for the next generation of data curation professionals. This poster presents the preliminary findings of this data curation competencies and tools analysis.

Application Case Based Reasoning Method In Diagnosing Oil Palm Plant Diseases At PT Rapala, Gebang Sub-District

In the last five years, the development of computers is very rapid. This can be seen from the number of computers owned by the community, with various sophistication and features and information systems that can spoil its users. One area of application that can be considered is the field of diagnosing oil palm plant diseases. Difficulties in diagnosing oil palm plant diseases at PT. RAPALA Kec. Gebang often occurs when you want to take preventive or curative action when an oil palm plant is attacked by a disease, because the old diagnostic system is due to limited experts so that the quality of operational performance is lacking. With the application of an expert system in diagnosing oil palm plant diseases, it is hoped that it will make it easier for field workers to diagnose oil palm plant diseases quickly without waiting for experts. This system is designed using PHP My Admin programming software and MySQL as database. The result of this study is the process of diagnosing diseases in oil palm plants using the Case Based Reasoning method where the design begins with entering symptom data, then the system calculates the diagnostic results according to the Case Based Reasoning method and displays it in the form of a report.

Influence of pH and temperature in a heated flooder application on imazalil residue loading, citrus green mould infection and sporulation inhibition

Green mould (caused by Penicillium digitatum) is the largest contributor to loss due to postharvest decay of citrus fruit. Imazalil (IMZ) in the IMZ sulphate formulation is the most important fungicide in green mould management in citrus packhouses. Studies have highlighted the importance of pH and temperature of IMZ sulphate solutions, as well as the exposure time of fruit to the solution, but were focussed on dip application as this was the most common IMZ application method. The heated flooder (in-line drench or cascade) has widely replaced the use of a dip or bath for IMZ application in citrus packhouses globally; however, studies on its optimal use and efficacy were needed. Variables that were studied included the effects of pH (3, 4, 5 and 6), the temperature of the solution (45, 55 and 65 °C at pH 6), and concentration (250 or 500 mg L−1) in a time of 8 s. Imazalil residue loading models were developed for the effects of pH and temperature. Imazalil residue levels loaded on Satsuma mandarin, lemon, navel and Valencia orange fruit increased as pH, temperature range and concentration were increased, and were generally in the range between 0.4 and 3.0 mg kg−1. The South African Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) of 5.0 mg kg−1 was often exceeded at a pH of 6 at temperatures of 55 and 65 °C. At residue levels below the MRL, IMZ application using the heated flooder offered excellent curative action on 24-hour-old infections, excellent protective control, as well as sporulation inhibition. Sporulation inhibition of P. digitatum from green mould lesions was modelled on residue levels, and 90 % inhibition was obtained at residue levels of 1.84–2.47 mg kg−1.

Synthesis, Anti-TMV Activities, and Action Mechanisms of a Novel Cytidine Peptide Compound.

Cytidine has a broad range of applications in the pharmaceutical field as an intermediate of antitumor or antiviral agent. Here, a series of new cytidine peptide compounds were synthesized using cytidine and Boc group-protected amino acids and analyzed for their antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Among these compounds, the structure of an effective antiviral cytidine peptide SN11 was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometer. The compound SN11 has a molecular formula of C15H22N6O8 and is named 2-amino-N-(2- ((1- (3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran-2-yl) -2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl) amino) -2-oxyethyl) amino). The protection, inactivation, and curation activities of SN11 at a concentration of 500 μg/mL against TMV in Nicotiana glutinosa were 82.6%, 84.2%, and 72.8%, respectively. SN11 also effectively suppressed the systemic transportation of a recombinant TMV carrying GFP reporter gene (p35S-30B:GFP) in Nicotiana benthamiana by reducing viral accumulation to 71.3% in the upper uninoculated leaves and inhibited the systemic infection of TMV in Nicotiana tabacum plants. Furthermore, the results of RNA-seq showed that compound SN11 induced differential expression of genes involved in the biogenesis and function of ribosome, plant hormone signal transduction, plant pathogen interaction, and chromatin. These results validate the antiviral mechanisms of the cytidine peptide compound and provide a theoretical basis for their potential application in the management of plant virus diseases.

Resin Acid Copper Salt, an Interesting Chemical Pesticide, Controls Rice Bacterial Leaf Blight by Regulating Bacterial Biofilm, Motility, and Extracellular Enzymes.

Bacterial virulence plays an important role in infection. Antibacterial virulence factors are effective for preventing crop bacterial diseases. Resin acid copper salt as an effective inhibitor exhibited excellent anti-Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) activity with an EC50 of 50.0 μg mL-1. Resin acid copper salt (RACS) can reduce extracellular polysaccharides' (EPS's) biosynthesis by down-regulating gumB relative expression. RACS can also effectively inhibit the bio-mass of Xoo biofilm. It can reduce the activity of Xoo extracellular amylase at a concentration of 100 μg mL-1. Meanwhile, the results of virtual computing suggested that RACS is an enzyme inhibitor. RACS displayed good curative activity with a control effect of 38.5%. Furthermore, the result of the phytotoxicity assessment revealed that RACS exhibited slight toxicity compared with the control at a concentration of 200 μg mL-1. The curative effect was increased to 45.0% using an additional antimicrobial agent like orange peel essential oil. RACS markedly inhibited bacterial pathogenicity at a concentration of 100 μg mL-1 in vivo.

Flavonol derivatives containing piperazine and quinoxaline fragments: synthesis and antifungal activity.

A series of flavonol derivatives containing piperazine and quinoxaline had been designed and synthesized. The biological activity test results showed that some of the target compounds had good antifungal activity against various fungi. N5 had the best antifungal activity against Phomopsis sp (P.s.) and Phytophthora capsica (P.c.). The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was 12.9 and 25.8μg/mL against P.s. and P.c., respectively, which were better than azoxystrobin (Az, 25.4 and 71.1μg/mL). In addition, the protective and curative activities of N5 against kiwifruit were 85.9 and 67.0% at 200μg/mL in vivo, which were better than that of Az (65.9 and 57.0%). The protective and curative activities against chili leaves were 80.6 and 66.5% at 200μg/mL, which were better than that of Az (77.6 and 60.0%). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiment showed that the action of N5 caused the mycelium to bend and fold, changed its morphology and caused damaged to the mycelium. Through the measurement of relative conductivity, leakage of cytoplasmic contents and determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) content indicated that N5 could damage the integrity of pathogenic fungal cell membranes, change the permeability of cell membranes, and affect the normal growth of mycelium.