Tilapia Culture Research Articles

Molecular Identification, Histopathology and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Aeromonas veronii Isolated from Oreochromis niloticus in Bangladesh.

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the most widely cultured freshwater fish species in Bangladesh and worldwide. However, commercial tilapia culture systems face increasing challenges from bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to identify the bacterial isolates from infected tilapia inan intensive cage culture farm located along the Shitalakshya River in Bangladesh. Infected fish samples were collected and underwentcomprehensive clinical and post-mortem investigations, followed by phenotypic, biochemical and molecular identification of the bacterial isolates, as well as histopathological and antibiotic susceptibility examinations. Phenotypic and biochemical characterization showed similarities of the -collected isolates with Aeromonas veronii. Moreover, molecular analysis of the bacterial conserved region 16S rRNA also confirmed these isolates as A. veronii. The analysed 16S rRNA sequence (GenBank accession no. PP832815) showed a close relationship (100% identity) with A. veronii from China (GenBank accession no. MT071624) in the NCBI BLAST search, and in the phylogenetic tree, they grouped in a single clade. This close genetic relationship is also supported by the low genetic distance between the isolates. Histopathological analysis revealed gross pathological changes like necrosis, hypertrophy and inflammation in muscle tissues. The isolates were found to be sensitive to multiple antibiotics but resistant to trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole. This study investigated the presence of A. veronii infection in tilapia (O. niloticus) in an intensive cage culture farm in Bangladesh.

Automation System of Water Circulation and Fish Feeding in Tilapia Fish Pond with Solar Panel Source

Tilapia cultivation requires good management of water quality and proper feeding to ensure optimal fish growth. One of the main challenges in this process is maintaining the water pH level within ideal limits and providing feed according to the needs of the fish based on their size. In addition, limited access to electricity in some locations makes fish pond management less efficient. This study aims to design an automated water circulation system that is regulated based on the water pH level and automatic feeding according to the needs of the fish, by utilizing solar panels as a power source. This system uses a pH sensor to monitor water conditions in real time and regulate water circulation to maintain ideal pH levels. Feeding is regulated based on the size and number of fish to ensure optimal feed efficiency and fish growth. This system is powered by solar panel energy, so it can operate independently without relying on conventional electricity networks. Test results show that the system is able to maintain water pH stability and automate feeding with high accuracy, while utilizing renewable energy effectively. The use of solar panels not only reduces dependence on electricity, but also reduces operational costs and supports environmental sustainability. This system is expected to increase the efficiency and productivity of tilapia cultivation, especially in areas with limited access to electricity.

Predicting Tilapia Productivity in Geothermal Ponds: A Genetic Algorithm Approach for Sustainable Aquaculture Practices

This study presents a case focused on sustainable farming practices, specifically the cultivation of tilapia (Mozambican and aureus species) in ponds with geothermal water. This research aims to optimize the hydrochemical regime of experimental ponds to enhance the growth metrics and external characteristics of tilapia breeders. The dataset encompasses the hydrochemical parameters and the fish feeding base from experimental geothermal ponds where tilapia were cultivated. Genetic algorithms (GA) were employed for hyperparameter optimization (HPO) of deep neural networks (DNN) to enhance the prediction of fish productivity in each pond under varying conditions, achieving an R2 score of 0.94. This GA-driven HPO process is a robust method for optimizing aquaculture practices by accurately predicting how different pond conditions and feed bases influence the productivity of tilapia. By accurately determining these factors, the model promotes sustainable practices, improving breeding outcomes and maximizing productivity in tilapia aquaculture. This approach can also be applied to other aquaculture systems, enhancing efficiency and sustainability across various species.

Nutrient flows in biofloc-Nile tilapia culture: A semi-physical modelling approach

Biofloc culture systems potentially reduce the nutrient losses in aquaculture. However, knowledge of the nutrient flows in the system is not yet well-developed. This study deployed experimental data to develop a semi-physical model to understand the dynamics and flows of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in a biofloc-Nile tilapia-rearing system. The model involved eight process variables, which are pelleted feed A, C, N, P, fish, biofloc, periphyton, and water volume. Model calibration and validation were done under a Control-diet and High-NSP-diet, respectively. The diets differed by the type of starch in which the latter contains three times higher fibrous starch, called non-starch polysaccharides, than the former. Except for biofloc, the behaviour of the process variables fit the observations with a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 30% of the corresponding average observations. The biofloc biomass was predicted using exponential growth model and results in a RMSE of 49% and 56% for the Control and High-NSP-diet, respectively. Scenario analyses, using the validated model, showed that the biofloc system generates less waste when the stocking density is doubled, which means double fish production and less nutrient losses. In terms of different diets, the high-NSP-diet resulted in more organic waste than the Control-diet. However, the amount of loss and unutilised C and P were similar which was mainly caused by the ability of biofloc and periphyton to assimilate more waste, especially C, in the High-NSP-diet.

Growth, biochemical indexes, and intestinal microbiota response of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) under different densities and feeding frequencies in the land-based aquaculture tank

Red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) has been favored by farmers in recent years because of its superior growth performance and competitive market price, but there is a lack of experimental data related to growth and health of red tilapia in land-based aquaculture tanks. In this study, red tilapia (initial weight 27.62 ± 2.43 g) was cultured with three stocking densities (30, 40, or 50 fish/m3, named 30F,40F and 50F) in the culture mode for 60 days, including two feeding frequencies (2 or 3 times/day, named 2 T and 3 T), and various growth and metabolic parameters were assessed along with the intestinal microbiome analysis. The 30 fish/m3 groups achieved the better weigh gain rate and specific growth rate (p < 0.05). The growth rate and condition factor of 40F groups were close to those of 30F groups, the yield of 40F groups were not significantly different from that of 50F groups (p > 0.05), and it had the highest survival rate (p < 0.05). The 3 T groups has a higher growth rate and yield but also has a higher rate of feed conversion (p < 0.05). The 30F groups had higher lipase levels, but a higher fat content in this group, more lipids were observed in the liver, and resulted in higher blood glucose levels (p < 0.05). The 40F groups showed healthier physiological and biochemical indicators, as its total cholesterol, lysozyme and antioxidant enzymes levels were similar to those of the 30F groups (p > 0.05), alkaline phosphatase, amylase and trypsin levels were higher than those of the other groups, and aspartate transaminase levels were the lowest (p < 0.05). The 50F groups had higher cortisol, alanine transaminase and malondialdehyde levels, lower lysozyme and digestive enzyme activities, and blood cell infiltration in the liver (p < 0.05). In terms of different feeding frequencies, the 3 T groups had higher crude protein content, catalase and total superoxide dismutase levels, wider villus width and lower blood glucose level, while the 2 T groups had higher triglyceride, total cholesterol, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and some digestive enzymes activities (p < 0.05). From the perspective of intestinal microbiota. The 40F groups had a better intestinal flora, and 40F-3T groups observed a better balance of flora, while 40F-2T groups had more digestion-related flora. Considering the growth rate, health status, and yield, the optimum culture condition was determined to be stocking density of 40 fish/m3, and feedings 3 times/day were recommended. The experiment provided theoretical basis and experimental data for red tilapia culture in land-based aquaculture tank mode.

Nanoremediation of tilapia fish culture using iron oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized by Bacillus subtilis and immobilized in a free-floating macroporous cryogel

Background and aimContamination from increased anthropogenic activities poses a threat to human health as well as the ecosystem. To develop a nanotechnological approach to improve aqua fisheries, we synthesized magnetic hematite nanoparticle-based gel and evaluated its efficacy in a cadmium-polluted closed system to decontaminate water and improve tilapia fish health.MethodsGreen iron oxide nanoparticles were biosynthesized by the metabolite of bacillus subtilis and incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol to construct a hydrogel by cryogelation.Key findingsThe cryogel had interconnected macropores with diameters widely ranging between 20 and 200 μm and could be free-floating in water. When applied in cadmium-polluted tilapia culture, this nanogel reduced turbidity and ammonia in the aquarium, adsorbed cadmium from the water with a larger quantity on the gel’s outer surface than in its center., and reduced cadmium concentration in tilapia’s liver, gills, and muscles. Application of this nano-based cryogel reduced the toxic effects of cadmium on tilapia fish. It maintained hepatic and renal cell nuclear integrity as determined by comet assay. This nano-treatment also reversed the cadmium-induced elevations of plasma lipids, glucose, stress marker cortisol, the hepatic enzymes AST and ALT, and the kidney function marker urea, and improved the lymphocytopenia and other hematological functions in tilapia fish intoxicated by cadmium.

Water Quality Monitoring and Control System for Tilapia Cultivation Based on Internet of Things

This research analyzes the quality of water for tilapia habitat which is a type of brackish water fish that is currently widely cultivated by pond farmers. This fish is the choice because of its flexibility regarding habitat. However, despite having flexibility in terms of habitat, each harvest of tilapia that lives in a different habitat will produce tilapia with different quantity and quality. Currently, many tilapia farmers still carry out the cultivation process using traditional methods using ponds. Kuala Kerto Village, Lapang District, North Aceh is one of the locations where many tilapia fish farmers use ponds as a habitat for this fish. Not infrequently, changes in natural conditions such as rain and floods have an impact on tilapia fish ponds in this village. Thus, crop yields are very varied, often even resulting in losses. One of the reasons for this is that there is still minimal use of technology in tilapia cultivation in this village. The design of a water quality monitoring and control system for IoT-based tilapia cultivation in this research was carried out to help the problems of tilapia pond farmers. Through this research, a tool was produced in the form of a prototype IoT device that can be used to monitor and control water quality in tilapia fish ponds. This device utilizes several sensors such as turbidity sensors, ammonia sensors, salinity sensors, pH sensors, and several other sensors as data takers which will later be transmitted and displayed via a web application. Research and development of this device uses the RD method, namely research and development.

Bacillus Sp. as Potential Probiotics for Use in Tilapia Fish Farming Aquaculture – A Review

Abstract Aquaculture is a crucial and rapidly expanding industry in global food production. Fisheries are also an essential socio-economic activity, providing abundant resources and remarkable prospects. However, due to the deteriorating ecological environment, aquatic animals are often exposed to traumatic conditions and are susceptible to bacterial infections that pose significant challenges for aquaculture production. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the past has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and sudden outbreaks of infectious diseases, resulting in serious economic losses. Moreover, the use of expensive chemotherapeutic drugs and antibiotics has negative impacts on aquatic environments. Therefore, it is increasingly important to adopt alternative natural agents, such as probiotics and their metabolites, to enhance healthy fish production. Probiotics are microorganisms that have numerous beneficial effects on their hosts. They are environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and cost-effective. This review specifically focuses on the use of Bacillus sp. as probiotics to promote healthy tilapia production in the aquatic sector, while also examining their interactions with the immune system and gut micro-biota. The information presented in this review can guide future research and promote effective and healthy tilapia culture production.

SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE; ORGANIC INNOVATIONS FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS)

Sustainable aquaculture has become imperative in guaranteeing the enduring prosperity of aquatic farming, specifically for the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), one of the most extensively farmed fish species. This study examines organic developments in Nile tilapia farming focused on eco-friendly practices that reduce the use of artificial chemicals and antibiotics to avoid sickness and maintain health. Integrating natural probiotics, probiotics, and immunostimulants into fish meals is one of the most critical tactics for strengthening the immune system and boosting the resistance of Nile tilapia against parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections. By maintaining the fish's natural defenses and promoting intestinal health, these natural additions lessen the need for conventional antibiotics. Moreover, the employment of beneficial microorganisms and biofiltration systems are two sustainable water management strategies that are essential for limiting the spread of illness in aquaculture settings. By emphasizing water quality through natural filtration processes, organic pond systems create a more balanced environment, lowering stress levels and disease susceptibility. By minimizing nutrient run-off, organic feed formulations using plant-based components, essential oils, and herbal extracts improve fish health and reduce the environmental effects of aquaculture techniques. This analysis also assesses these organic systems' economic viability, emphasizing how cost-effective and scalable they are compared to conventional aquaculture techniques. The aquaculture sector may minimize ecological impact while increasing fish health, producing better results, and adding to global food security through sustainable methods in Nile tilapia cultivation. To further advance sustainable aquaculture in the future, more studies are required to maximize these advances under various environmental circumstances and tilapia strains.

Impact of Various Dietary Protein Sources on Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings and on Water Quality

Aquaculture industry provides proteins and unsaturated fatty acids worldwide. Fresh water aquaculture is considered as the most prominent type of aquaculture in the world. Nile tilapia aquaculture is favored because it can adopt to wide range of environments and can tolerate various abiotic stresses. However, the success and profitability of aquaculture is significantly affected by type of feeds used in aquaculture system. An experiment was conducted to assess this important aspect of aquaculture. Nile tilapia fingerlings were fed on three different protein sources to assess the effects of these experimental diets on growth of fingerlings and on water quality. Three protein sources were freshwater shrimp meal (FSM), black soldier fly larvae (BSF) and soybean meal (SBM). Fingerlings were divided into groups based on their respective experimental diets and were arranged according to CRD with three replicates. Each replicate contained 30 fingerlings. Data was recorded for growth attributes of fingerlings and for water quality attributes. Analysis of data shows that BSF caused 32% increase in final weight of fingerlings followed by FSM, which caused 24% increase as compared to controlled. Net weight gain was also significantly enhanced by experimental diets. BSF caused 88% increase in weight gain as compared to controlled. BSF also increased 43% survival rate of Nile tilapia fingerlings as compared to fingerlings fed with controlled diet. Water quality was not much affected by all diets. Water quality parameters like DO, pH, temperature, ammonia and phosphorus all were in optimum range for tilapia culture. However, BSF provided 136% more phosphorus as compared to controlled. This study reveals the beneficial effects of BSF larvae protein source for Nile tilapia culture. So, from these findings, it can be suggested to partially replace fish meal with BSF larvae meal.

Impact of Various Dietary Protein Sources on Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings and on Water Quality

Aquaculture industry provides proteins and unsaturated fatty acids worldwide. Fresh water aquaculture is considered as the most prominent type of aquaculture in the world. Nile tilapia aquaculture is favored because it can adopt to wide range of environments and can tolerate various abiotic stresses. However, the success and profitability of aquaculture is significantly affected by type of feeds used in aquaculture system. An experiment was conducted to assess this important aspect of aquaculture. Nile tilapia fingerlings were fed on three different protein sources to assess the effects of these experimental diets on growth of fingerlings and on water quality. Three protein sources were freshwater shrimp meal (FSM), black soldier fly larvae (BSF) and soybean meal (SBM). Fingerlings were divided into groups based on their respective experimental diets and were arranged according to CRD with three replicates. Each replicate contained 30 fingerlings. Data was recorded for growth attributes of fingerlings and for water quality attributes. Analysis of data shows that BSF caused 32% increase in final weight of fingerlings followed by FSM, which caused 24% increase as compared to controlled. Net weight gain was also significantly enhanced by experimental diets. BSF caused 88% increase in weight gain as compared to controlled. BSF also increased 43% survival rate of Nile tilapia fingerlings as compared to fingerlings fed with controlled diet. Water quality was not much affected by all diets. Water quality parameters like DO, pH, temperature, ammonia and phosphorus all were in optimum range for tilapia culture. However, BSF provided 136% more phosphorus as compared to controlled. This study reveals the beneficial effects of BSF larvae protein source for Nile tilapia culture. So, from these findings, it can be suggested to partially replace fish meal with BSF larvae meal.

Bacillus spp. Isolated from Miang as Potential Probiotics in Nile Tilapia Culture-In Vitro Research.

Among 79 Bacillus spp. isolated from Miang, a fermented tea in north Thailand, 17 Bacillus strains were selected with probiotic potential in Nile tilapia culture based on the capabilities of bacteriocin production and associated antimicrobial activities against fish pathogens, Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae. However, only six isolates were selected for further extensive studies based on the strength of their antimicrobial activities and their tolerance against simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The molecular identification by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that five isolates, K2.1, K6.1, K7.1, K15.4, and K22.6, were Bacillus tequilensis, and the isolate K29.2 was Bacillus siamensis. B. siamensis K29.2 showed complete susceptibility to antibiotics tested in this study, while B. tequilensis K 15.4 showed moderate resistance to some antibiotics; therefore, both strains were selected as potential probiotic bacteria. B. tequilensis K15.4 and B. siamensis K29.2 were capable of the production and secretion of extracellular protease and polysaccharide degrading enzymes, including cellulase, xylanase, and β-mannanase. The tannin tolerant test also demonstrated their ability to grow on selective agar plates and secrete cellulase and β-mannanase in the presence of hydrolyzable tannin. In addition, in vitro digestion of commercial fish substrate revealed that the extracellular enzymes produced by both strains efficiently reacted with feed protein and polysaccharides. Based on the results from this study, B. siamensis K29.2 was deemed to have the highest potential multifunctional probiotic qualities for application in Nile tilapia culture, while the antibiotic-resistant gene in B. tequilensis K15.4 must be clarified before field application.

Optimation of tempe liquid waste usage for growth performances and feed uptake on Oreochromis niloticus

Tempe liquid waste (TLW) contains nutrients such as fat, protein, carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium that could be used in fish rearing. Moreover, it has lactic acid bacteria (LAB) belonging to gram-positive microorganisms, which could decompose organic and inorganic matter in water. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether TLW could have the potential to enhance Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth and improve feed efficiency. The study used 180 fish (6.04 ± 0.13 g) reared in twelve aquariums and TLW was obtained from boiling soybeans during the tempe production process in the village of Sanan, Malang. The research design was Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which involved four treatments, T0 (no TLW), T1 (3%), T2 (5%), and T3 (7%) with three replications. The result showed that T2 resulted in the highest growth rate (11.22 ± 0.29 g), specific growth rate (2.07 ± 0.32% / day), feed conversion rate (1.54 ± 0.16), feed efficiency (56.02 ± 1.24%) and survival rate (91.11 ± 0.58%) compared to others. Nonetheless, there was no difference in the absolute length (Lm) parameter at the end of the research. The research results also found that water quality remained favourable for supporting tilapia cultivation under all observed conditions, except for the oxygen levels in the control group, which fell below the standard (&lt;3 mg L-1). Finally, the present study concluded that 5% of TLW could be the best; in contrast, the higher concentration of TLW decreased O. niloticus growth performance, feed efficiency, and survival rate.Keywords: fish development, tilapia, wastewater, water qualities

Bioeconomic analysis of deterministic and stochastic partial harvesting in the production of spring genetics tilapia variety restricted to minimum market sizes

A bioeconomic model was used for commercial tilapia culture to evaluate different partial harvest strategies. This study considered homogeneous and heterogeneous seeding sizes. The impact of one and two partial harvests was evaluated. In the first case 25% of the population was harvested (I), in the second 50% (II), in the third 25% and 25% (III), and in the fourth 50% and 25% (IV). Four minimum market sizes were considered: 350, 400, 450, and 500 g. The results indicated that a first partial harvest of 25% or 50% of the population as well as two partial harvests with a homogeneous seeding sizes generated the highest net benefits, with US$3954.32 and US$4303.52 at a minimum market sizes of 500 g. Mortality rate, mean water temperature, feed cost and product price were considered as sources of uncertainty and were simultaneously analyzed in the bioeconomic model using Monte Carlo analysis. An initial partial harvest of 25% of the population followed by two partial harvests with a homogeneous seeding sizes and a minimum market sizes of 500 g presented the lowest uncertainty and an expected loss of 32.84% and US$0.00, respectively. An initial partial harvest of 50% of the population as well as a partial harvest with a heterogeneous seeding sizes presented the lowest uncertainty (31.97%), while two partial harvests with a homogeneous seeding sizes presented the lowest expected loss of US$-2.09, in both cases with a minimum market sizes of 500 g. It provides relevant information to the producer for decision-making in the management of seeding and harvesting, to improve their economic, considering minimun market sizes.

Impact of soil and water quality on the sustainable management of mangrove-compatible brackishwater aquaculture practices in Indonesia

The widespread degradation of mangroves has been attributed to their conversion into other land uses and purposes, most notably their destruction to construct extensive brackishwater aquaculture ponds. This study investigated the relationship between environmental factors and management alternatives for an integrated mangrove-aquaculture system in Derawan Island District, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The study collected a total of 56 soil and water samples from around 50 ha to assess environmental limiting factors for integrated mangrove-brackishwater aquaculture management. The measured soil quality variables included field pH (pHF), pH of hydrogen peroxide extract (pHFOX), peroxide oxidizable sulfur (SPOS), pyrite (FeS2), organic matter (OM), nitrogen-total (N-TOT), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al). Water quality variables included salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), different forms of nitrogen (NH3–ammonia, NO3–nitrate, and NO2–nitrite), phosphate (PO4), Fe, and total organic matter (TOM). The study employed a hydrological restoration approach to suggest a mangrove-friendly aquaculture pond design and layout. The study generally showed that Acid Sulfate Soils (ASS) significantly restricted the existing mixed-mangrove aquaculture pond management by negatively impacting water quality. This study highlights that, given the characteristics of ASS-affected aquaculture ponds, reducing pond size for shrimp culture (mangrove-to-pond ratio of 80% and 20%) will simplify managing ASS environmental limiting factors through cost-effective remediation techniques and a Balanced Fertilization Strategy (BFS). The reduced shrimp pond size will also provide direct opportunities for mangrove restoration and allow effective hydrological restoration. The economic benefit of the proposed pond design and management model focuses on diversifying production units which include shrimp aquaculture ponds, milkfish or tilapia culture in the peripheral canals of the mangrove compartment, juvenile shrimp production, and periodic harvest from the primary pond canal. The study findings are particularly applicable to ponds that have already been built in ASS to improve productivity in addition to supporting the mangrove rehabilitation program. Converting mangrove and ASS-affected land is not advisable for constructing new aquaculture ponds.

Antioxidant and antibacterial efficiency of the ethanolic leaf extract of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil) and its effects on growth, health, and disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The research examined the impact of an ethanolic extract from the leaves of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.) on the growth, antioxidant capacity, immune-related gene expression, and resistance to disease caused by Edwardsiella tarda in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The findings revealed that the extract had the important phytochemical content in the extract included total phenolics content, total flavonoids content, vitamin C, and total antioxidant capacity and 5.42 % of the crude extract was mitragynine. The extract demonstrated antioxidant activity, as evidenced by its IC50 values against ABTS and DPPH radicals and its ferric reducing power in vitro. Moreover, the MIC-IC50 value of 0.625 mg/mL indicated that the growth of the bacteria was reduced by approximately 50 %, and the MBC was 2.50 mg/mL against E. tarda. Furthermore, the orally administered Kratom leaf extract to fingerling tilapia for 8 weeks exhibited a noticeable increase in oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the increase in MDA production in the 10 and 25 g/kg groups. It also exhibited an increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in muscle tissue at the 50 g/kg group. However, when administered at a feeding rate of 5–10 g/kg feed, the extract showed an increase in the expression of immune-related genes (IL1, IL6, IL8, NF-kB, IFNγ, TNFα, Mx, CC-chemokine, CD4, TCRβ, MHC-IIβ, IgM, IgT, IgD) and enhanced resistance to E. tarda infection in fish. Conversely, administering the extract at 25–50 g/kg feed resulted in contrasting effects, suppressing and reducing the observed parameters. Nevertheless, feeding the extract at all concentrations for 8 weeks did not produce any changes in the histology or systemic functioning of the liver and intestines, as indicated by blood biochemistry. These findings suggest that the ethanolic leaf extract from Kratom has the potential to be used as a substitute for antibiotics in the management of bacterial infections in Nile tilapia culture, with a recommended dosage of 5–10 g/kg feed/day for a maximum of 8 weeks.

Enhanced biomass and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production in Enterobacter sp. for growth stimulation and nitrogen removal in a Nile tilapia cultivation system

Enhanced biomass and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production in Enterobacter sp. for growth stimulation and nitrogen removal in a Nile tilapia cultivation system

Assessment of Bacillus species capacity to protect Nile tilapia from A. hydrophila infection and improve growth performance.

The present study evaluated the capacity of three Bacillus species to improve health status and growth performance of Nile Tilapia fed with high levels of soybean meal and challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. In vitro experiments showed that β-hemolysin and metalloprotease enzymes were produced by A. hydrophila throughout the exponential growth phase. In vivo experiments showed that 107 colony-forming units (CFUs)/ml of this pathogen killed 50% of control group fishes in 13 days. To evaluate the influence of Bacillus strains on health status and growth performance in Nile Tilapia, 180 fishes (33.44 + 0.05 g) were distributed in 12 tanks of 200 L each, and animals were fed twice per day until satiety. 1) Control group without Bacillus, 2)Bacillus sp1, 3) Bacillus sp2, and 4) Bacillus sp3 groups were formulatedcontaining 106 CFU/g. After 40 days of feeding, the fishes were intraperitoneally injected with 1 ml of A. hydrophila at 2 × 107 CFU/ml, and mortality was recorded. The results showed that cumulative mortality rate was significantly (p< 0.05) lower in the Bacillus sp1 (25%), sp2 (5%), and sp3 (15%) groups, than the control group (50%). Weight gain was also significantly better (p< 0.05) in the Bacillus sp1 (36%), sp2 (67%), and sp3 (55%) groups with respect to the control group (30%). In conclusion, functional diet formulated with high levels of soybean meal and supplemented with Bacillus sp2 could be an alternative to protect Nile tilapia cultures from A. hydrophila infections and improve fish growth performance.

Optimizing nutrient utilization, hydraulic loading rate, and feed conversion ratios through freshwater IMTA-aquaponic and hydroponic systems as an environmentally sustainable aquaculture concept

Water quality in land-based fish production can be controlled through either instantaneous water exchange or costly wastewater treatment followed by recirculation. Agricultural-aquaculture integration is an excellent alternative technique for reducing nutrient discharge levels, boosting profitability, and converting fish culture wastewater into valuable products. The current study employed a solar energy system to power two separate IMTA-aquaponics systems (Nutrient Film Technique, NFT, and Floating Raft Systems, FRS) for the cultivation of Nile tilapia, African catfish, thin-lipped grey mullet, freshwater crayfish, freshwater mussels, and a variety of vegetables. Tilapia and catfish were fed exclusively on diets under the IMTA system. All wastewater from tilapia and catfish ponds, both dissolved and solid, flows sequentially to ponds containing other cultivated species. The water then flows through the IMTA system's terminal point to the NFT and FRS systems before returning to the tilapia and catfish ponds, allowing complete control of the nutrient flow throughout this entire circular system. Two 147-day production cycles were concluded. The results from the second production cycle are reported. Total biomass gain for aquatic species in the IMTA system was 736.46 kg, compared to 145.49 kg in the tilapia and 271.01 kg in the catfish monoculture systems. The current IMTA system had a cumulative feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 0.90, while the FCRs for tilapia and catfish were 1.28 and 1.42, respectively. Nile tilapia and catfish consumed 571.90 kg of feed containing 25.70 kg of nitrogen (N) and 9.70 kg of phosphorus (P), reflecting, and gaining 11.41 and 3.93 kg of dietary N and P, representing 44.40 and 40.46% dietary N and P retention, respectively. In the IMTA system, the addition of mullet and prawn as detrivores aquatic animals improves dietary N and P utilization efficiency to 59.06 and 51.19%, respectively, while the addition of mussels as herbivore animals improves dietary N and P utilization efficiency to 65.61 and 54.67%, respectively. Finally, using FRS and NFT as hydroponic systems increased dietary N and P efficiency to 83.51% N and 96.82% P, respectively. This study shows that the IMTA-Aquaponic system, as a bio-integrated food production system, can convert the majority of fish-fed residues into valuable products suitable for desert, rural, and urban areas in impoverished and developing countries.

Development Of Novel Processed Tilapia Products For The Group Of Female Fish Farmers In The Village Of Ranu Klakah Lumajang

Floatingfish cages are utilized in fish farming systems using public water bodies such as lakes and seas, with tilapia being a widely cultivated fish in Indonesia due to its economic and nutritional value. Ranu Klakah, a volcanic lake in East Java, is explored as a site for tilapia cultivation. Upwelling, the process of nutrient-rich deep water rising to the surface due to wind-induced currents, is examined for its effects on water quality and fish productivity. The activity focuses on the impact of upwelling on tilapia, including reduced water quality, scarcity of natural fish food, physiological stress, disease susceptibility, and decreased fish production. To address the challenges posed by upwelling, it suggests processing tilapia into value-added products, like fish nuggets and skin chips, to enhance market value. Community service activities involving training for making these processed fish products are described, aiming to empower women in the fish farming sector and improve family income. We concludewith insights into the potential benefits of these activities and their positive impact on the local community.