Wheat Culture Research Articles

Migrating between rice and wheat cultures: Cultural fit moderates the effect of work centrality on newcomers’ job satisfaction in the post-pandemic era

Beyond the individual and organizational factors, macro situational factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and cultural differences can also shape newcomer socialization. The present study tests the effect of work centrality on job satisfaction among a group of new employees in China. Limited research has examined the effect of work centrality on newcomers’ job satisfaction in the post-pandemic era, as well as the impact of the regional cultural differences within a single nation on the work centrality-job satisfaction link among new employees. Drawing upon the person-environment fit theory, cultural fit can significantly influence newcomer socialization. Newcomers who grew up in rice, as opposed to wheat culture and started to work in a different regional culture (i.e., migrant workers) could experience more difficulties in socializing in their jobs particularly when facing the challenges and strains of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using two-wave data collected from 154 new employees residing in different rice-wheat farming regions across China, the results showed that (1) work centrality remained positively related to newcomers’ job satisfaction post-pandemic; (2) cultural fit affected the work centrality-job satisfaction relationships. Specifically, among non-migrant newcomers, work centrality positively predicted job satisfaction, whereas among migrant newcomers, centrality did not predict job satisfaction. These findings suggest that cultural fit facilitates newcomers to leverage their work-related strength (i.e., work centrality) and to socialize well in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Androgenesis in vitro in anther culture of bread winter wheat

Aim. Study of the effectiveness of stages of in vitro androgenesis in anther culture for the creation of dihaploid lines of bread winter wheat. Methods. In vitro culture of isolated wheat anthers. For each genotype, the following parameters of androgenesis in vitro were determined: the percentage of caluses and the percentage of regeneration of green plants from the number of planted anthers; the percentage of acclimatized plants from regenerated green plantlets, as well as the percentage of fertile (doubled haploid) plants. Results. Androgenesis in vitro in the anther culture of 105 genotypes of soft winter wheat of different genetic origin was studied. Differences regarding the frequency of callusogenesis induction (from 0.17 to 21.25 percent of planted anthers) and the ability to regenerate plants (from 0 to 4.94 percent of planted anthers) were found. The dihaploid lines in anther culturefor almost 50 % of the studied genotypes were obtained. Spontaneous diploidization averaged 29.41 % of the obtained regenerants. Conclusions. Genotype-specific morphogenetic reactions of bread winter wheat microspores in the process of in vitro androgenesis were revealed. 122 dihaploid lines of bread winter wheat were obtained.

Ce2O3 nanoparticle synthesis, characterization, and application to callus formation and plant regeneration from mature embryo culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Ce2O3 nanoparticle synthesis, characterization, and application to callus formation and plant regeneration from mature embryo culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The Use of Sodium Hypochlorite and Plant Preservative Mixture Significantly Reduces Seed-Borne Pathogen Contamination When Establishing In Vitro Cultures of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seeds

In vitro plants that are free of pathogens are crucial for biotechnological breeding methods. The present study investigates the effects of sterilization with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and the addition of Plant Preservative Mixture (PPMTM) to the growth medium on pathogen elimination, germination, and seedling development of the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Mara. The sterilization treatments differed in the duration of seed sterilization in 4% NaClO and the PPM concentration added to the growth medium. Pathogenic fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Bipolaris were completely eliminated when the seeds were sterilized in NaClO and placed on growth media with the addition of PPM. Extending the duration of the sterilization treatment with NaClO to 50 min reduced Fusarium contamination, while the interaction between the 50 min sterilization treatment with NaClO and the addition of PPM to the growth medium reduced Alternaria contamination. Our results suggest that PPM could complement sterilization procedures with NaClO in the introduction of highly infected wheat seeds in vitro. Seed germination was not affected by sterilization with NaClO or by the addition of PPM. However, PPM at a concentration of 4 mL L−1 had a negative effect on seedling development.

Biochemical properties of winter wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) under Zn and Cu balance in the soil-culture system

The role of trace elements as a factor in the formation of biochemical features of grain crops is a debatable and extremely understudied issue. At the same time, the ecological importance of the balance of nutritional elements for the normal functioning of plants is widely highlighted in biology and agronomy. The purpose of the study was to determine the interdependence of biochemical and biogeochemical features and to determine the influence of the biogeochemical balance of Zn and Cu on the biochemical parameters of wheat in various agrolandscapes of the forest-steppe of Ukraine. We has been developed an original method of regional spatial correlation between the balance of micronutrients in the soil-crop system and biochemical indicators of the quality of plant products. Spatial correlation was implemented in wheat growing areas in two agrolandscapes, namely, with dark gray podzolized soils in the Kyiv region and gray podzolized soils in the Vinnytsia region. Regional features of the distribution of Zn and Cu in the agricultural landscape are summarized by their biogeochemical formulas, which highlight 5 evaluation characteristics of the soil-culture system in subsoil rocks, soils, and grain crops. Features of the quality of wheat in the territory of agrolandscapes are determined by statistical data on the content of protein, gluten, and vitreousness. The result of the spatial correlation of the specified characteristics is the determination of the interdependencies of the biochemical parameters of the nutritional quality of wheat and the balance of Zn, Cu in the investigated agrolandscapes. The determined differences between the features of the links of the biogeochemical chains of zinc and copper indicate the possibility of a decrease in the vitreousness and protein in wheat grains as a result of the lack of this nutrient microelement, even under the conditions of their natural and agrogenic accumulation in the soil. The inconsistency of the processes in the soil and the agrocenosis of the agrolandscape indicates the expediency of changes in soil protection and agrochemical melioration systems. Special attention needs to be paid to research on foliar nutrition of wheat culture, as a factor in increasing the biophilicity of nutrient microelements and the corresponding increase in the protein content and vitrification of wheat grain.

THE DIVERSITY OF USEFUL ARTHROPODS IN TWO WHEAT AGROECOSYSTEMS FROM TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN

The increase in agricultural production is conditioned by several factors, among which plant protection against pests plays a very important role. Alongside chemical methods, biological control methods against harmful organisms in crops have recently become widespread, and one of these methods is the use of useful insects (predators and parasites). Therefore, during 2016-2018, a study was conducted on monitoring the useful entomofauna in the culture of autumn wheat, in two types of agroecosystems, at Turda and Bolduț, within the Turda Research and Development Station for Agriculture. The two locations are quite close in terms of distance, but very different in terms of territorial organization, with the Bolduț farm being surrounded by a network of agroforestry shelterbelts. In Turda, the plots are located in open field conditions and are protected by rare spontaneous marginal strips. The research aimed to evaluate the diversity of useful arthropod fauna in the two agrobiocenoses, as well as the influence of the agroecosystem on these insects. Following the observations, it can be stated that the entomophagous arthropods identified in the two agroecosystems differ only in terms of ecological indicators, belonging to the same groups of entomophages, their diversity being closely related to climatic conditions, applied technology, but also to the type of agroecosystem.

RESEARCH ON WEED CONTROL ON ALBIC LUVISOL OF NORTHWESTERN ROMANIA IN AUTUMN WHEAT CROP

The research was carried out in the 2022-2023 agricultural year, the experience being located on an albic luvosol with a pH of 5.1, a clay content of 20.9% and a humus content of 1.8, the Glosa wheat variety being sown. The present work presents the effectiveness and efficiency of herbicide treatments on wheat production on an albic luvisol in Livada township, Satu Mare county, and implicitly the weed control strategies. The dominant species in the wheat culture on the albic luvosol are: Matricaria inodora, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis, Cirsium arvense, Viola arvensis, Apera spica-venti, Gypsofila muralis, Sclerantus anuus, Elymus repens, Convolvulus, Galeopsis tetrahit. The effectiveness of the treatments was different depending on the herbicide used and the degree of weeding. The effective fight against weeds in the field requires a good knowledge of the pedoclimatic conditions that influence the effectiveness of herbicide treatments applied pre-emergence or post-emergence due to the different floristic composition depending on these conditions. It is noted that the fight against weeds in the wheat crop and beyond is an important link without which a profitable crop cannot be achieved. Herbicides remain one of the most effective means of combating weeds in the wheat crop.

Dynamics of biomass accumulation in the wheat callus under the influence of exogenous phenolic compounds

It is known that in vitro cell culture conditions can activate the synthesis of phenolic compounds and change the phenolic metabolism of the culture. This can be achieved by changing the components of the environment, lighting conditions, and adding precursor substances involved in the biosynthesis of certain phenolic compounds to the cultivation medium. However, there are very few studies on the influence of exogenous phenolic compounds on the processes associated with callus induction in in vitro wheat cultures. Therefore, we aimed to study the influence of exogenous phenolic compounds and their precursors on the induction of callusogenesis and proliferation processes. In order to study the effect of exogenous phenolic compounds on the processes of callusogenesis and proliferation in the callus culture of wheat, standard and 5 other variants of nutrient media were prepared. The maximum accumulation of biomass occurs in the 5th week of cultivation. Typically, at week 5, the callus culture transitioned to the stationary growth phase. In conclusion, the D -2,4 D + Ferulic acid + (PPhA) medium proved to be the best among the tested media options for studying the dynamics of callus biomass accumulation under the influence of exogenous phenolic compounds. Keywords: Phenolic compounds, precursors, biomass, proliferation, elicitor

Effect of Foliar Fertilization on the Physiological Parameters, Yield and Quality Indices of the Winter Wheat

The main purpose of the paper is to highlight the impact of foliar fertilization during the various growth stages of winter wheat and its role in achieving high-quality and superior production. Foliar fertilizers play a crucial role in calibrating and forming active growth intervals correlated with productivity factors. The research was conducted over a two-year period using the Andrada winter wheat variety. It involved the application of four different foliar fertilizers: basic mineral fertilization, FoliMAX Orange (two treatments and three treatments), FoliMAX CerealsMIX (two treatments and three treatments), and Microfert U (three treatments). Depending on the treatment, two or three applications of foliar with foliar fertilizers were carried out at various stages of winter wheat development, including pre-flowering and grain formation. The research method used to record physiological parameters was non-destructive (the leaves were not detached from the plant) and was based on the use of the CIRAS-3 foliar gas analyzer, which simultaneously determines several physiological and environmental indicators. As an indicator read by the device, photosynthesis was chosen for leaf temperature and leaf transpiration, correlated with production and quality indices. By applying the foliar fertilizer treatments to the wheat culture, we managed to increase production and improve the quality. After using different foliar fertilizers, the assimilation and physiological parameters had higher values of over 30 μmolm−2·s−1. Foliar fertilization applied to the winter wheat variety resulted in an average production increase between 450 and 765 kg·ha−1 and quality indices with a protein percentage between 11.5 and 12.6%, gluten content between 21.5 to 24.0% and the Zeleny index between 29.0 and 39.0%, and the mass of one thousand grains was between 48.0 and 50.5 g.

Earthworms do not increase greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and N2O) in an ecotron experiment simulating a three-crop rotation system

Earthworms are known to stimulate soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but the majority of previous studies have used simplified model systems or lacked continuous high-frequency measurements. To address this, we conducted a 2-year study using large lysimeters (5 m2 area and 1.5 m soil depth) in an ecotron facility, continuously measuring ecosystem-level CO2, N2O, and H2O fluxes. We investigated the impact of endogeic and anecic earthworms on GHG emissions and ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) in a simulated agricultural setting. Although we observed transient stimulations of carbon fluxes in the presence of earthworms, cumulative fluxes over the study indicated no significant increase in CO2 emissions. Endogeic earthworms reduced N2O emissions during the wheat culture (− 44.6%), but this effect was not sustained throughout the experiment. No consistent effects on ecosystem evapotranspiration or WUE were found. Our study suggests that earthworms do not significantly contribute to GHG emissions over a two-year period in experimental conditions that mimic an agricultural setting. These findings highlight the need for realistic experiments and continuous GHG measurements.

The antifungal properties of terpenoids from the endophytic fungus Bipolariseleusines

A series of terpenoids (1–17), comprising six new compounds designated bipolariterpenes A-F (1–6) and eleven recognized compounds (7–17), were isolated from the wheat culture of the potato endophytic fungus Bipolariseleusines. Their structures and stereochemistry were clarified by HRESIMS, NMR, DP4 + probability analyses, and computations for electronic circular dichroism (ECD). All compounds are made up of six meroterpenoids, four sesterterpenes and seven sesquiterpenes. Among them, four sesterterpenes (4, 5, 10, 11) were investigated for their antifungal, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties, and six meroterpenoids (1–3, 7–9) were evaluated for their antifungal properties. The compounds 7, 9, and 10 had substantial antifungal activity against Epidermophytonfloccosum at a concentration of 100 µM. No antibacterial and cytotoxic activities were observed.Graphical

Investigation of the Influence of Polyamines on Mature Embryo Culture and DNA Methylation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using the Machine Learning Algorithm Method.

Numerous factors can impact the efficiency of callus formation and in vitro regeneration in wheat cultures through the introduction of exogenous polyamines (PAs). The present study aimed to investigate in vitro plant regeneration and DNA methylation patterns utilizing the inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon and coupled restriction enzyme digestion-iPBS (CRED-iPBS) methods in wheat. This investigation involved the application of distinct types of PAs (Put: putrescine, Spd: spermidine, and Spm: spermine) at varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM). The subsequent outcomes were subjected to predictive modeling using diverse machine learning (ML) algorithms. Based on the specific polyamine type and concentration utilized, the results indicated that 1 mM Put and Spd were the most favorable PAs for supporting endosperm-associated mature embryos. Employing an epigenetic approach, Put at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.5 mM exhibited the highest levels of genomic template stability (GTS) (73.9%). Elevated Spd levels correlated with DNA hypermethylation while reduced Spm levels were linked to DNA hypomethylation. The in vitro and epigenetic characteristics were predicted using ML techniques such as the support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and random forest (RF) models. These models were employed to establish relationships between input variables (PAs, concentration, GTS rates, Msp I polymorphism, and Hpa II polymorphism) and output parameters (in vitro measurements). This comparative analysis aimed to evaluate the performance of the models and interpret the generated data. The outcomes demonstrated that the XGBoost method exhibited the highest performance scores for callus induction (CI%), regeneration efficiency (RE), and the number of plantlets (NP), with R2 scores explaining 38.3%, 73.8%, and 85.3% of the variances, respectively. Additionally, the RF algorithm explained 41.5% of the total variance and showcased superior efficacy in terms of embryogenic callus induction (ECI%). Furthermore, the SVM model, which provided the most robust statistics for responding embryogenic calluses (RECs%), yielded an R2 value of 84.1%, signifying its ability to account for a substantial portion of the total variance present in the data. In summary, this study exemplifies the application of diverse ML models to the cultivation of mature wheat embryos in the presence of various exogenous PAs and concentrations. Additionally, it explores the impact of polymorphic variations in the CRED-iPBS profile and DNA methylation on epigenetic changes, thereby contributing to a comprehensive understanding of these regulatory mechanisms.

Chromosomal Location of the b-Amy-A1 Gene and Distribution of Its Alleles in a Winter Common Wheat Culture

Chromosomal Location of the b-Amy-A1 Gene and Distribution of Its Alleles in a Winter Common Wheat Culture

Estimate of Structural Fractures in Wheat Culture and Production in Türkiye by Econometric Analysis

This study, it was aimed to determine the amount of wheat fields planted in Türkiye and the structural breaks in wheat yield in the specified years. The data set obtained for this purpose was obtained from the wheat production and wheat cultivation area in the statistical tables between 1995 and 2020 published by the Turkish Grain Board (TMO). According to the estimation results; the data set obtained from the wheat planting area in the statistical tables between 1995 and 2020 was stabilized by taking the first differences and the red lines in the given table were left from the second half of 2005 to the beginning of 2014, there was a structural break between these years. It was determined by the analysis that there was a structural break between these years, since the data set was stabilized by taking the first differences and the red lines in the given chart were exceeded from the second half of 2005 to the beginning of 2015.

Fungal Pathogens Associated with Crown and Root Rot in Wheat-Growing Areas of Northern Kyrgyzstan.

Fungal species associated with crown and root rot diseases in wheat have been extensively studied in many parts of the world. However, no reports on the relative importance and distribution of pathogens associated with wheat crown and root rot in Kyrgyzstan have been published. Hence, fungal species associated with wheat crown/root rot were surveyed in three main wheat production regions in northern Kyrgyzstan. Fungal species were isolated on 1/5 strength potato-dextrose agar amended with streptomycin (0.1 g/L) and chloramphenicol (0.05 g/L). A total of 598 fungal isolates from symptomatic tissues were identified using morphological features of the cultures and conidia, as well as sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1), and the RNA polymerase II beta subunit (RPB2) genes. The percentage of fields from which each fungus was isolated and their relative percentage isolation levels were determined. Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal agent of common root rot, was the most prevalent pathogenic species isolated, being isolated from 86.67% of the fields surveyed at a frequency of isolation of 40.64%. Fusarium spp. accounted for 53.01% of all isolates and consisted of 12 different species. The most common Fusarium species identified was Fusarium acuminatum, which was isolated from 70% of the sites surveyed with an isolation frequency of 21.57%, followed by Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium nygamai, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium equiseti, all of which had a field incidence of more than 23%. Inoculation tests with 44 isolates representing 17 species on the susceptible Triticum aestivum cv. Seri 82 revealed that Fusarium pseudograminearum and F. culmorum isolates were equally the most virulent pathogens. The widespread distribution of moderately virulent B. sorokiniana appears to be a serious threat to wheat culture, limiting yield and quality. With the exception of F. culmorum, the remaining Fusarium species did not pose a significant threat to wheat production in the surveyed areas because common species, such as F. acuminatum, F. nygamai, F. oxysporum, and F. equiseti, were non-pathogenic but infrequent species, such as Fusarium redolens, Fusarium algeriense, and F. pseudograminearum, were highly or moderately virulent. Curvularia inaequalis, which was found in three different fields, was mildly virulent. The remaining Fusarium species, Fusarium solani, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium burgessii, and Fusarium tricinctum, as well as Microdochium bolleyi, Microdochium nivale, and Macrophomina phaseolina, were non-pathogenic and considered to be secondary colonizers. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Grain Germination Changes the Profile of Phenolic Compounds and Benzoxazinoids in Wheat: A Study on Hard and Soft Cultivars.

Pre-harvest sprouting is a frequent problem for wheat culture that can be simulated by laboratory-based germination. Despite reducing baking properties, wheat sprouting has been shown to increase the bioavailability of some nutrients. It was investigated whether wheat cultivars bearing distinct grain texture characteristics (BRS Guaraim, soft vs. BRS Marcante, hard texture) would have different behavior in terms of the changes in phytochemical compounds during germination. Using LC-Q-TOF-MS, higher contents of benzoxazinoids and flavonoids were found in the hard cultivar than in the soft one. Free phytochemicals, mainly benzoxazinoids, increased during germination in both cultivars. Before germination, soft and hard cultivars had a similar profile of matrix-bound phytochemicals, but during germination, these compounds have been shown to decrease only in the hard-texture cultivar, due to decreased levels of phenolic acids (trans-ferulic acid) and flavonoids (apigenin) that were bound to the cell wall through ester-type bonds. These findings confirm the hypothesis that hard and soft wheat cultivars have distinct behavior during germination concerning the changes in phytochemical compounds, namely the matrix-bound compounds. In addition, germination has been shown to remarkably increase the content of benzoxazinoids and the antioxidant capacity, which could bring a health-beneficial appeal for pre-harvested sprouted grains.

Collaborative estimation of heavy metal stress in wheat seedlings based on LIBS-Raman spectroscopy coupled with machine learning

Systematic research procedures of this research. (a) Step 1 is wheat culture, heavy metal Pb stressed and sample preparation; (b) step 2 is spectral data preprocessing, and discriminant models foundation and analysis.

ПУТИ МОРФОГЕНЕЗА В КУЛЬТУРЕ IN VITRO ИЗОЛИРОВАННЫХ ПЫЛЬНИКОВ ПШЕНИЦЫ: РОЛЬ БАЛАНСА ФИТОГОРМОНОВ

The study is aimed to the study of the peculiarities of the induction of morphogenesis pathways in vitro of morphogenetically competent anther cells - microspores in the isolated anther culture of a number of spring soft wheat genotypes, recommended for cultivation in the climatic conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The content of IAA in seedlings of the studied genotypes of spring sof wheat was analyzed to determine the class of the genotype – characterized by high or low auxin content. Such morphogenesis pathways in vitro as embryoidogenesis, polyembryoidogenesis and callusogenesis have been identified and studied. Morpho-histological assessment of androclinic structures is given. It was established that the induction of a certain morphogenesis pathway in vitro is determined mainly by the balance between the content of endogenous auxin IAA in anthers before inoculation on a nutrient medium and the concentration of exogenous synthetic auxin 2,4-D in the composition of the nutrient medium. The fundamental possibility of regulation of morphogenesis pathways in vitro in isolated anther culture of wheat by selecting for each genotype an adequate balance of endogenous and exogenous auxins for the induction of a specific pathway has been shown.

Mutagenic effects of sodium azide on in vitro mutagenesis, polymorphism and genomic instability in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Breeding studies are commonly conducted to develop new cultivars with high yield levels and improved quality traits. Chemically-induced mutations are used to create genetic variations in wheat genomes. Various physical and chemical mutagens are used to increase frequency of mutations and facilitate the selection processes. Sodium azide (SA) is largely employed to induce mutations of the genes regulating essential traits. Such mutations may also elucidate gene functions of the mutant phenotypes. Present experiments were conducted to investigate potential use of conventional chemical mutagenesis technique through SA for mature embryo culture in wheat. Sodium azide mutagenesis was experimented with 4 treatment durations (1, 2, 3 and 4h) and 5 treatment concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4mM). Mature embryos were subjected to experimental treatments to detect optimum doses of mutagenesis and to estimate polymorphism and genomic instability. Primarily, 50% reduction in number of regenerated plants as compared to the control (LD50) was adopted as the optimum dose. Based on LD50 criterion, the optimum value was achieved at 1h duration of 4mM SA concentration. Afterwards, inter-primer binding site markers were applied to investigate polymorphism and genomic instability in the regenerated plants. Present findings revealed that efficiency of chemical mutagenesis could be improved through the use of molecular technology and such mutations may assist plant breeders in developing high-yield cultivars.

Effects of Zinc, Copper and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Induced DNA Methylation, Genomic Instability and LTR Retrotransposon Polymorphism in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Nanomaterials with unique and diverse physico-chemical properties are used in plant science since they improve plant growth and development and offer protection against biotic and abiotic stressors. Previous studies have explored the effects of such nanomaterials on different plant mechanisms, but information about the effects of nanomaterials on induced DNA methylation, genomic instability and LTR retrotransposon polymorphism in wheat is lacking. Therefore, the present study highlights the key role of nanoparticles in DNA methylation and polymorphism in wheat by investigating the effects of ZnO, CuO and γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) on mature embryo cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Nanoparticles were supplemented with Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium at normal (1X), double (2X) and triple (3X) concentrations. The findings revealed different responses to the polymorphism rate depending on the nanoparticle type and concentration. Genomic template stability (GTS) values were used to compare the changes encountered in iPBS profiles. ZnO, CuO and γ-Fe3O4 NPs increased the polymorphism rate and cytosine methylation compared to the positive control while reducing GTS values. Moreover, non-γ-Fe3O4 NPs treatments and 2X ZnO and CuO NP treatments yielded higher polymorphism percentages in both MspI- and HpaII-digested CRED-iPBS assays and were thus classified as hypermethylation when the average polymorphism percentage for MspI digestion was considered. On the other hand, the 3X concentrations of all nanoparticles decreased HpaII and MspI polymorphism percentages and were thus classified as hypomethylation. The findings revealed that MS medium supplemented with nanoparticles had epigenetic and genotoxic effects.