Culturally And Linguistically Diverse Research Articles

Trust to test translation practices

Abstract Trust is important in public health communication to culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities during pandemics. This empirical research, using quantitative data from 107 foreign nationals at a university in Shanghai, probes into how trust varied in official translation services (OTS) and non-official translation services (NOTS) during COVID-19. Statistical analysis was carried out by IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and it was found that (1) NOTS which are more frequently used are more trusted compared with OTS; (2) NOTS are uncorrelated with demographics while OTS are correlated with demographics, among which education and trust in OTS suggest a linear positive relationship (Sig. = 0.003, β = 0.467), whereas age and trust in OTS suggest a linear negative relationship (Sig. = 0.027, β = −0.348); (3) there is a positive relationship between the frequency of using services and trust, i.e., higher frequency implies higher trust. The findings of this case study can have implications for policy makers and the representatives of CALD communities.

Liminality, Situated Digital Tales, and the Pandemic: Three Cases of Radical Placemaking in Australia

AbstractSettlers of colour occupy a liminal space in the settler colony of Australia, and this liminality was exacerbated during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Through the literature on digital activism, technological immersion, and placemaking, this paper explores Radical Placemaking as a route for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) people based in Brisbane to stake their right to the city through alternative digitised modalities. Three projects using situated digital stories were created: (i) the Chatty Bench Project; (ii) the TransHuman Saunter Project; and (iii) Chatty Bench Festival Community Media Visual Projections. We analysed the experiences of study participants creating the digital stories and eventual user experiences of the stories for their ability to provoke self‐reflection, immersiveness, and belonging through evocation and representation of lived experiences. The paper suggests that radical placemaking offers CALD communities subversive tactics of occupying space through emerging technologies without engaging in erasure of existing histories of place.

Digital technology uses, purposes, barriers and training programs for culturally and linguistically diverse older adults: a systematic scoping review

PurposeThis scoping review article aimed to systematically search the literature on the use, purpose and barriers of information and communication technology (ICT) for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) older adults in the host country. The review also conducted a search for literature on programs that aim to develop digital literacy skills for CALD older adults.Design/methodology/approachA scoping review approach was utilized to identify and search the available literature, and to map the key concepts. A total of 23 relevant articles were included following a systematic search across seven databases.FindingsThe review suggests that CALD older adults use ICT for various purposes, including social interaction, health management, information gathering, immigration, everyday routines and leisure. The barriers faced by these older adults in using ICT encompass fear and limited knowledge, language issues, lack of interest, limited access to technology and health concerns. The existing training programs focus on enhancing self-efficacy and confidence and promoting attitudinal changes toward ICT.Originality/valueDespite the presence of empirical studies, few scoping or systematic reviews have focused on CALD older adults and technology. Research developments related to the technology use of CALD older adults and associated training programs have been fragmented and sporadic, resulting in gaps in the evidence base. This review fills such a gap to better understand the research status connected to CALD older people’s technology adoption and use.

The role of social support among caregivers of people with cancer from Chinese and Arabic communities: a qualitative study

PurposeCancer caregivers from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities have reported significant unmet emotional support needs. This study aimed explore the role of social support to manage emotional wellbeing among cancer caregivers from Arabic and Chinese communities in Australia.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with Chinese (n = 12) and Arabic (n = 12) speaking cancer caregivers. Participants’ mean age was 40.6 years; majority were female (83%) and providing care to a parent (41.67%).ResultsUsing thematic analysis to analyse interview data, five overarching themes emerged describing caregivers’ perspectives on social support. Themes were related to the following: (1) receiving emotional support from social networks, (2) barriers to accessing emotional support from social networks, (3) isolation and loss of connection following the cancer diagnosis, (4) faith as a source of support, and (5) utility of support groups and caregiver advocates. Several caregivers relied on social networks for emotional support; however, caregivers identified key cultural and generational barriers to seeking support from their social networks which prevented caregivers from disclosing their emotions and caregiving situation. Caregivers also reported being isolated from their support system.ConclusionEmpirical testing of culturally appropriate strategies that improve social support seeking among caregivers from CALD communities is recommended.

‘We Were an Afterthought’: Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Communities in New South Wales, Australia

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the impact on Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) communities in Australia of government and community responses to the coronavirus pandemic of 2019 in the domains of education, employment, housing, social connectedness, and public health communication. Most of the examples are drawn from the state of New South Wales. In Australia, CALD refers to people from countries not classified as main English speaking. Most CALD communities reported in this article are from refugee backgrounds, are recently arrived migrants or do not use English in most of their communication. Inadequate, and in some instances, inappropriate or absent support, adversely impacts CALD communities. We used a multidisciplinary bricolage approach that draws on media, government, and community support publications and concluded that CALD communities experienced heightened pressures due to lower resource availability and poor communication. This led to disruption of support services, exposing gaps and vulnerability. The results reported here challenge Australian government, schools, community agencies, researchers to include proactively CALD community perspectives when planning and responding to such crises in future. Improving communication, pandemic response planning, addressing needs and ensuring participation are key considerations.

Exploring Narratives of Teachers Working with Culturally Diverse Students: Any Insights about Inclusion?

The aim of the present study is to capture the teachers’ reflections and lived experiences on the inclusion of culturally diverse students in Greek school settings. Through a qualitative narrative inquiry approach, teachers share their personal accounts and stories about their efforts, initiatives, and moves towards more inclusive schooling, as well as the barriers they face in the school environment. Five (n = 5) primary school teachers were recruited purposefully because of their work experience with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students in mainstream, integration or reception classes. Narrative-discursive analysis unravels the effectiveness of inclusive practice in Greece for culturally diverse students according to specific aspects of inclusive pedagogy such as progressive education, transformative learning, innovative practices, and strategies, as well as school–family partnership. Teachers’ experiences revealed their complex work to handle the increasing diversity in schools and to respond to all students’ needs in a context of slow but steady measures towards inclusion.

A thematic content analysis of views regarding sexual assault disclosure and the #MeToo/WeToo movements for CALD Japanese women in Australia

Women from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds in Australia may be unlikely to disclose sexual assault, due to the social norms in their home countries. Due to varying degrees of acculturation, Japanese residents of Australia may be influenced by Japanese norms. The Australian government acknowledges that targeted responses may be needed to support CALD women disclose sexual assault, yet research on this area is scarce. This study explores the views of CALD Japanese women living in Australia regarding sexual assault disclosure and the #MeToo and #WeToo movements. A thematic content analysis of interviews with eight CALD Japanese women revealed that their views on sexual assault disclosure were dominated by two opposing themes, Systemic Avoidance and Empowerment through Social Activism, which were informed by the degree to which they upheld Hofstede's individualism, masculinity, and power distance cultural values. Our findings may help policy makers develop culturally nuanced approaches to encourage the disclosure of sexual violence.

The protective effect of CALD identity in the presence of low income on missing teeth of Australian adults over time

Background‘Culturally And Linguistically Diverse (CALD)’ populations have diverse languages, ethnic backgrounds, societal structures and religions. CALD populations have not experienced the same oral health benefits as non-CALD groups in Australia. However, the socio-demographic profile of Australian CALD populations is changing. This study examined how household income modifies the oral health of CALD and non-CALD adults in Australia.MethodsData were from two National Surveys of Adult Oral Health (NSAOH) conducted in 2004-06 (NSAOH 2004-06) and 2017-18 (NSAOH 2017-18). The outcome was self-reported number of missing teeth. CALD status was identified based on English not the primary language spoken at home and country of birth not being Australia. Social disadvantage was defined by total annual household income. Effect-measure modification was used to verify differences on effect sizes per strata of CALD status and household income. The presence of modification was indicated by Relative Excess Risk due to Interactions (RERIs).ResultsA total of 14,123 participants took part in NSAOH 2004-06. The proportion identifying as CALD was 11.7% and 56.7% were in the low-income group, and the mean number of missing teeth was 6.9. A total of 15,731 participants took part in NSAOH 2017-18. The proportion identifying as CALD was 18.5% and 38.0% were in the low-income group, and the mean number of missing teeth was 6.2. In multivariable modelling, the mean ratio (MR) for CALD participants with low household income in 2004-06 was 2% lower than the MR among non-CALD participants with high household income, with the RERI being − 0.23. Non-CALD participants from lower income households had a higher risk of having a higher number of missing teeth than low income CALD individuals (MR = 1.66, 95%CI 1.57–1.74 vs. MR = 1.43 95%CI 1.34–1.52, respectively). In 2017-18, the MR for CALD participants with low household income was 3% lower than the MR among non-CALD participants with high household income, with the RERI being − 0.11. Low income CALD participants had a lower risk of missing teeth compared to their non-CALD counterparts (MR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.34–1.52 vs. MR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.50–1.64).ConclusionsThe negative RERI values indicate that the effect-measure modification operates in a negative direction, that is, there is a protective element to being CALD among low income groups with respect to mean number of missing teeth.

Co-production processes for translation and validation of psychosocial assessments for older adults in aged care.

Given the diverse ethnic backgrounds of aged care clients, there is a critical requirement to translate psychosocial assessment tools into various languages to effectively evaluate social engagement and quality of life in older adults receiving aged care services. This study aimed to translate psychosocial tools into Turkish, Korean and Mandarin, the primary languages spoken by clients of an Australian community aged care provider. A co-development approach encompassing forward and backward translations of the Australian Community Participation Questionnaire and ICEpop CAPability measure for Older people tools, along with focus group discussions involving bilingual staff (n = 7) and clients (n = 16), was employed to ensure precision and cultural relevance. Multiple iterations were undertaken until linguistic, conceptual and scaling equivalence was achieved, with recorded sessions transcribed and analysed thematically. Cultural appropriateness significantly impacted the delivery of questions within the tools, emphasising translation challenges tied to specific queries. These difficulties included the lack of terms for unique places of worship, the use of outdated language (e.g., references to reading newspapers), and varying priorities in social and well-being matters between Western and Eastern/Asian cultures. Staff feedback identified that formal translated tool versions eased administration for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) clients, enabling them to independently interpret questions, resulting in improved questionnaire completion rates. Insights indicate the need for continued efforts in tailoring assessment tools to diverse cultural contexts to ensure accurate and meaningful data collection.

Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to dietary salt intake and the acceptability of salt substitute among the Australian culturally and linguistically diverse community: An online survey.

The Australian culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities may be at higher risk of salt intake than recommended given the use of a combination of discretionary sources and exposure to processed foods within a western country. This survey aimed to understand the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward dietary salt and the acceptability of salt substitutes in the CALD communities. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among adults who self-reported being a part of a CALD community, which was defined as non-Indigenous cultural groups in Australia having cultural or linguistic connections with their overseas place of birth, ancestry or ethnic origin, religion, preferred language or language spoken at home. A total of 218 respondents opened the survey link. A total of 196 completed the entire survey. The majority of respondents (162, 83%) were aware that high salt intake causes serious health problems. Altogether 134 (69%) respondents were aware that there is a recommended amount for daily salt consumption although only 59 (44%) knew precise recommendations as<5 g salt per day. Around one quarter of the respondents rarely or never looked for ‟low in salt'' or ‟reduced salt'' messages on food labels when shopping. Over half specified they always or often added salt during cooking or preparing foods in the household. Almost 4 in 5 CALD respondents were willing to reduce their salt intake for health and 3 in 4 were open to trying a salt substitute. Further research into the utility of a salt substitute intervention in the Australian CALD community is warranted.

Older women's experience with COVID-19 pandemic: A study of risk perception and coping among culturally and linguistically diverse population in South Australia.

A global catastrophe-the COVID-19 pandemic-appears to have two-dimensional health consequences for older adults: high risk of being infected and psychological distress. There is limited evidence on how the pandemic has impacted the life and coping of older adults who are culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD), women in particular. This study explored the COVID-19 risk perception and coping strategies of older CALD women in South Australia. A mixed-methods research design was employed, involving a 31-items coping and emergency preparation scale for survey and semi-structured interviews with participants. The older CALD women were approached through 11 multicultural NGOs. One hundred and nine women participants from 28 CALD communities completed the online surveys; 25 of them agreed to a telephone interview and provided their contact details. 15 older CALD women ultimately participated in interviews. Mean sum-score of dread risk, unknown risk, and fear (M: 43.5; SD: 4.9) indicated that the participants were somewhat anxious and worried. Mean sum-score of coping (M: 79.8; SD: 9.3) reported their compliance with expert advice and disinfection practices but accessing health information (M: 2.8; SD 1.4) and tendency to minimize anxiety (M: 2.1; SD: 1.2) were below neutral. Significant variations were found in coping in terms of age, meaning that the women aged 75 years and older were less likely to cope with the pandemic (P = 0.01). Emergency preparation differed based on the participants' residence and occupation status. The deductive-inductive thematic analysis of interview data was framed around three priori themes: risks of being affected, emotional and behavioral coping, and emergency preparation and access to services. Evidence shows a fear among the older CALD women with an endeavor to cope and prepare for emergency situations. This suggests the requirements for interventions that improve coping and reduce the risk of stress among them.

Attitudes to End-of-Life Care and Voluntary Assisted Dying Amongst Members of the Australian Jewish community.

The implementation of voluntary assisted dying (VAD) in the Australian State of Victoria in 2019 has stimulated discussions about end-of-life care and dying in many communities. Various attempts have been made to represent the attitudes of the Jewish community, a distinct culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) group, in terms that suggest a unified set of opinions that opposes VAD policies. This research aimed to explore attitudes to VAD in the context of end-of-life care held by members of the Victorian Jewish community. A descriptive qualitative methodological design was employed. Ten Victorians who identify as Jewish were recruited and participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Reflexive thematic analysis was carried out on the transcripts to identify key themes, attitudes and preferences in relation to end-of-life care, death and dying, and VAD. Three themes were identified: "complexity and variation", "similarities", and "factors influencing attitudes to VAD and end-of-life care". A significant degree of diversity was apparent, ranging from highly supportive of VAD to advocacy for a total repeal of the policy. The results indicate that images of how Victorian Jewish individuals feel towards VAD based on essentialised notions about the community and belief systems are not supported by the evidence. In reality, considerable diversity of attitudes exists towards VAD and end-of-life care. We conclude that it is important that policymakers and members of the broader society avoid stereotypes that falsely characterise this specificcommunity and, by implication, other CALD groups, particularlyin terms that ignore internal diversity regarding belief systems, social attitudes and ethical perspectives.

Exploring the Role of Migration Status in Pregnancy Loss Attributions, Experiences, and Support in Australia.

While previous research has explored the impact of migration status on experiences and attributions about pregnancy loss, less common is comparative research examining similarities and differences between migrants and non-migrants. This paper reports on a cross sectional comparative study of 623 culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) or non-CALD people living in Australia. Participants completed a survey that asked about experiences of pregnancy loss, support, and attributions about pregnancy loss. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of rates of pregnancy loss, though CALD participants reported greater distress following a loss. CALD participants reported greater reliance on partners and faith communities, and found healthcare professionals to be less supportive. CALD participants were more likely to attribute pregnancy loss to spiritual reasons (among others), and non-CALD participants to fetal abnormalities. The paper concludes by calling for awareness campaigns and professional upskilling to better ensure the needs of CALD communities.

Experiences with health information among caregivers of people with cancer from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds: A qualitative study.

Although some research suggests that caregivers from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities have higher unmet information needs compared to their English-speaking counterparts, few studies have examined determinants of information needs among CALD cancer caregivers and their satisfaction with received information. This study aimed to explore experiences with cancer-related information among caregivers of people with cancer from CALD communities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 caregivers from Arabic and Chinese backgrounds (12 in each group). Thematic analysis was used to analyze data. Participants' mean age was 40.6 years, and most were female (83%). Six themes were identified: (a) lack of information to meet their needs; (b) challenges understanding cancer- and care-related information; (c) proactivity to make sense of, and understand information; (d) interpreting information: the role formal and informal services; and (e) engaging with health providers to access information. Caregivers identified significant language and communication barriers impacting their capacity to understand cancer-related information given by providers and they invested personal effort clarifying information. The importance of access to formal interpreter services, even when caregivers and care recipients seem proficient in English, was highlighted. Cultural sensitivity of providers when discussing a cancer diagnosis and treatment was also identified as an important consideration. Culturally tailored outreach programs designed to provide key cancer-related information which are accessible to CALD caregivers have the potential to improve the health outcomes of both caregivers and care recipients.

Mental health care for trans and gender diverse youth from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds: Reflections from communities of practice

Introduction Trans and gender diverse youth from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds are at increased risk of experiencing poor mental health outcomes, including suicidal crisis. The aim of this clinical perspective paper is to discuss considerations from mental health practitioners and identify practical actions for enhancing mental health care delivery and reduce suicidality. Method This paper is created based on the exchange of experiences of mental health workers in CAMHS. A Community of Practice (CoP) design was used to facilitate the identification of practical actions based on the health workers’ experience. The content of these discussions was summarized in six main areas for action. Results The strategies included: accounting for the effects of trauma in engaging the young person; cultivating active open listening and encouraging culturally meaningful expressions of distress; discussion and co-decision making around risk with the young person; promoting choice and flexibility; and identifying supports within and beyond the family system. Conclusion The recommendations are substantiated by current findings in multicultural mental health including idioms of distress, person-centred care, and barriers to accessing mental health services by gender and ethnic minority youth. Further implications for clinical practice are discussed.

“Women are capable too!” Exploring intersectionality and challenging CaLD gender stereotypes at Australian universities

AbstractWith a focus on Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CaLD) women, this article will discuss the underlying gender inequalities and stereotypes these women experience in Australian tertiary institutions through reflections of translingual discrimination. Translingual discrimination refers to the ideologies and practices that produce unequal linguistic power relationships between CaLD communities and dominant communities of the host society, focusing on the central role that language plays in the enduring relevance of discrimination disparity. Because of CaLD women's translingual identities, these groups experience such aspects of translingual discrimination as accentism, naming practices, linguistic subordination, deskilling, and stereotyping, which eventually affect their well‐being and economic security. CaLD women need a linguistically and culturally “safe space” where they will be supported and appreciated based on their capabilities and skills and not subjected to objectification, femininity evaluations, and derogatory actions. Opportunities for women should persist because, unfortunately, in men‐dominated fields, these opportunities are still necessary to support and include women.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Residential Aged Care Workforce, and Workers From Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds: A Rapid Literature Review

AbstractThis literature review explores the impact of COVID-19 upon the residential aged care (RAC) workforce during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, including the workforce from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. It also considers COVID-19 related interventions for the RAC workforce. The databases ProQuest, PubMed, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Google Scholar and Cochrane Central were searched in April and May 2022. Twenty-six studies were identified which were related to the impact of COVID-19 on the RAC workforce, including four studies on the CALD workforce. Many studies highlighted the impact of COVID-19 upon workforce shortages, workplace demands, worker wellbeing, and intention to quit the profession. The importance of workplace communication and support strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic were also underlined. Issues pertinent to the CALD workforce included understanding dementia, vaccine hesitancy and the impact of aged care, migration and labour market policies on the workforce. Workforce factors, including poor working conditions (and lack of paid leave) had a significant impact upon COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Conversely, responding to COVID-19 impacted workforce mental health. There is a need for workforce support policies and research which consider organisational communication, work-life balance, and specific training and support needs of workers from CALD backgrounds, who comprise a significant proportion of the aged care workforce in Australia and many other countries.

A Systematic Review: Factors Related to Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Minority Parents’ Service Decisions for Their Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

AbstractParents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) play a significant role in determining their children’s service choices. Recent studies have identified both explicit and implicit factors that influence their service decisions. However, in these studies, recruitment efforts did not particularly target culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) minority parents. Hence, the purpose of this systematic review was to assess factors related to service choices among CALD minority parents of children with ASD. Guided by the PRISMA protocol, the present study reviewed 31 studies on factors associated with CALD minority parents’ service selection, and 20 factors were identified. This study provides valuable insights into the service choices and obstacles encountered by CALD minority parents who have children diagnosed with ASD. By comprehending these challenges, future researchers might strive toward mitigating discrepancies in the availability of resources and assistance for children with ASD and their families from various backgrounds.

Marginalization at the Intersection of Language, Culture, and Disability: Systemic Contradictions Perceived by Special Education Teachers in Serving Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students with Disabilities in South Korea

ABSTRACT In 2018, 13.3% of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) families with international marriages had at least one child with a disability enrolled in South Korean public schools. Increasing school diversity requires special education teachers to bring new professional knowledge(s) and identities to meet the unique needs of CLD students with disabilities. Drawing on an interdisciplinary lens informed by disability critical race theory and cultural-historical activity theory, we conducted an instrumental case study to investigate the systemic contradictions that special education teachers experience in serving CLD students with disabilities. The results highlight how the intertwining of ethnicity-based racism, monolingualism, and patriarchal ideology shapes (in)visible deficit ideologies that mediate teachers’ everyday interpretation, pedagogical practices, evaluation, and communication. Coupled with harmful deficit ideologies, the lack of systemic support in special education policies and practices consolidates the interlocking marginalization of CLD students with disabilities and their families at the intersection of language, culture, and other identity badges.

Latinx Teachers Engaging Students, Parents, and Families

ABSTRACT Classroom teachers and certified English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers struggle staying current with pedagogical approaches and strategies to work with diverse student populations. In order to support Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) students’ success in the classroom, teachers must implement effective teaching strategies. Teaching without knowing the students’ background knowledge is problematic for all students. To this end, this study explored (a) how teachers who graduated from a federally funded bilingual and bicultural education program engage in justice agendas for their CLD students, (b) the things these in-service teachers attribute as barriers and support systems in their social justice work, and (c) the educational strategies the in-service Latinx teachers value in their role as advocates in their social justice work. Qualitative and Critical Qualitative Research (CQR) was our overarching framework to examine participants’ experiences regarding social justice. Latino/a Critical Race Theory/LatCrit was our theoretical framework with trenzas y mestizaje (braids and mixture) as the methodological framework. Data collection was based on testimonios collected through individual pláticas and group pláticas (formal and/or informal conversations) elicited by the use of tesoros (treasures). Data was analyzed and interpreted through Trenzas y Mestizaje and LatCrit. Specifically, data analysis was achieved through braiding the participants’ experiences and/or testimonios. The following prominent themes emerged: (a) Effective classroom strategies, (b) Parent and family involvement, (c) Relationships, (d) Barriers as pre-service and in-service teachers: Resilience. The findings of this study indicate that all participants described their effectiveness as teachers through the implementation of specific strategies, intrinsic motivation for teaching Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students (CLDs), and the sense of commitment to being role models to their students. Additionally, the findings indicate how the participants were able to overcome barriers through resilience, support from colleagues, administrators, and family members. These participants/Latinx teachers have been teaching advocating, informing, and engaging their students, parent, and families for the past seventeen years, by providing them with resources and strategies to navigate the U.S. education system.