Protection Of Cultural Relics Research Articles

Water vapor condensation prevention and risk rating evaluation based on Yang Can’s tomb

Temperature and humidity variations in burial stone relics can easily cause water vapor condensation, which is an important factor leading to their deterioration. However, the water vapor condensation mechanism and the evaluation of risk ratings have always been difficult problems in the protection of cultural relics. In this study, the water vapor condensation mechanism in Yang Can's tomb was comprehensively investigated through on-site monitoring, indoor experiments and software simulations, on the basis of which a physical model of water vapor condensation in this tomb was established and a water vapor condensation risk rating assessment method was proposed. The proposed method considers the difference between the dew point and wall temperatures within the tomb (dew–wall temperature difference) and the duration of water vapor condensation, and corresponding preventive and control measures were formulated for different risk ratings. The study revealed that when the wall temperature of the chamber is lower than the dew point temperature, water vapor starts to condense. The larger the dew–wall temperature difference is, the greater the risk of condensation. In addition, specific water vapor condensation prevention and control measures were proposed for Yang Can's tomb, and the prevention and control effects were simulated. The simulation results showed that favorable prevention and control effects could be achieved, and the proposed measures could be applied in practice. This study holds notable significance for investigating the water vapor condensation mechanism and evaluating the risk ratings of burial stone relics and provides a theoretical basis and reference for water vapor condensation prevention and control in burial stone relics.

Determination of the temporal–spatial distribution patterns of ancient heritage sites in China and their influencing factors via GIS

In this paper, we analysed the temporal and spatial distributions of ancient archaeological sites in China as well as their influencing factors. Our aim was to reveal the developmental trajectory of Chinese civilisation and to explore the natural and cultural factors affecting human distribution, with the goal of providing insights for the conservation and development of ancient relics. We employed spatial analysis methods using ArcGIS 10.8 software, such as kernel density analysis and trend surface analysis, to analyse 1194 historical ancient sites listed in the National Cultural Relics Protection Units of China. The research findings are as follows: (1) the distribution of ancient sites demonstrates an agglomerative spatial pattern. The nearest neighbour index (R < 1) for sites from various historical periods indicates an agglomerative spatial distribution of ancient sites across historical periods, with the clustering degree being relatively poor for sites from the Wei-Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and in the Ming and Qing periods. The regions with a concentration of ancient sites are the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basins. Furthermore, there is a higher abundance of ancient sites in the southeastern region than in the northwestern region. (2) The distribution of ancient sites in different historical periods also exhibits an imbalance, with an overall decreasing trend in the number of ancient sites in China. Notably, more ancient sites were found for the prehistoric and pre-Qin periods. The temporal trend of ancient sites during historical periods follows a trajectory from northeast to northwest, northeast to southwest, etc. (3) The temporal and spatial distributions of ancient sites are influenced by multiple factors, including social development, the natural environment, geographical elements, and socioeconomic and political factors. Finally, based on an understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of ancient sites and the factors that influence this pattern, recommendations for conservation and development can be proposed and supported by modern technological methods, with the aim of offering insights for the protection and sustainable development of heritage sites.

Research on the Interpretation of Chinese Grotto Art Connotation and Digital Protection of Artificial Intelligence Based on National Self-confidence

Chinese Buddhist grottoes are the testimony of history and the crystallization of human technology and culture as well as the physical remains of human creative activities. The neutral shape of Buddha statues reflects the aesthetic pursuit of “neutralization” in traditional Chinese culture. The solemnity and gentleness of the Buddha statues are expressed through external modelling technique and line carvings, which embodies the characteristics of “conveying the spirit with form” in China culture. This paper analyzes China Grottoes’ art from the aspects of “meaning”, “god is outside the form”, “expressing the spirit with the form”, phonology, “charm” and “expressing the spirit with the lines” through literature review, and then analyzes the awareness of digital protection, technical methods and key projects at domestic and overseas. In recent years, the digital protection of cultural relics has been continuously improved under the multi-disciplinary application of artificial intelligence, which not only enhances the influence of cultural communication, but also makes cultural relics more powerful and dynamic. Through the restoration of Buddha statues by digital simulation and the planning of restoration projects through the precise measurement given by this digital models can realize the complete digital filing and permanent preservation of important cultural relics and improve the protection and utilization of digital cultural heritage.

From a traditional folk dwelling to a provincial-level cultural relic protection site - changes in the names and social memories of supervisory censor sun’s former residence

This is a qualitative study that examines the changes in the name of the Supervisory Censor Sun’s Former Residence in the context of its history from the Ming Dynasty to the present day, and the transformation and significance of the social memory of the Residence as it has changed under different social systems. The researcher used Maurice Halbwachs’ social memory theory to explain the social memories about the Residence from the Ming Dynasty to the present. Data were collected from the review on local literatures in Lianjiang County, a field study of the Residence, and interviews with key informants who used to live in the Residence. It is shown that the Supervisory Censor Sun’s Former Residence signifies power. The changes in the Residence name are closely related to changes in the social system. The Residence shapes different social memories under different social systems, and the social memories about the Residence have been constantly transformed with the development and change of social systems.

CPDC-MFNet: conditional point diffusion completion network with Muti-scale Feedback Refine for 3D Terracotta Warriors

Due to the antiquity and difficulty of excavation, the Terracotta Warriors have suffered varying degrees of damage. To restore the cultural relics to their original appearance, utilizing point clouds to repair damaged Terracotta Warriors has always been a hot topic in cultural relic protection. The output results of existing methods in point cloud completion often lack diversity. Probability-based models represented by Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models have recently achieved great success in the field of images and point clouds and can output a variety of results. However, one drawback of diffusion models is that too many samples result in slow generation speed. Toward this issue, we propose a new neural network for Terracotta Warriors fragments completion. During the reverse diffusion stage, we initially decrease the number of sampling steps to generate a coarse result. This preliminary outcome undergoes further refinement through a multi-scale refine network. Additionally, we introduce a novel approach called Partition Attention Sampling to enhance the representation capabilities of features. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated in the experiments on the real Terracotta Warriors dataset and public dataset. The experimental results conclusively demonstrate that our model exhibits competitive performance in comparison to other existing models.

Modelling and protection of grotto temples based on iterative closest point and Poisson

As a non-renewable cultural heritage, grotto temples face many value threats and the crises of rapid extinction. Due to the unique environment, diverse volume and complex geometric structure of grotto temples, cultural relic protection faces huge challenges. Digitisation has become the most important and effective preventive protection method. This study proposes a comprehensive modeling method, which uses three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning technology to obtain the point cloud data of grotto ruins, close range photogrammetry to obtain multi-angle and high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) image data, and through the fusion modelling of the laser point cloud and image dense matching point cloud, a complete geometric model of grotto is obtained. The registration method of the improved algorithm is based on Euclidean distance residual. The performance is better, with residuals mainly distributed in the range of 0.02 to 0.03 mm. In terms of texture mapping, the accuracy of model mapping is adjusted by adjusting the constraints of control points. The gray values of 50 pixels around the control points show significant gradient changes in the X direction, while the changes in the Y direction are relatively small. These methods and technologies provide practical and effective means for the protection and preservation of cultural relics in grotto temples.

In situ detection of spatial distribution information of temperature-pH-strain of sandstone cultural relics

To monitor in situ the temperature, pH, and micro-strain change information of sandstone artifacts in the process of oxalic acid corrosion, the temperature, pH, and micro-strain fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are developed. A theoretical model of the sensors is established. The surface morphology, material composition, pore structure, temperature, pH, and micro-strain of sandstone corroded by oxalic acid solutions of different concentrations are investigated. The experimental results show that the higher the concentration of oxalic acid, the stronger the corrosiveness of the sandstone. Ferrous oxalate and calcium oxalate produced by corrosion continuously precipitate from the inside of the rock, and the dual reaction of crystallization and dissolution occurs, reducing the proportion of fine pores in the rock pore suction and gravity. The oxalic acid solution is transported to the middle of the sandstone (3 cm) and undergoes the strongest chemical reaction with ore particles and debris, resulting in the maximum wavelength drift of the temperature, pH, and micro-strain sensors. The results of this study provide important support for analyzing the acid dissolution mechanism of stone cultural relics and the preventive protection of cultural relics.

Humidity /temperature/ pH multi-responsive fabric-based colorimetric sensor for detection and information encryption

Relative humidity (RH), temperature, and pH as important environmental parameters that are closely related to industry, agriculture, and people's life. Therefore, the development of a colorimetric sensor that can monitor the RH, temperature, and pH in real-time is highly desired. In this work, a fabric-based flexible colorimetric sensor is easily manufactured by screen printing the mixture of cresol red (CR), thymol blue (TB) and boric acid (H3BO3) on the fabric. Compared with the traditional single stimulus colorimetric sensor, this fabric device can respond to multiple stimulus factors including humidity, temperature, or pH. The simple coating treatment can endow the colorimetric sensor with fast response without compromising its flexibility. Exposed to different stimulus conditions, the colorimetric sensor has a unique color change effect, such as humidity-responsive pink-yellow, temperature-responsive yellow-pink, and pH-responsive pink-purple. The flexibility and versatility of the fabric sensors are showcased with the applications in temperature/humidity/pH detection, cultural relics protection and information encryption. We believe the colorimetric sensor would have potential in environmental monitoring, health care, encrypted information patterns, and intelligent wearables, etc.

Dilemma and Route Exploration of Cultural Heritage Conservation in the Context of Climate Change

Global climate change not only has a major and profound impact on human society, but also has an impact on cultural heritage that cannot be ignored. This article focuses on material cultural heritage. Under the current situation of cultural relics protection in China, it explores the impact of climate change on material cultural heritage such as movable cultural relics, immovable cultural relics, and buried undiscovered cultural relics, and briefly discusses the dilemma of protecting cultural relics and heritage under climate change, and put forward relevant protection countermeasures. It is anticipated that the research presented in this article will offer valuable guidance and serve as a reference for safeguarding cultural heritage and enhancing personnel training in response to climate change, while also laying the groundwork for preliminary explorations into cultural heritage preservation.

Effect of in-situ mineralization of calcium carbonate on the aging resistance of Wikstroemia bast fiber

Abstract Paper cultural relics, as the carriers of human civilization, inevitably deteriorate during the long-term storage. The restoration of those damaged or aged paper cultural relics is an important part of cultural relics protection. How to obtain the fiber with high permanence property is the key to the repair paper used to cultural relic restoration. Herein, in order to obtain high permanence lignocellulosic fiber, nano-CaCO3 was introduced inside the Wikstroemia bast fiber by in-situ mineralization. Under accelerated aging condition, the microstructure, chemical structure, crystallinity, degree of polymerization, variation of pH, alkali reserve and mechanical strength of the fiber before and after mineralization were studied. The results showed that nano-CaCO3 had no obvious effect on the properties of paper prepared from those mineralized fibers, but it can effectively neutralize the acid generated inside the fiber, slow down the degradation rate of cellulose and improve the permanence of the paper during the aging process. It provides a new insight for the manufacture of repair paper for cultural relics restoration.

Research on spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of national cultural relics protection units in Shanxi Province

This study takes 530 national cultural relics protection units in Shanxi Province as the research object, and uses mathematical statistics and GIS spatial analysis methods to explore the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of national cultural relics protection units in Shanxi Province. The results show that there are differences in the number of national cultural relics protection units in Shanxi Province during different historical periods, showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The formation of various types of national cultural relics protection units has a relatively concentrated historical period. The distribution center of national cultural relics protection units in Shanxi Province has changed with historical periods, showing a migration characteristic in the direction of south northeast southeast south southeast northwest northeast. The national cultural relics protection units in Shanxi Province are in a clustered distribution state, and the clustering characteristics of different types of national security units are also different. The gradient distribution characteristics of national cultural relics protection units in different administrative cities are obvious. The spatial and temporal distribution of national cultural relics protection units in Shanxi Province is influenced by factors such as topography, river systems, and transportation.

Image Classification and Restoration of Ancient Textiles Based on Convolutional Neural Network

Ancient textile images have a variety of styles and themes, and the classification of different types of textiles provides a reliable reference for the protection and restoration of cultural relics. Due to the low efficiency of traditional classification methods and the low accuracy of classification, the image restoration of textiles takes longer and the repair effect is poor. Therefore, this paper takes ancient textile images as the research object and selects YOLOv4–ViT collaborative identification network (YOLOv4–ViT network) and generative adversarial networks (GAN) restoration model from a variety of network models to classify and restore ancient textile images. In this work, YOLOv4–ViT network is used to recognize and classify pattern elements in ancient textile images. Then, according to the classification results, restoration training of ancient textiles was carried out using an improved GAN restoration model, for which the final classification accuracy reached 92.78% and the repair result even took only 1.5 s. On this basis, a reliable retrieval and restoration system is designed to realize the repair of damaged textile images, reduce the difficulty of repair, and help users retrieve and browse different categories of ancient textile images, thus solve the problems of slow retrieval speed in traditional retrieval methods and poor restoration effect of ancient textile images.

Study on the application of laser technology in the restoring and transformation of PbS on painted cultural relics

Lead white darkening is a common disease in all kinds of painted cultural relics. In this study, a combination of laser and photodynamic technology was used to achieve controlled restoration of lead sulfide at the lead darkening site on the painted layer of cultural relics by laser catalysis with porphyrin to produce singlet oxygen. The chromatic change, micromorphology and chemical composition were systematically studied for a simulated sample with the lead darkening part of the painted layer. The results show that laser catalytic treatment can repair the color darkening that occurs by the PbS formation, while no obvious changes to the pore and microparticle structure of the painted layer and the base. In this study, the pollutant of lead sulfide was proved to be converted into lead sulfate by oxidation, and then was converted to lead white by precipitation, which was the original composition of the pigment. It is also found that the laser catalytic treatment method can effectively avoid basic layer damages of cultural relics, especially for the papers, the silks and other organic materials. This technology not only provides a new approach for the restoration and transformation of PbS on painted cultural relics, but also makes available new applications for the laser and photodynamic technology in the field of cultural relics protection.

Preservation or Revitalization? Examining the Conservation Status and Destructive Mechanisms of Tulou Heritage in Raoping, Chaozhou, China

ABSTRACT Tulou is an ancient and remarkable residential heritage that has garnered global attention for their distinctive form and spatial layout that serves both defensive and settlement purposes. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the current preservation status of tulou, based on a field investigation of 83 officially recognized cultural relic protection units and immovable cultural relic tulou in Raoping County, Chaozhou City, Guangdong Province. This study focuses on primary damage conditions such as adding doors and windows on external rammed earth walls, replacing roofing materials, additional construction and overall reconstruction, while also revealing the mechanism of hollowing destruction. The study proposes utilizing the “Rural Revitalization” initiative, which is currently being vigorously advocated by the government, as an opportunity to introduce diversified functions into the protection and revitalization of tulou buildings. This will ensure that the tulou are preserved to their fullest extent while also allowing them to continue serving contemporary community life and establishing a new spiritual connection with modern-day villagers. This study offers realistic and comprehensive insights into the current state of tulou heritage preservation, as well as active and effective guidance for preserving and renovating not only tulou but also other residential architectural heritage around the world.

Genetic testing and microstructure characterization of biological crusts on the rammed soil surface at the Shanhaiguan great wall in China

Protection of cultural relics and sites is of great significance. In this study, the new gray-green thin-layer biological crust on the rammed soil surface at the Shanhaiguan Great Wall in China was found. The emergence of this material has substantially improved the resistance of the rammed Earth Great Wall to rain erosion. 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the surface crusts of rammed Earth was performed. Results show the biological crusts were mainly algae-based composite crusts containing fungi. At the genus level, microalgae and Sphingomycetes were predominant. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), algae filaments dominated by filamentous algae overlapped and intertwined with each other. Furthermore, polysaccharide organic matter secreted by algae formed a covering film. The two formed a complex spatial network structure to envelop soil particles, which enhances erosion resistance. The conformable biological crusting is expected to be used as a new civil engineering material for the protection of rammed Earth sites in the future.

Novel Life Prediction Method of PMMA for Cultural Relics Protection Based on the BP Neural Network.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is widely used in the preservation and exhibition of cultural relics in museums. Accurately predicting its service life can help avoid many negative effects caused by PMMA aging. To study the change in the yellowing index of PMMA after aging in a UV light environment, an aging experiment was conducted. A prediction model for the service life of PMMA was established using nonlinear curve fitting and a back propagation (BP) neural network. By comparing the goodness of fit, simulation and modeling capabilities of the initial data, and the predictive ability for new data, it was found that the BP neural network prediction model outperformed the nonlinear curve fitting prediction model. In this study, the service life of newly produced PMMA samples was calculated as 7.83, 8.47, and 8.42 years, based on the yellowing index of retired PMMA as a benchmark and using the output data from the BP neural network prediction model. At this time, the performance and exhibition effect of the PMMA are poor, and the batch of PMMA needs to be updated.

Study on Protection Measures and Risk Management Strategies for Cultural Relics and Artworks

Works of art and cultural relics are an important part of the Chinese cultural heritage, and every piece of art and cultural relic contains a rich historical story behind it. Moreover, works of art and cultural relics also represent the image of the country and indicate the long history of Chinese civilization; At the same time, art and artifacts are valuable resources and achievements for historical research and education. However, with the rise of the art market and the excavation of cultural relics, more and more works of art and cultural relics are subject to the risk of damage. Hence, the protection of works of art and cultural relics is urgent. The article analyzes and describes the current situation and ways of artwork and cultural relics protection through the risk factors of artwork and cultural relics, relevant laws, and the protection aspects of artwork and cultural relics. This study will use case analysis and comparative analysis research methods to explore the protection methods and protection degrees of different aspects of cultural relics and artwork protection, such as physical, digital, and legal. It also reflects the importance of cultural relics and works of art in the country and the role of cultural heritage through the importance of protecting cultural relics and artworks.

Ultrabright Acrylic Polymers with Tunable Fluorescence Enabled by Imprisoning Single TICT Probe.

Bright and colorful fluorescent polymers are ideal materials for a variety of applications. Although polymers could be made fluorescent by physical doping or chemical binding of fluorescent units, it is a great challenge to get colorful and highly emissive polymers with a single fluorophore. Here the development of a general and facile method to synthesize ultrabright and colorful polymers using a single twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) probe is reported. By incorporating polymerizable, highly fluorescent, and environmental sensitive TICT probe, a series of colorful acrylic polymers (emission from 481 to 543nm) with almost 100% fluorescence quantum yields are prepared. Like the solvatochromic effect, functional groups within side chains of acrylic polymers (including alkyl chain, tetrahydrofurfuryl group, and hydroxyl group) provide varied environmental polarity for the incorporated fluorophore, resulting in a series of colorful polymeric materials. Benefiting from the excellent photophysical properties, the polymers show great potential in encryption, cultural relics protection, white light-emitting diode bulb making, and fingerprint identification.

Impact of Rock Matrix Seepage on Hollowing and Cracking of Surface Restoration Layer in the Leshan Giant Buddha

ABSTRACT The degradation of stone cultural heritage due to weathering has posed significant challenges in cultural relics preservation. This study focuses on the role of seepage in rock weathering and its effects on the interface between the rock matrix and the restoration layer of stone cultural relics. Specifically, a hydraulic-mechanical coupling model was developed for the rock-restoration layer interface of the Leshan Giant Buddha. The stress distribution and seepage characteristics in the rock matrix were analyzed, revealing the influence of seepage on interface stress, cracking, and hollowing of the restoration layer. The following conclusions are obtained through the research:Seepage at the interface between the rock matrix and the restoration layer leads to cracking and hollowing, creating obstacles in the protection of cultural relics; shear stress at the interface between the rock matrix and the restoration layer is the main cause of cracking in the repaired layer; uneven distribution of bonding strength between the repaired layer and the bedrock results in differential cracking and eventually forms a bulge; the properties and lithology of the rock matrix significantly affect interface deformation during seepage, exerting a direct impact on the cracking of the repaired layer. These findings have important practical implications for the preventive protection of the Leshan Giant Buddha and other stone cultural heritage sites. By understanding the mechanisms of seepage-induced cracking, conservation efforts can be enhanced, leading to more effective preservation of these significant cultural symbols.

Ag/ZIF‐8/polyacrylonitrile flexible SERS substrate with high sensitivity for the surface corrosion analysis

AbstractThe development of a novel and reliable surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for the surface corrosion analysis of bronze relics is an attractive research topic in cultural relic protection. A high‐performance SERS substrate was developed in the current investigation using Ag/ZIF‐8/Polyacrylonitrile (Ag/ZIF‐8/PAN) nanofibers. Silver nanoparticles were grown in situ by zeolite imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) nanoparticles, and the substrate was examined in the surface corrosion analysis of bronze relics. In situ, growth of silver nanoparticles was ensured by the porous structure and active centers on ZIF‐8, coated on PAN nanofibers. Simultaneously, the adsorption of harmful rust‐alkaline copper chloride was enhanced on the surface of bronze relics. The extensive metal network was perturbed by the deposits, which substantially increased the intensity of the Raman characteristic peaks of the test objects. The signal strength of alkaline copper chloride at 118 cm−1 on the bronze surface increased from 1094 to 20,790. The exceptional SERS performance of silver nanoparticles with sharp edges demonstrates that the synergistic effect of ZIF‐8 nanoparticles and PAN nanofibers offers a considerable number of Raman‐enhanced hot spots. These results indicate that MOF‐based nanostructures offer a novel approach to enhancing the morphology of silver nanoparticles and expanding their potential applications in the field of cultural relic protection.