Cultural Layers Research Articles

KOCHKARI I – A NEW LATE MESOLITHIC SITE IN THE FOREST-STEPPE VOLGA REGION (THE RESEARCH RESULTS)

The paper introduces the Late Mesolithic complex of the Kochkari I site (Krasny Yar District, Samara Region) and discusses evidence obtained with science methods. The authors outline the site location and the history of its study. The stratigraphy of the site and the results of palynological analysis of the cultural layer are described. The article features detailed information about the inventory categories with an emphasis on the tool complex. Based on radiocarbon dating, the chronological framework of the Kochkari I site functioning was established. The typological analysis of the flint complex and absolute age data made it possible to determine the place of the site within the system of region’s Mesolithic antiquities. The authors consider the issue of correlation between Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic complexes of the forest-steppe Volga region.

Керамический комплекс из раскопок усадьбы Гилёвых, на пересечении улиц Пушкина и Первомайская в городе Екатеринбурге: технико-типологический анализ и морфология посуды XIX — начала XX вв.

The article presents the results of a technical, typological and morphological analysis of a ceramic complex (crockery) obtained during excavations of a site of the cultural layer of the modern era (19th — early 20th centuries) within Pushkin - Pervomaiskaya - Tolmacheva streets in Ekaterinburg, which is the courtyard of the Gilevs burgher estate. It provides a detailed description of the stages of formation of the site itself and a biography of the inhabitants of the house from 1810/15 to 1912, as well as some data from archaeological work, a significant part of which is the analysis of the clothing complex. Dealing with such type of archaeological source, as archaeological ceramics, is of particular interest due to the limited data in written sources about the types and places of pottery production in Ekaterinburg from the late 18th to early 19th centuries. Describing and identifying the types of ceramics obtained, firstly, allows determining the crockery types and starting creation of a typology of the 19th — early 20th centuries dishes, used in everyday life by residents of the estate, and more broadly, the city. And, secondly, it allows combination and comprehensive analysis of data from written and archaeological sources. For Ekaterinburg, such work based on archaeological sources is relevant and interesting; it is presented in an expanded format for the first time.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИИ НЕОЛИТА–ЭНЕОЛИТА НИЖНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

In the Low Volga region, the diversity of cultures seems to have manifested itself particularly evident in such transition periods as the Neolithic and the Eneolithic when metallurgy and domestication appeared. However, a reliable source base must support these suggestions. Recently discovered sites characterized by clear stratigraphy as well as settlements with a single cultural layer give more additional information. A marker of the Later Neolithic in the pottery typology is the influx inside of vessel corolla. The combing technique in the ornamentation of vessels is an indicator of non-local culture. Stone maces can be a marker of the Later Neolithic. The lack of copper items makes it difficult to attribute the complexes to the Early Eneolithic. The morphological features of pottery could not be clearly a criterion of belonging to the Early Metal epoch. Syncretic signs can be explained by both transition features and coexistence. Quantitative indicators of stone tools do not indicate the attribution to later stages like vestigial Neolithic or Neo-Neolithic periods. Forming radiocarbon dates array makes the question about the coexistence of Neolithic and Eneolithic cultures clearer. It is possible to determine the transition periods. A criterion of that can be a change of raw material base, the technique of an enhanced push-up for stone tool production, the arrow points with double-sided retouching, preservation of liner technology, the change of vessel shapes and system of pottery ornamentation, development of domestication. The paleoclimatic factors influenced the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Eneolithic as well.

Комплекс среднего неолита геоархеологического объекта Падь Долгая II (юго-западное побережье Байкала)

This article presents the results of the analysis of materials from complex of the II-nd cultural layer of the geoarchaeological site Pad Dolgaya 2, which was excavated in 1988. The multilayer site is located on the southwestern coast of Lake Baikal, in 34 km southwest from the Buguldeika village. For the first time, a stratigraphic section of this object is published and its description is given. A household complex was revealed, including pottery of the Posolsk type with a thickening of the rim with a subtriangular molding on the outside, stone artifacts and faunal remains (mainly young seals). Vessels ornamented in the classic Posolsk type tradition are prevail. In a number of cases, tendencies towards simplification of the ornamental scheme and leveling of the thickening of the rim were noted. Probably, the site was seasonal and was aimed at hunting seals. Hunting for hoofed animals (red deer) and, probably, fishing were secondary. On the basis of stratigraphic observations and analogies with materials from reference objects of the Baikal region, dated by the radiocarbon AMS method, complex of the II-nd layer of the Pad Dolgaya 2 site belongs to the Middle Neolithic and is dated within 6840-6300 cal. BP. The presented materials make it possible to more fully characterize the Middle Neolithic complexes of the coast of Lake Baikal and the Baikal region. The stratigraphic situation, high-quality and informative material constitute a reliable source base, which can be a reference in the study of the cultural and economic activities of the ancient population of the region.

화성 천천리 구석기 유적(2021년 발굴) 석기 분석

The investigation of a site for the new building of a factory in Cheoncheon-ri, Maesong-myeon, Hwaseong City, Gyeonggi-do, a paleolithic cultural layer was excavated. At the distance of around over 50m on the other side of a lane on the northwestern side of this point, the Hwaseong Cheoncheon-ri Paleolithic Site that had been excavated in 2014 is located. At the time, as a result of the excavation that had been limited to 60㎡, it has been reported that the site was formed from the Late Middle Paleolithic to the Early Upper Paleolithic. It was also estimated that the Paleolithic cultural layer had been distributed widely around this area. We had analyzed with lithic artefacts on Hwaseong Cheoncheon-ri Paleolithic Site had been excavated in 2021. Even though It had been excavated a small scale with a total of 200㎡, 125 pieces of the lithic astefacts had been yielded including the sample investigation while showing a degree of concentration. Excavated lithic artefacts are classified into 4 groups; 96 pieces of the primary products derived from the tool-manufacturing process, 23 pieces of tools, 3 pieces of striking tools for the edged tool-manufacturing, 3 pieces of the raw materials, etc. A total of 102 pieces of artefacts that can be interpreted as the tool-manufacturing process are about 82% of the total. Considering that had been excavated only a small part of the cultural layer of the entire at the present, it is difficult to understanding of the clear and definite personalities of the site. When seen with the investigation performance until now, a part of the lithic workshop that had a scale was revealed. In addition, it can be seen that a point where the specific tools, including end-scraper, awl, bec, etc., had been used more emphatically had been excavated. Indeed, It can be assumed as a base-camp where regarding the production of tool-manufacturing and use. A total of 23 tools were excavated from the cultural layer, the kinds are the following: Hand axe(1), large end-scraper(2), end-scraper(6), awl(4), scraper(2), bec(3), retouched debris(4), utilized debris(1), etc. Especially, compared with the curvature of the edge from the end-scraper, it can be seen that the 3 groups including the large, the middle, and the small-sized. Indeed, it is estimated that the handling of the leather by using the end-scraper and a series of the work that were related to the processing had been materialized. In the case of the awl, an edge was simply retouched at the distal part of the flake. It can be seen as a retouch method that had utilized the form of the blank well. A total of 18 pieces of flakes were excavated. Among these, it is characteristic that the traces of the reshaping of the flakes of the 7 pieces had remained. The reshaping is distinguished into 2 kinds of methods. One is the method of flaking in the width direction of the flake. And another thing is flaking in the direction of the thickness. With the wide direction flaking get formed the slanting facet and the edge. And with the thickness direction flaking gets a facet. Each is distinguished into 3 pieces and 4 pieces. In relation to the tool-manufacturing, it is presumed to be an edge or a holder for each. Also, if the following are synthesized; an aspect that the length of the flakes are shorter than the length of debitage surfaces of cores, an aspect that the frequency of the punctiform or the linear butt of flakes are high, an aspect that the reshaping of the flakes are confirmed as 7 pieces, etc., we can infer that with the original flakes as the blank, it was flaked once again at the lithic workshop. To speak differently, it directly shows that the case in which a smaller flake was flaked again from the original flake had been frequent. And regarding this, instead of using as a blank that smaller flake, it can be seen as a retouch technuque that is related to the tool-manufacturing. In conclusion,

Clay figurines from Agarak

The archaeological site of Agarak is located southwest of a homonymous village in the Aragatsotn province of the Republic of Armenia. The excavated segment of the Agarak site is the northern rock platform which is divided into two parts by the Yerevan-Gyumri highway. The site was excavated during 2001-2014. Systematic excavations of Agarak revealed that the occupational phases of the stie date from the 29th century BC to the Late Middle Ages. This article discusses the Early Bronze Age figurines discovered in the L10 quadrant of the site. The figurines were found from the surroundings of the retaining wall bordering the rock platform, within disturbed cultural layers outside the retaining wall, resulting from later human activity. The pottery fragments inside the cracks of the rock platform and the lower layer of a dwelling built from cobblestone attest to Early Bronze Age human habitation on the rock platform.

Верхний палеолит предгорий Северного Тянь-Шаня: вопросы хронологии и культурной атрибуции

The study of the Upper Paleolithic in the foothills of the Northern Tien Shan has no long history. The first discoveries of archaeological sites of that period were carried out only in the early 21st century. Nevertheless, several sites of the Upper Paleolithic found here are being studied with varying degrees of intensity. The most studied of them are the Maibulak and Rakhat sites. Both sites are multi-layered. The sequences of cultural deposits mutually complement each other. The cultural layers of the sites lie in multi-meter deposits of loess-like loams. The specificity of sedimentation significantly influenced the high degree of preservation of cultural remains. At different levels such features as: charcoal spots, burn spots, hearths, storage pits were found. This fact, with a high degree of probability, indicates the undisturbed pattern of the archaeological complexes in each of the cultural layers. The remains of settlements of the Early Upper Paleolithic (~40,000-28,000 years ago) are most clearly represented on the Maibulak site. The Rakhat site was actively populated in the Middle Upper Paleolithic and at the beginning of the Late Upper Paleolithic (~28,000-19,000 years ago). Based on the archaeological data, it can be concluded that the development of the Upper Paleolithic in the region as a cultural unit lies in the same stream of evolutionary direction with the western part of Eurasia. The significant originality is noted in the lithic assemblages of different stages of the Upper Paleolithic. Thus, the study of the Upper Paleolithic in this territory, located between the large cultural areas of Europe, Western Asia, on the one hand, and Siberia, East Asia, on the other, is of great scientific importance.

Inspecting human evolution from a cave. Late Neanderthals and early sapiens at Grotta di Fumane: present state and outlook.

Of the many critical phases of human evolution, one of the most investigated is the transition from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic with the pivotal bio-cultural substitution of Neanderthals by Homo sapiens in Western Eurasia. The complexity of this over ten thousands years phase raises from the ensemble of evidence ascribed to the diverse adaptations expressed by Neanderthals and the first representatives of our species. In countless archaeological records Neanderthals left clear traces of a cultural variability dotted with innovations in the technology of stone and bone tools, alongside with manifestations in the range of the symbolic sphere. Together with other aspects of daily life, this evidence contributes shedding light on the cognitive aptitudes of those hominins and reassessing gaps in Pleistocene human diversities. Among archaeological contexts, the cave of Fumane in the Monti Lessini (Veneto Pre-Alps, northeastern Italy) is a key site. It is positioned along the potential trajectory of hominins moving into southern Europe from eastern and southeastern regions and includes a finely layered sedimentary sequence with cultural layers ascribed to the Mousterian, Uluzzian, Aurignacian and Gravettian. The ensemble constitutes one of the most complete, detailed and dated continental stratigraphic series from a segment of the late Pleistocene between 50 and 30 ka cal BP in a cave context of Southern Europe. Assessments based on sedimentological and palaeontological record provide indicators for framing Neanderthals in their respective ecological contexts since the late Middle Pleistocene until their demise during MIS3. On-going research is producing data ascribable to the human ecological relations and the interaction with specific natural resources, thus contributing to shed light on the complexity of Neanderthal behavior. Thanks to the high-resolution archaeological record of the earliest appearances of Homo sapiens, Fumane also provides clues to compare life, subsistence, and cultures between these Pleistocene hominins for comprehensive reasonings on our unicity.

KULUNIGIY 5 SETTLEMENT: THE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND NEW DISCOVERIES

Kulunigiy 5 settlement is a multi-layered monument located in the Middle Ob region, near the village of Ugut in the Surgut district of KhMAO-Yugra. The uniqueness of the monument is due to the large number and high concentration of archaeological structures on a relatively small area. Archaeological structures within the boundaries of the territory of the settlement differ in shape, size and cultural and chronological belonging. The earliest cultural layers of the monument can be attributed to the Mesolithic era, and the latest - the Middle Ages. Objective: systematization of data on the history of the archaeological study of the settlement Kulunigiy 5 and introduction to a wide scientific circulation of the main results of the discoveries of 1996-2021. Research materials: Reporting and project documentation from the branch archive of the scientific and production association «Northern Archeology-1» of Nefteyuganskand the latest scientific publications on the research topic. Results and novelty of the research: The data on the history of the archaeological study of the Kulunigy 5 settlement and their main results for the period 1996-2021 are systematized and introduced into wide scientific circulation, prospects and main directions of archaeological research are outlined on the basis of data obtained during field work.

Ancient metalworking at Yodhawewa site, Sri Lanka: tracing the archaeological and geochemical relationship by analyzing soil and slags

The Yodhawewa archaeometallurgical site was the latest discovery in Sri Lanka in 2018. This study aimed to trace the archaeological and geochemical relationship by analyzing the soil and slags of the site dating back to the c. first to eighth centuries AD. The analysis was mainly based on the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method. The soil chemistry resulted in some clues to special metal processing zones in the excavation-1 area. The cultural layers of that area (profiles 1 and 2) showed relatively high copper composition (max. 470 ppm), and crucible fragments containing copper particles were also detected in the same layers. The vertical distribution of soil elements and their correlations with TiO2 suggested that long-term metal activity may have affected changes in environmental soil chemistry. Relatively high phosphorus was indicated in the soil-related furnace wall, suggesting the artificial addition of organic matter to the clay body during the furnace wall construction to withstand the high temperatures. High iron slag (HIS) varies from 12.96 to 49.63 wt% of Fe2O3 and shows high MnO, P2O5, and V. Lightweight amorphous/glassy slags (LIS) associated with secondary refining have low iron content and a high CaO and Sr composition.

Влияние идеальных политических представлений на восприятие разных лидерских ролей

The paper is focused on Russian citizens’ ideal views on leaders playing different political roles. In the theoretical part of the paper the author analyses these ideal views in the context of various political, psychological and sociological concepts. The theoretical model is developed within the framework of political perception theory.
 The basis for the empirical part of the paper was the study of an ideal leader’s image in the mass consciousness of the Russians, conducted in 2020 in 11 Russian regions. It studied the images of the ideal president, governor and deputy. This paper describes the results and compares the views on ideal political leaders playing different roles. The results of the study revealed differences and similarities in the ideal images of three types of leaders, showed the correlation between the ideal and the real images, demonstrated the persistence of ideal images in the dee­pest layers of Russian political culture, and the influence of these ideal images on the perception of real political leaders.

Aesthetic Dimension of Sacred Monody in Cultural and Educational Environment in Ukraine in 17th Century

The purpose of the article. The paper is devoted to the influence of the Greek-Byzantine spiritual heritage on the Ukrainian cultural and educational environment. The methodology of the study uses the historical-chronological method to reproduce the sequence of development of the sacred monody in European culture, primarily in Ukraine. The method of analysis and comparison has been used to identify common and distinctive international features of the development of sacred monody. The method of material synthesis helped summarise all the important conditions for the development of Ukrainian monophonic singing. The scientific novelty of the work is that it consistently examines the influence Byzantine monody on Ukrainian liturgical practice. The study is based on the practice of colophonic style of the Byzantine sacred monody. Conclusions. The aesthetic canons of the Greek-Byzantine spiritual culture were fully adapted with the Christian rite and reflected in the sacred monody. In the future, this determined the implementation of important church and educational reforms in the 16th century and the development of all layers of Ukrainian culture. At the same time, educational centres were developed, and printing houses at brotherly schools provided schoolchildren with the necessary textbooks. And what is important, all children without exception already at the initial stage of education got to know and studied the first notated collections of sacred monody, spreading the ancient traditions of singing in all social strata of society.
 Key words: aesthetics, sacred monody, neumes, five-line notation, medieval singing, colophonic style, irmologion, church music education.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE MUGINSKY SITE IN 2021

The paper provides the results of the archaeological exploration of the Muginsky site (Akushinsky district of the Republic of Dagestan) and paleobotanical analysis of the obtained material. As a result of the investigations carried out, various archeological materials, mainly ceramic ware, have been uncovered. The finds of a fragment of a stone mace head and a flint knife-shaped blade are of particular interest. In addition, a large number of animal bones, mainly of small cattle, were found. Exploration of the Muginsky site have provided new and important material for the cultural and historical characteristics of the culture of the central part of Mountainous Dagestan and the chronology of the site, allowed us to determine the two-layered nature of the site and date it to the final phase of the Eneolithic (Layer 4) and the Middle Bronze Age (Layer 3). The radiocarbon dating for Layer 3, with calibration (1770 ± 50 BC), attributes it between the 19th–18th centuries BC. Paleobotanical examination of finds from the cultural layer of the Muginsky site has revealed an atypical combination of barley and rye grains. The rye grains found are the earliest evidence of the presence of this cereal in the Eastern Caucasus, which raises the question of the time and ways of dissemination of this cultivated crop from the primary area. This subject requires further research and obtaining more extensive paleobotanical collections from cultural layers and the resource zone around sites. This will expand our understanding of the economic activities of the local population, such as the development of agriculture and the emergence of terraced agriculture.

RECONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULARITIES OF ANCIENT HUMAN ACTIVITY BASED ON GEOCHEMICAL AND SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SOTK-2 SITE (REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA)

The article presents the results of the first joint soil-archaeological investigations on the territory of the Republic of Armenia. The cultural layers of the Sotk-2 site, located on the southeastern coast of Lake Sevan, were chosen as the object of study. The Sotk-2 played a special role in the settlement system in the region, as it is located on the way to the Bronze Age gold mine. A multi-layered settlement has been recorded here, which settled from the early Bronze Age until the early Iron Age (with certain interruptions). However, only the Bronze Age layer was characterized by the presence of anthropogenic deposits, while only scattered artifacts identified other periods of occupation. As part of joint research, samples were taken from the previous excavated trenches at the archaeological site in August 2021 for laboratory analysis. Analysis of the chemical and microbiological properties of cultural layers made it possible, for the first time on the archaeological monuments of this type, to identify periods with the lowest and highest intensity of human activity, as well as to establish the infrastructural features of the settlement. The strongest anthropogenic impact took place during the formation of the Middle – Late Bronze Age layer. Places for cooking and household pits were localized, where an increased concentration of organic phosphorus, copper, manganese, lanthanum was observed, as well as high microbial biomass and lipase activity. In another site of the settlement in the layer of the Middle – Late Bronze Age, an increased concentration of calcium, strontium and magnesium was revealed, which indicates the possibility of butchering fish in this place. The lowest residential load on the Sotk-2 site, according to soil analysis, took place in the early Bronze Age.

Palynological Research of Bohai Abrikosovsky Settlement (Primorsky Krai)

For the first time palynological research was carried out on the Abrikosovsky settlement, located in the Krounovka river valley. This site is dated back to the epoch of the Bohai state (698–926). It was determined that during its existence there were transformations of surrounding landscape associated with climatic and anthropogenic causes. Several stages of the settlement development have been defined. Pollen of cultivated, edible wild plants and industrial crops were found in the cultural layer sediments. The inhabitants of the settlement could use stalks of nettle or hemp for the production of textiles. Reed could be one of the building materials (fascine making), its phytoliths were found in the cultural layer. It was determined that one of the natural disasters was recurring strong freshets and floods in the second half of the summer.

Gun and Fire Lighter Flints, Gun Supplies from the “Russian” Cultural Layers of the Fortress of Azov of the 17th–18th Centuries

During the 17th–18th centuries, the fortress of Azov played an extremely important role in the geopolitics of the Russian state and the Ottoman Empire. During the period of the “Azov sitting” (1637–1642) Azov was the base of the Don Cossacks, and under Peter I (1696–1711) it provided Russia with control over the Azov basin and gave access to the Black Sea. Under the terms of the Treaty of the Pruth, in 1711 Azov returned to the power of Turkey. In 1736 it was recaptured by Russian troops. Azov finally passed to Russia in 1774 under the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji, and in 1775–1782 it was the center of the Azov province. Cultural layers of Azov of 17th––18th– centuries considerably damaged as a result of repeated destruction of a fortress and its subsequent reconstruction. Among the findings, a relatively small series of gunflints, parts of tinderbox and lead bullets are revealed by the authors.

Komintern III Settlement of the Golden Horde Epoch in Tatarstan

The paper deals with the materials of one of the settlements of the Golden Horde epoch – the III Komintern settlement, located in the Spassky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The settlement occupies the edge of the above-meadow terrace of the Aktay River. Together with the II Komintern settlement it was a large rural center associated with handicrafts and trade. Unfortunately, a large part of the settlement was destroyed by waters of the Kuibyshev reservoir and all artefacts collected in the 1960s – early 2000s and published in this paper were found on eroded cultural layer. As the analysis of the material has shown, the III Komintern settlement was a craft part of this settlement and a pier where goods were unloaded. The peculiarity of its material culture is in a large number of fragments of cast-iron cauldrons. They are represented by standard forms (types Ч-3 m Ч-4), as well as a rare type – Ч-9, with three legs, having analogies in Chinese and Far Eastern materials of the 12th – 14th centuries. Pottery is represented by fragments of jugs, pots, bowls. Hand-made and corrected on a wheel pottery (bowls, pots, etc.) contains additives to clay: sand, crushed stone and dry clay. There is a group of so-called "Slavonic type" ceramics, typical for the sites of the second half of the 14th century. In other respects, the finds are characteristic of settlements that existed during the late 13th – early 15th centuries. The Komintern archaeological complex is interesting because it demonstrates the dynamics of the development of flood-plain settlements on the Lower Kama and their material culture throughout the Golden Horde period. It evolved from the Peschany Ostrov type settlement that appeared at the end of 13th – beginning of the 15th century to a trade and craft settlement during the middle – second half of the 14th – beginning of the 15th century.

A duoethnographic exploration of colonialism in the cultural layer of the objective psyche.

Using a duoethnological approach, supported by Jung's theory of archetypes and the layered objective psyche, the paper demonstrates how a duoethnological encounter can lead to new formulations of archetypal theory that challenge attitudes to diversity. The paper arises from the authors' desire to explore the shame and pain of colonialism, initially in a diversity workshop and later by way of duoethnological dialogue, using transcripts of recorded conversation between the authors as well as email exchange. Notions of a colonizer archetype and ethnic shadow are presented and elaborated. The six conceptualized themes in relation to the exploration of colonialism in the cultural layer of the objective psyche are as follows: (1) Belonging, (2) The layered psyche and our understanding of difference, (3) Facing the ethnic shadow, (4) The colonizing archetype in the consulting room, (5) The exploration of colonial structures in the psyche and, lastly, (6) Valuing emancipatory encounter. These themes support an argument for the praxis of societal and internal encounters in order to raise the colonizer archetype and split off shadow material to consciousness, in the hope of bringing about a personal and cultural shift away from oppression.

Repeated Palaeofloods of 8.2–6.4 ka and Coeval Rise of Neonatal Culture in the Upper Yangtze River, China

Flood events have long been very frequent along the Yangtze River in Chongqing, China. A complete sedimentary sequence of alluvia, found in the Yuxi profile (YXP) was applied to explore features of the palaeoflood layers that maintained records related to the contexts of flooding hydroclimate. The AMS14C dating results dependent on animal bones from the YXP validate that the chronology of the palaeoflood layers was dated, between ca. 8200 and 6400 a BP, and multiple cultural layers were intercut among these palaeoflood layers. By means of particle size and end-member analyses for the palaeoflood sediments, the fractions of fine silt and clay in deposits account for a high proportion of the flood sediments, suggesting that the overbank flood was the main power in building the palaeoflood layers. Due to the climatic episodes defined by pollen assemblages, the thickness of the flood layers is positively correlated with soil erosion because of different hydrothermal conditions. The wavelet spectra of the mean particle-size series also suggest that there may be two major palaeoflooding cycles of ~700 and ~30 years. Despite the sustained palaeoflooding, the Yuxi Culture grew from small to big, and was never broken off, in terms of the findings of artificial remains in the YXP.

Interpreting living urban-industrial heritage: The Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham

In light of the studies related to the theory of interpretation of cultural heritage sites, the holistic interpretation approach of heritage areas has developed, and a new interpretation culture has emerged. It includes new approaches, local and regional interpretation strategies, new policies and comprehensive analysis and evaluations. The new interpretation culture is important not only to produce interpretation themes, but also to the transfer and sustainability of the values of heritage sites that need to be preserved to the society. In this context, studies are being brought up in order to find the most appropriate ways to understand and transfer living urban heritage sites; tangible and intangible values, existing or non-existent urban structures, ongoing or non-existent social and cultural practices, used or ongoing structures and all cultural and historical layers of areas. Beyond the current interpretation studies carried out for the heritage sites, it is important to develop interpretation strategies including the historical importance of the areas for living urban heritage sites and therefore complex cultural heritage areas, the connections to the places, cultural and social relations networks, urban memory, and the spirit of the place. For this purpose, the study focuses primarily on the critical viewpoint of theoretical content of the interpretation of cultural heritage sites. In the light of theoretical and practical knowledge, the research then concentrates on key themes and discussions on heritage interpretation in the UK. Accordingly, the research discusses the interpretation strategies in the Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham which is the one of the most influential areas by means of historical urban-industrial heritage site.