Cultural Institutions In Poland Research Articles

R, Cultural Cultural Participation in a Pandemic Reality

The subject of the considerations was cultural participation in a pandemic reality and the resulting consequences and challenges for cultural institutions in Poland. Their identification was the main objective of the exploratory and problem-oriented article. The conclusions were based on rich literature, the results of research conducted by various specialized institutions in the form of reports and exemplification of selected practices used by cultural institutions in the field of access to cultural goods. The results obtained revealed changes in the ways and forms of cultural participation observed under the conditions of pandemic reality. The basis of their development is modern technologies that allow participation in culture in a hybrid way, allowing the reception of culture through online communication. In addition, based on the analysis, the key challenges facing cultural institutions in Poland were identified. The author’s intention was to identify possibilities for improving the activities of these entities in the new hybrid reality that most likely awaits us all in the coming years.

Lonely, isolated, self-excluded? What is the reason for the absence of male seniors in cultural institutions?

The aim of this article is to present the determinants of the limited presence of senior men in cultural institutions in Poland. The text characterises the context in which older men undertake institutional cultural activity and identifies the main reasons why the scale of their cultural participation is low. The fundamental factors that differentiate the nature of cultural participation are gender, the resulting behavioural patterns and individual adaptation strategies. These themes are analysed in the context of the barriers and problems experienced by male seniors, and the risks of social exclusion within this group are highlighted.

Cultural institutions in Poland: the nature of their organisation and financing

Motivation: Previous research regarding the external conditions of public cultural institutions inspired us to analyse the internal conditions of individual institutions.Aim: The purpose of the current study is to answer the question of whether and how the internal regulations pertaining to theatres based on financial, organisational, and creative autonomy affect the financial and substantive performance of public cultural institutions. In order to achieve the aim of the study and answer the research question, we analysed cultural institutions in terms of their system. Additionally, the financial and substantive situation of the studied theatres was analysed.Results: The lack of clear process and entity requirements affects the dependence of the performance of public cultural institutions on individual, internal organisational arrangements, suggesting the need to unify these processes through a reform of these institutions. Attention should be paid to the transparency of public spending, organizational culture and effectiveness of public cultural institutions. In the current legal status, the conducted showed a large discrepancy in the results of the theatres studied.

From the Editors

The leading topic of this issue is the thematic section Protection of Cultural Heritage under the guest editorship of Prof. AIK Justyna Łukaszewska-Haberkowa, PhD. The section includes eight texts written by authors from various academic centers and cultural institutions in Poland.

Assessing the development of cultural institutions in Poland – a multidimensional comparative analysis

Assessing the development of cultural institutions in Poland – a multidimensional comparative analysis

Motywacja i potrzeby pracowników artystycznych z pokolenia Y. Studium przypadku instytucji muzycznej

Motivation and Needs of Artistic Workers from Generation Y. A Case Study of a Music Institution The aim of the work is to analyse the motivational system used in one of the musical cultural institutions in Poland and to identify the motivating factors (motivators) for the work of the artists employed in it, representing the Generation Y. The first – theoretical – part contains selected motivational theories and the characteristics of Generation Y. The empirical part is a description of the results of the research carried out by the author. A critical analysis of the literature and the results of surveys as well as interviews conducted in a cultural institution will allow the author to answer the following research questions: What are the current premises and needs of Generation Y when they start working in a public cultural institution? What are the motivating and demotivating factors for a Generation Y employee of a public cultural institution? In order to research the topic, the author chose the case study method. A large (over 200 people) public institution promoting musical culture served as a model. Only a group of artistic creators (choir and orchestra with the decision-makers) from Generation Y (people born between 1980 and 2000) was subjected to the test. The research showed the diversity of such occurring employee needs: stabilisation of employment, belonging to a team and the need for closer contact with art. The main motivating factors for work are also stable employment, but also finances, a friendly atmosphere and a possibility of professional development. Among the demotivators, the Millennials indicated the inadequacy of earnings in relation to work, lack of respect and poor working conditions.

Wymagania kompetencyjne stawiane kadrom kultury. Analiza ogłoszeń o pracy

Competence Requirements for the Staff of Cultural Institutions. An Analysis of Job Advertisements Analysing the employees’ competencies is relevant both from the organisation’s and individuals’ perspective, because it allows – for example – to predict emerging competency gaps in organisations, design training offers tailored to the organisation’s needs and employees’ expectations, or to better match people’ professional tasks with organisational culture. One of the methods for obtaining information about competence requirements is the analyse of job advertisements published by the selected employers. This article focuses on the competence requirements set by employers representing cultural organisations. Its purpose is to showcase the competencies expected from the staff of cultural institutions in Poland from the perspective of job advertisements. The article presents the results of the analysis of 127 job advertisements published on the “Pracuj w Kulturze” webiste from the 31st of January to the 1st of February 2022. The analysis included the requirements regarding the following: knowledge (both formal and non-formal), skills and employee attitudes desired by the employers.

The Phenomenon of Women in Managerial Positions in Public Cultural Institutions

The purpose of this paper was to explore the organisation of a support system for the professional development of women in public cultural institutions. The deliberations in this paper are based on qualitative research. The research included biographical interviews with ten women who currently work in managerial positions in public cultural institutions in Poland. This research strategy made it possible to get to know the experiences of women who reached managerial positions in their professional career in culture and to attempt an explanation of the observed phenomena as they are seen by people who were part of the system. Research has shown that the support system for the professional development of women in public cultural institutions seems to be largely based on informal solutions initiated within the personal support networks of women who are part of the system, its foundation being interpersonal relations. The main contribution of the paper is the interesting dataset gathered. Moreover, the proposed rhizome metaphor enriches the field of organizational research by suggesting new ideas that contribute to expanding on how we can see and perceive the complexity and variation in organizational phenomena of women in leadership positions and therefore opening up new interpretations and directions.

Cechy społeczno-zawodowe oraz osobiste systemy wartości jako czynniki kształtujące style kierowania menedżerów polskich instytucji kultury

In the discussion on cultural institutions in Poland, the role of values in creating their internal organizational culture is often emphasized. Among other things, questions are asked about the type of leadership that should be exercised and the values of the "ideal" "culture manager". However, reports from research studies exploring these issues are not numerous. The overall picture of the managerial staff of the aforementioned institutions also seems incomplete. This is a gap in knowledge about people institutionally organizing the cultural life of Poles.

The impact of the Anti-Crisis Shield package on the activity of cultural institutions in Poland

The main aim of the article is to present activities of cultural institutions during the pandemic. The theoretical part describes the impact of the anti-crisis shield package on the operation of cultural institutions during the lockdown. The description is based on information from the website of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. The empirical part contains an analysis of specific support tools offered by cultural institutions and organisations, units of local government, the EU, banks, foundations and art academies.

Nowe siedziby instytucji kultury w Polsce – perspektywa lokalnych ekosystemów kultury

New venues of Cultural Institutions in Poland — the Perspective of Local Cultural Ecosystems Building new venues for cultural activity involves a shift in the balance of power in the entire sys­tem of relations in the local communities of authors and organisers. This is a matter of budget and, very often, also of cultural policy priorities. Furthermore, it entails a significant change in the long-term funding of cultural initiatives and cultural entities in each region. The phenomenon of the emergence of many new cultural facilities has inspired a few fundamental questions about their at­titudes to selected values in the field of sustainable development goals, particularly in the social and economic dimensions, but ultimately also of the impact of new cultural venues on the natural en­vironment. Are the new investments in culture opportunities, challenges, or perhaps threats result­ing from the rescaled or disturbed balance in local cultural ecosystems? The theoretical perspective, which organises the debate on these areas, takes the cultural ecosystem as a key concept, using it as a basis for the description of phenomena in local urban communities. The observations present­ed are based on the qualitative and quantitative research conducted in eight cultural institutions in eight Polish cities. The results reveal the importance of between ten and twenty fundamental di­mensions of the activity of cultural institutions and their local government organisers which allow them to put down their roots more deeply in the city’s cultural ecosystem. A new building opens completely new possibilities, but it is extremely important to tailor the institution to the real, saga­ciously assessed, and well-balanced possibilities of the local ecosystem.

Działania antykryzysowe w obszarze kultury w trakcie pandemii SARS-CoV-2. Stan obecny i wnioski de lege ferenda w zakresie zwiększenia partycypacji obywatelskiej oraz instytucjonalnej

The aim of the article is to analyse alternative legal solutions in the field of supporting cultural institutions during the epidemic. A review of the activities of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage in the area of supporting cultural institutions in Poland during the epidemic as of May 2020 was carried out. Based on the analysis, de lege ferenda conclusions regarding new possibilities of financing the activities of such institutions were identified. The authors present legal solutions concerning the transfer of 1% PIT, deduction of donations, issue of revenue bonds and financing in the form of treasury securities. The conclusions of the research conducted by the authors are embedded in the area of economic analysis of law (Law&Economics).

Towards Greater Citizen Participation in Financing Public Cultural Institutions—Legal Barriers and Proposed Solutions

The paper contains a conceptual proposal that aims at indicating new models of participatory financing of cultural institutions as well as actions towards supporting culture. It presents results of a qualitative study in the form of action research, on identifying legal barriers of financing of cultural institutions in Poland. Additionally, it presents practical suggestions to the encountered problems that were worked out after discussions with cultural managers, taxpayers, and government administration decision-makers. The unique value of the study is a multidimensional and complex analysis of participatory financing of culture, citing varied sources and bearing a structured research procedure. We suggest a new discussion on establishing legal solutions for increasing of the funding or making the financing of cultural institutions more flexible, which appears to be particularly important in crisis times. All is presented as an original concept of participatory citizen-enterprise fiscal mechanism of supporting cultural institutions. We present a pragmatic solution to a problem of additional public support of culture, which can be put into practice parallel to state mechanisms, considering culture as a part of sustainable development.

Copyright Management by Contemporary Art Exhibition Institutions in Poland: Case Study of the Zachęta National Gallery of Art

The mission of cultural institutions is the expression of sustainable development, which assumes a specific social order based on respect for the right of access to culture and care for the common good which is cultural heritage, in order to preserve it for future generations. To best implement its social mission, the essence of museum activities is not only collecting resources but also promoting the collection. In addition, promotion in accordance with the principle of openness and the conviction that cultural heritage is a common good, which is why it should be available to the widest possible public. Copyright in artworks often stands in the way of implementing an open approach to the dissemination of collections. Contemporary museums and galleries of art are in a special situation; their collections are not yet in the public domain, and so they cannot be freely distributed. The undertaken research problem explores how cultural institutions in Poland manage the copyright of collections in order to carry out their mission in a sustainable way. In this context, copyright is treated as an important intangible resource of a cultural institution. The case study was used as the research strategy in order to understand the subject. Activities implemented at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw were described.

An evaluation of the technical efficiency of cultural institutions in Poland: a case study of the regional system of public libraries

The political transformation of 1989, as well as Poland’s accession to the European Union in 2004, had a significant impact on the cultural sector and the forms of its organisation and funding. These events also contributed to setting new directions for Polish cultural policy. This is a part of a wider public policy, understood as an intentional and deliberate process of achieving objectives in particular areas of public life. Currently, the library policy is an integral component of Polish cultural policy. It aims to achieve specific objectives and implement tasks in the field of the social circulation of library books and the preservation of the linguistic, cultural and civilisational heritage for future generations. Since 2001, public spending on culture in Poland has remained below 1% of the total expenditures of the state budget. The limited financial resources earmarked for culture in the national and provincial budgets are the main reasons for performing a comparative study of the technical efficiency of cultural institutions in Poland using the example of libraries. The Polish system of public libraries consists of national, educational, school, medical, agricultural, prison and military libraries. The operations of these institutions require adequate funding to guarantee meeting society’s reading and informational needs. The main aim of this paper is to gauge the efficiency of the regional system of libraries in Poland. The research focuses on analysing the public libraries operating in Polish provinces, using data from Polish Statistical Office resources (The Local Database), and one of the nonparametric methods, i.e. the results-oriented CCR model of data envelopment analysis (DEA). It was found that the major reason for the lack of efficiency in most Polish libraries is the insufficient amount of local government’s financial support combined with the lack of self-financing opportunities for such cultural institutions

The Role of Marketing in Cultural Institutions in the Context of Assumptions of Sustainable Development Concept—A Polish Case Study

Development of both the marketing and cultural sectors have multi-directional natures, showing relationships with sustainable development that should be considered at various levels of cultural sector management in cultural institutions, at the level of the cultural policy of the state or region, and on the micro-scale. Not only do the natural environment, economy, and technology constitute areas of sustainable development, but also society and culture. The assumptions about sustainable development by cultural institutions are related to implementing marketing concepts in this sphere, in that they are the expression of market orientation (on consumer of culture). The goal of this study was to show that marketing by cultural institutions, as a reflection of their market orientation, translates into these institutions’ implementation of the assumptions of sustainable development. This paper is based on literature studies and the results of empirical and quantitative research that was conducted on a sample of 451 people managing cultural institutions in Poland. The research included general managers, managers, artistic directors, managers of marketing, promotion and sales departments, as well as owners of cultural institutions. Analysis of research results shows that consumers of culture are ranked first as recipients of targeted actions conducted by cultural institutions. An increase in the diversity of cultural offers, including the concept of sustainable development, emerged as a factor stimulating the development of the culture market, being closely related to growth of the quality of cultural offer.

Criteria for the optimal financing model of public theatres

Abstract The research is part of a wider research problem, whose aim is to find an optimal financing model for cultural institutions in Poland. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance indicators of municipal and regional theatres in the context of accessibility to cultural public services. The study forms a verification of previously distinguished indicators of the effectiveness of cultural institutions with a general direction: how to find an optimal financing model of public dramatic theatres. The current research problem is the accessibility of public dramatic theatres in the absence of criteria for the allocation of statutory subsidies. We hypothesise that the absence of criteria for the allocation of statutory subsidies highly diversifies the accessibility of performing arts organisations. The object of study is public dramatic theatres in Poland in the period 2011–2015. We investigated the indicators having an impact on the level of accessibility of public theatres. The statistical methods used allowed us to identify criteria affecting availability. These criteria are recognized in the literature. In addition, we indicate the level of diversification of accessibility by individual public theatres.

Film Education Practice in Poland – Legal and Organisational Factors

The article focuses on the requirements reflected in legal acts as well as on the organisational conditions connected with the conduct of film education in both schools and cultural institutions in Poland. The above issues allowed the author to draw attention to the possibilities, but also limitations and therefore real problems, connected with the practice of carrying out film education of children and young people in Poland. The final part of the text provides a brief insight into the possible place of film education in the country’s school system, which is currently being reformed.

Stabilność finansowa instytucji kultury na przykładzie wojewódzkich teatrów i instytucji muzycznych

Cultural institutions are organizations whose scope of core business comprises activities in the area of broadly understood culture. The aim of this article is to evaluate the financial stability of voivodeship cultural institutions, like theaters and music institutions, in the light of direct subsidies to those institutions from organizers. The hypothesis is that subsidized cultural institutions in Poland have a stable financial situation. Due to the fact that revenues and operational costs are unbalanced, it is actually the subsidy that should let those institutions continue operational activity in a stable environment with independence in operational and financial decisions. In the context of the financial stability definition adopted in this article, the observation is that the level of subsidies for voivodeship cultural institutions does not guarantee the completion of statutory tasks in all examined institutions.

Changes in the approach to marketing and its application in cultural institutions in Poland

Changes in the approach to marketing and its application in cultural institutions in Poland