Cultural Habits Research Articles

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: A Translation Analysis of Culture Load Words Through the Perspective of Post-Colonialism

Post-colonial translation theory examines translation research from a brand new view. It begins to take into account the factors outside of the text that affect translation. Said’s view reveals the political character of post-colonial translation. Homi K. Bhabha‘s third space theory has attracted wide attention due to its great view and inclusive spirit. The film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon is a representative success of Chinese films in the international film field. The success of the film comes from both the rich Chinese culture and the naturalized translation strategy. Through case analysis, this article finds that in the process of subtitle translation of the Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, the meaning of some cultural loaded words cannot be completely and comprehensively transformed. This is related to the characteristics of subtitle translation and also to the cultural habits of the target groups of the film. The article proposes that such a translation strategy is conducive to Chinese films to find a place in the market, but we can also find a balance between retaining the culture and seizing the market.

Immigrants and nurses’ perspectives on the barriers in using health promotion services in Finland

Abstract Background The incidence of chronic diseases and health disparities is high among immigrants. Lack of access to health promotion services targeting the needs of the immigrant population was reported. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of immigrants and nurses on the barriers to using health promotion services in Finland. Methods A qualitative study with 12 focus group interviews was conducted in various cities across Finland. A total of 69 participants, including 46 adult immigrants and 23 registered nurses, were selected through purposive sampling. A semi-structured interview was used. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using content analysis. Results The analysis generated four themes: insufficient individual factors (i.e., knowledge, skills), restraining cultural norms (i.e., unhealthy cultural habits, gender disparities), inadequate health promotion services (i.e., lack of resources, structural limitations), and negative environmental impacts on health behavior (i.e., sweet foods and beverages, cold weather). Conclusions The findings suggest reinforcing health promotion services to prevent chronic diseases among the immigrant community. Providing health education resources that are culturally tailored helps improve immigrants’ knowledge to make healthier decisions in their own lives after migration. Moreover, it is recommended to introduce the health care system of the host country and healthy habits during the integration process, along with language training. Key messages • Improving equity in using health promotion services for immigrants requires reforms. • More strategies are needed to prevent chronic diseases among immigrants in Finland.

A case study of Eco’s notion of encyclopedia: the (ethno)racial lexicon and its semantic sphere

Abstract In the wave of Umberto Eco’s oppositional binomial Dictionary-Encyclopedia, the paper aims to apply the rhizomatic system to the practical case of the (ethno)racial lexicon as a broad semantic area of the word race, which previously involved both physical predisposition and cultural habits. Given its critical issues, the dictionarial approach is distinguished into two different stages, intra-dictionarial (properly dictionarial) and inter-dictionarial (resulting from the metaphorical chain of meanings). Originally, race referred to horses (stud and herds) and property (as ownership and essential attribute), which extended metonymically to other senses – general zoological-botanic, human (lineage, offspring) and typological qualitative ones. Comparing its correspondents in Romance and Germanic languages, reference to many different contexts and a continuous misalignment between lexeme and concept emerge. The liquidity within the semantic sphere of race (embracing the three semantic cores racial, ethnic, and typological) can be explained by taking a phenomenological and semiotic perspective. If the ethnic sense (people, nation, etc.) is connected to a socio-cultural Lifeworld in an interplay of identities and differences, the aporia of synonymy emerging from the inter-dictionarial analysis finds its balance in the local encyclopedic approach, which proves to be the real deterrent to Porphyry’s tree through the rhizome, conceived not in its entirety, but in the partiality and contingency of its branches.

The impact of intergenerational transmission of cultural capital on holiday loyalty

ABSTRACT This research investigates the influence of intergenerational transmission of cultural capital on festival loyalty, using data from 524 families. Findings indicate that the transmission of cultural capital across generations significantly bolsters festival loyalty. This research underscores the indirect impact of cultural habits, educational attainment, and material culture on festival loyalty, mediated through the transfer and accumulation of cultural capital among generations. It highlights the pivotal role that families play in preserving and evolving cultural traditions. Key determinants of festival loyalty include familial emphasis on festivals, the methods of celebrating them, and the acknowledgment of their cultural importance. This research provides valuable insights into festival marketing strategies and cultural preservation, laying the groundwork for future research on cultural sustainability and the celebration of festivals through the lens of intergenerational cultural capital transfer.

Interweaving Ecology and Culture in Bibhutibhushan Bondopadhyay’s Of the Forest

This paper investigates the intricate relationship between ecology and culture as depicted in Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's novel Of the Forest (Aranyak). It looks at how common situations and human social orders are profoundly interconnected, with social character and conventional structure of tribal and rustic communities formed by the forest. The novel depicts the forest not simply as a scenery but as an imperative, living substance that impacts the social, spiritual, and economic lives of the individuals occupying it. This consider uncovers how social structure, such as customs, legends, and jobs like chasing and horticulture, are closely connected to the rhythms of the forest. Through an ecocritical focal point, this paper investigates how the novel highlights the indigenous communities’ ecological information and maintainable structure. These communities don't see the forest just as a asset, but as a sacrosanct space necessarily to their social and spiritual personalities. Their customs, folklores, agricultural structure, and livelihoods—whether chasing, gathering, or farming are molded by the common rhythms of the forest. The novel portrays their relationship with land isn't fair financial, but profoundly social, fortifying a holistic approach where nature and culture are indivisible. The paper moreover digs into how Bandyopadhyay employs the novel to regret the loss of both environmental and cultural differences. As the forest destroyed, the conventional ways of life tied to it, driving to the fragmentation of the communities and havoc of cultural habits established in environmental settings. This demolition is depicted as a catastrophe of both the natural world and the human soul. The novel also studies the capitalist ethos that prioritizes economic advancement at the cost of ecological sustainability, addressing the menacing effect of modernization on both nature and innate culture. The article concludes by examining how Bandyopadhyay’s forest imagery transcends simple environmental imagery and transforms it into a symbol of cultural and environmental tolerance. The forest gets to be a location of social resistance to advancement of modernity, encapsulating a space where innate knowledge and practices proceed to offer an alternative to the destructive impact of modernization. The paper calls for a deeper understanding of the relationship between people and their environment, and calls for a return to a better relationship with nature.

Functional and Aesthetic Factors for Well-Being in Age-Friendly Residential Areas (AFRA) in Poland: An International Comparative Perspective

(1) Background: A precise and comprehensive diagnosis of the needs of older adults is the basis for developing concepts of aesthetic functional and spatial arrangements of public open spaces in residential areas that meet their expectations, termed “age-friendly residential areas” (AFRAs). The primary objective of the research was to determine the needs of older people concerning their preferences for the development of AFRAs. (2) Methods: This research was conducted on the basis of a survey conducted from October 2021 to April 2022, involving 1815 older citizens from Poland, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Croatia, Italy, Lithuania, and Slovakia. The research aimed to determine the needs of older people regarding their preferences for the development of AFRA public open spaces. The developed research approach made it possible to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the needs of different generations of older adults, differentiated by gender and lifestyle, in terms of spatio-functional and landscape aspects with regard to the open spaces of residential estates? (2) Do older citizens from different countries living in various estates (single-family, multi-family) have the same expectations towards AFRAs? (3) Results: The research results showed a high convergence of preferences among older people regardless of gender, age group, or type of residential estate they live in (multi-family/single-family). Slight differences in AFRA preferences were noticed between Polish and non-Polish older adults, most often due to cultural habits. A correlation between the landscape attractiveness and aesthetics of the estate and the comfort of life for the older population, as well as their impact on the final assessment of the estate, was confirmed. As a result of the research, 33 spatio-functional and 16 landscape factors of AFRAs were identified and ranked.

Improving diabetes self-management and control through individualized patient counseling: A quasi-experimental study

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases, affecting a large proportion of the global population. This study aims to evaluate the effects of individualized patient counseling on diabetes self-management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi-experimental study utilized a non-randomized two-arm pre-post design. It was conducted at the out-patient clinics of a tertiary care hospital, Gujarat, from February 2023 to August 2023. There were 300 type 2 diabetes patients who belonged to an intervention group receiving 3 monthly 30-minute individualized counseling sessions (n = 150) or a control group continuing usual care (n = 150). Assessments at baseline and 3 months post-intervention compared treatment effects. The outcomes measured were diabetes knowledge, attitudes/beliefs, medication/lifestyle adherence, self-reported quality of life, blood pressure (BP), and HbA1c. The intervention covered medication and lifestyle guidance, self-monitoring skills, barrier identification, and problem-solving with a focus on patient empowerment. The analysis compared within- and between-group changes. RESULTS: At 3 months, counseled patients showed significantly greater improvements in knowledge (difference 13.6 points), self-care abilities (lifestyle adherence difference 6.6 points), 5.9 mmHg extra drop in systolic BP, and 0.6% higher HbA1c reduction versus controls (all P < 0.05). Greater knowledge gain is strongly correlated with improved HbA1c (r = 0.42). Patients reported medication counseling as the most useful and cost and cultural dietary habits as key ongoing barriers. CONCLUSION: Individualized counseling promoted better self-management behaviors, improved clinical measures, and subjective well-being in diabetes patients versus usual care alone. Routine Counseling should be considered to complement medical management in high-risk chronic diseases.

Internet Addiction: Influencing Academic, Non-academic and Psychological Aspects in Offshore Malaysian Medical Students

Excessive internet usage creates abundant problems like dependency and addictive behaviour. Internet addiction (IA) is becoming a universal public health concern. The isolated group of Malaysian students studying in offshore campuses in India is more susceptible to IA due to language, culture, ethnicity, and food habit differences, leading to a lack of communication with native students. The study aims to determine the prevalence of IA and its influence on academic, non-academic, and psychological aspects in Malaysian medical students. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 offshore Malaysian medical students using Young’s Internet Addiction Test (Y-IAT) questionnaire of 20 items. The difference was tested by student’s t-test and the association between IA and other factors by chi-square test with a statistical significance at 5%. The study observed a 46% prevalence of IA in offshore Malaysian medical students. Male students were more prone to IA compared to females. The amount of time spent on entertainment per day was significantly (p = 0.004) associated with IA. The present study revealed that the prevalence of IA was significantly associated with academic performance (χ2 = 33.670, p = 0.001) and psychological disturbances like sleep disturbance due to late-night log-ins (χ2 = 41.013, p = 0.001), felt life would always be joyless (χ2 = 27.272, p = 0.001) and, depressed moody without internet (χ2 = 33.347, p = 0.001). The present study revealed that IA has an adverse impact on students’ academic activities as well as on psychological health. Medical teachers and schools should identify students who are prone to and affected by IA and recommend interventions based on their needs. This study recommends that students utilise their valuable time in offline activities like regular sports, cultural exchange programmes, fun activities, yoga, meditation, and learning new skills and languages. These activities may help students prevent overindulgence with the internet, encourage the overall growth of promising doctors, and build a healthy society.

Joint Human and Animal Health Campaigns in Chad

Abstract Providing basic health services to nomadic populations is challenging mainly because of their mobility affecting geographical access to essential services but also due to their particular cultural habits and beliefs, influencing health intervention acceptance. The strategy of joint human and animal health campaigns applied in Chad for over 30 years has helped to improve coverage of childhood and livestock vaccination and increased access to disease prevention. The campaigns are organized by the Chadian ministries for public health and livestock, supported by the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) and its local partners. The use of synergies across sectors intends to reduce costs compared to independent sectoral interventions. The gain lies not only in shared logistics but also in better trust in essential services by pastoralists. Planning of joint interventions should start with a careful assessment of the context through a transdisciplinary approach identifying possible access barriers. This allows multidisciplinary development of mitigation measures such as a locally adapted awareness strategy. The multi-disciplinary approach also provides information on the seasonal movements of the different pastoral groups, which is crucial for the timing and location of interventions. Administrative and technical preparation of the field visits needs concerted efforts by all ministries and partners involved to maximize the benefits. To facilitate the uptake and sustainability of joint campaigns in Chad, the involved partners together developed an implementation guide based on their long-standing experience. This case report draws on this guiding document and showcases it for other actors interested in implementing similar One Health strategies. Information © The Authors 2024

Wider alle Gewohnheit

Abstract As an institution, marriage is an area of human life that has undoubtedly become an entrenched cultural habit over time. Throughout the early modern period, we usually encounter it not as a love marriage but as a forced marriage arranged by parents. And it is precisely from this position of marriage as institutionalized patriarchy from which numerous female characters in the novellas of the Spanish author María de Zayas y Sotomayor (1590–after 1647) suffer. This is especially true with regard to the protagonists who, through their suffering, are compelled to outwit their husbands by committing adultery, while others prefer a life as a nun in a convent to a life as a wife. In both cases, habit (here: the custom of marriage) is subverted and undermined by its opposite principle, namely creativity. The author’s two collections of novellas serve as the textual basis for this study: Novelas amorosas y ejemplares (1637) and Desengaños amorosos (1647).

The Impact of Religious Practices on Shaping Cultural Habits: The Case of Child Sacrifice among the Pre-Islāmic Arabs from the Qur’ānic Perspective

The Impact of Religious Practices on Shaping Cultural Habits: The Case of Child Sacrifice among the Pre-Islāmic Arabs from the Qur’ānic Perspective

Assessment of Saliva and Urine Performance for Antimalarial Drug Resistance Molecular Markers Study

<i>Background</i>: The malaria diagnostic tools developed to date require blood to be taken. However, certain groups in the population are reluctant to take blood samples because of their cultural habits (blood taboo), or because of the fear associated with the trauma of the injection, especially when the sample is taken repeatedly. Saliva and urine, which are not very invasive to collect, have not been widely used for malaria diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of saliva and urine in detecting molecular markers of <i>Plasmodium falciparum </i>resistance to antimalarial drugs. <i>Methodology</i>: Blood, urine and saliva samples were collected in three different localities from 94 patients over 2 years of age with microscopically confirmed <i>Plasmodium falciparum </i>uncomplicated malaria. <i>P. falciparum </i>genomic DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was then extracted and amplified using primers specific for the <i>Pfcrt (Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter), Pfdhfr (Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase) </i>and <i>PfK13 propeller (Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 propeller) </i>genes. The amplification products were processed by electrophoresis and analyzed against blood, saliva and urine samples. A multivariate statistical analysis in R programming environment was performed aiming to assess the performance of blood, saliva and urine samples in detecting molecular markers of <i>P. falciparum </i>resistance. <i>Results</i>: Agarose gel electrophoresis of the amplification products of each gene detected the <i>Pfcrt </i>genes at 80.85% (76/94), <i>Pfdhfr </i>at 95.74% (90/94) and <i>PfK13 Propeller </i>at 98.93% (93/94) in blood. In saliva, gene detection levels were 50% (47/94), 69.14% (65/94) and 4.26% (4/94) respectively for the <I>K13</I> propeller, <i>Pfdhfr</i> and <i>Pfcrt</i> genes. Unlike the <i>Pfcrt </i>gene, which was not detected, 45.74% (43/94) and 38.30% (36/94) of <i>PfK13</i> Propeller and <i>pfdhfr</i> genes respectively were detected in urine. Taking blood as the reference biological sample, statistical analysis showed that unlike urine, saliva exhibited a detection performance for molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance (<i>pfcrt,</i> <i>pfdhfr</i>, <i>pfK13</i> propeller) close to that of blood (p < 0.05). The performance of saliva and urine was also assessed on the basis of the detection of the molecular markers <i>pfdhfr</i>, <i>pfcrt </i>and <i>pfK13 </i>using ROC (<i>receiver operational characteristic</i>) analysis. The data revealed a high sensitivity of saliva compared with urine in the detection of the <i>pfdhfr</i>, <i>pfcrt </i>and <i>pfK13 propeller </i>genes. <i>Conclusion</i>: The levels of detection of molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance studied in saliva are close to those in blood. Saliva is a high-performance biological product that could potentially be used as an alternative non-invasive sample for the study of molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs.

Survey of pharyngeal foreign bodies in Japan: An ecological study using the nationwide claims data

ObjectivePharyngeal foreign bodies (PFBs) are a prevalent disease affected by food culture and dietary habits, with fish bones as the leading cause. Most studies were limited to specific regions, and a nationwide survey was not conducted in Japan. In this ecological study, we aimed to conduct a nationwide analysis of outpatient PFB cases in Japan over three years, focusing on seasonal trends, sex- and age-stratified cases, and regional differences. MethodsWe used the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan open data from April 2019 to March 2022. The case data were analyzed by month, age, sex, and prefecture. Additionally, we calculated the standardized claim ratios (SCRs) for each prefecture and investigated the association between dietary habits, food culture, and SCR of PFBs using a two-level linear regression model. ResultsWe analyzed a total of 164,337 outpatient PFB cases in Japan, revealing an average incidence rate of 45.6 per 100,000 persons. The seasonal trend revealed a peak in July each year from 2019 to 2021, confirming seasonality in PFB incidents. Children reported a higher incidence rate. Living west of Japan and expenditure on fish and shellfish had a strongly positive association with the SCR of PFBs. ConclusionOur nationwide survey reveals that, even within Japan, there were regional variations influenced by food culture and dietary habits. The data showed that PFB incidence was higher among children, highlighting the need for preventive education. Level of evidenceLevel 3.

MORTALITY FROM MALIGNANT MELANOMA IN BRAZIL BETWEEN THE YEARS 2013 AND 2022: Regional trends, in relation to gender, ethnicity and age group

Introduction: Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in Brazil, with a high cure rate if treated early. Melanoma, an aggressive type of skin cancer, accounts for 79% of deaths from skin cancer. Its incidence is increasing globally due to sun exposure and other behavioral changes. This study analyzes mortality from cutaneous melanoma in Brazil, considering regional, gender, and ethnic factors. Methodology: Retrospective and observational study based on data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) from 2013 to 2022. Data on deaths from malignant melanoma of the skin were analyzed across various regions, genders, age groups, and ethnicities. Relevant literature selection was conducted through searches in BVS and PubMed. Results: The mortality rate from melanoma ranged from 1,547 to 1,959 deaths annually from 2013 to 2022. The Southeast region had the highest number of deaths, followed by the South and Northeast. The Southeast recorded a total of 7,821 deaths during the period, while the North had the lowest number, with 471 deaths. Men were more affected than women, accounting for 57.5% of deaths. White ethnicity accounted for 82.1% of deaths. Mortality increased progressively with age, stabilizing after age 70. Discussion: Melanoma mortality exhibited fluctuating patterns in Brazil, with peaks in 2019 and declines in 2020-2021. Regional disparities reflect differences in healthcare access, cultural habits, and socioeconomic factors. Higher mortality among men may be linked to greater exposure to risk factors and lower rates of early diagnosis. The high incidence among white individuals underscores the need for specific health policies. Preventive strategies should focus on raising awareness about sun exposure, early diagnosis, and improving healthcare infrastructure. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for public health policies tailored to regional specificities to reduce melanoma mortality in Brazil. Awareness campaigns, screening programs, and improved treatment access are essential to mitigate the effects of cutaneous melanoma.

Lead in umbilical cord blood and associated factors in Casablanca Morocco: A preliminary results

BackgroundLead is the most common toxic metal to which Moroccans are exposed. Given the susceptibility of the fetus to lead, it is crucial to assess prenatal lead exposure. However, in Morocco, no study has assessed prenatal exposure to lead. The main goals of the present study are to determine lead concentration in umbilical cord blood and identify risk factors for prenatal lead exposure in Casablanca, Morocco. MethodsTo achieve these purposes, 87 cord blood lead samples were collected from mothers-baby pairs from January to December 2019. Indeed, a structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric data, leisure, cultural habits, and environmental information. Cord blood lead level was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. ResultsThe median lead concentration was 4.902 µg/dl with a minimum and maximum of 0.833 µg/dl and 23.593 µg/dl, respectively. A high proportion of the newborns (65.52 %) had cord blood lead levels above the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) allowable threshold limit (3.5 µg/dl). Statistical analysis was performed to assess the association between blood levels and the above factors. Lead levels in cord blood were significantly associated with the maternal educational level, anemia history, delivery mode, passive smoking during pregnancy as well as with the frequency of consumption of tea. ConclusionThis study provides the first data on lead levels in newborns. Cord blood lead levels were high in the majority of the participants, these results reinforce the need to establish health surveillance programs in Morocco.

Alcohol Use and Its Socio-Economic and Health Effects in the Tharu Community of Raptisonari Rural Municipality

This study examines the use and effects of alcohol consumption within the Tharu community of Raptisonari Rural Municipality, Banke District, Nepal. Alcohol, classified as a sedative, tranquilizer, hypnotic, or anesthetic based on consumption quantity, is the only drug whose self-induced intoxication is socially acceptable. The Tharu community exhibits a high prevalence of alcohol use, impacting health and socio-economic status. Despite its significance, no comprehensive study has been conducted on this issue within the Tharu community. This research employs a descriptive and quantitative approach, surveying 144 respondents from 200 Tharu households through interviews and observations. The findings reveal that 69.4% of male and 30.6% of female respondents consume alcohol, with significant use starting in teenage years. Home-made alcohol, or Raksi, is predominantly consumed (83.3%), with cultural habits (31.3%) and stress relief (22.9%) being primary motivations. The study highlights several adverse effects, including high blood pressure, family quarrels, low income, and other health issues. The research underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to address alcohol-related problems in the Tharu community, emphasizing the importance of integrating screening for alcoholism into routine health practices. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for improving health outcomes and socio-economic conditions in the community.

COVID-19 in Saaremaa. Limited Resources and the Mechanisms for Healing and Prevention

COVID-19 challenged the entire population of the world, affected everyone, and all spheres of life, changing the content and ways of communication, cultural habits. The article investigates COVID-19 on Saaremaa island, looking at 1) how islanders with their limited territory and resources and therefore greater vulnerability copied during the pandemic; 2) the choices that individuals made in their everyday lives; 3) I present the mechanisms what people used for healing and prevention of COVID-19.

Culture and Food Habits of Kharkiv Schoolchildren in the Context of a Full- Scale War (Based on the Online Survey Results)

The article analyses the results of a sociological study of Kharkiv schoolchildren's food habits, conducted by the staff of the School of Sociology of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University as part of the FUSILLI project in March-April 2024. The study involved more than 300 high school students studying offline in Kharkiv metro school. The article describes the research methodology and presents the regulatory documents of state and local authorities on schoolchildren's nutrition. Particular attention is paid to how their food practices are reproduced and changed in the context of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war. The article provides data on the attitudes of Kharkiv schoolchildren towards their own health, healthy eating (including awareness of it), the influence of family and school on this; consumption of junk food and alcohol by high school students; attitudes towards collective food practices with friends, classmates, etc.; their skills and abilities to prepare food, to observe hygiene rules when eating it; and the perception of changes in nutrition (diet, regularity, cost, etc.) during a full-scale war at home and at school. The article analyses the life, including educational, plans of schoolchildren for the near future. Prospects for further research on the selected issues are determined.

Comparative Study of Metaphors and Metonymies of Russian and Chinese Related to Word "Hand"

Language comparison is a powerful tool in linguistics. It not only deepens the understanding of the linguistic characteristics of the language being compared, but also helps to analyze the characteristics of cross-language and cross-cultural human thinking. The purpose of this thesis is to supplement the deficiencies of previous studies, conduct a comprehensive comparison of "hand" metaphors and metonyms in Chinese and Russian, use corpus methods to estimate their generality in the two languages, and analyze the Russian language reflected by these metaphors and metonyms. and characteristics of Chinese culture. Literature research method: This paper sorts out the metaphor and metonymy of "hand" in Russian and Chinese on the basis of researching metaphors, idioms, word-formation literature, dictionaries and other materials. This study concludes that first, compared with Russian words for "hand", metonymy and metaphor are more frequently used in Chinese. Second, there are more "hand" word metaphors than metonymy in the Chinese corpus, but there is no big difference in the number of metonymy and metaphor in the Russian corpus. Third, the metonymy of "hand" words in Chinese and Russian is relatively similar, and the difference between metaphors is more obvious, which shows that culture has a greater influence on metaphors, such as the characteristics of the showman's culture, gestures and other non-verbal communication habits, etc.

Insulin Management for Gestational and Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy.

Insulin is preferred as the first-line agent for glucose management of gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy when nutritional and lifestyle modifications are unable to achieve pregnancy-specific glucose targets. Individual heterogeneity in defects of insulin secretion or sensitivity in liver and muscle, unique genetic influences on pregnancy glycemic regulation, and variable cultural and lifestyle behaviors that affect meal, activity, sleep, and occupational schedules necessitate a personalized approach to insulin regimens. Newer insulin preparations have been developed to mimic the physiologic release of endogenous insulin, maintaining appropriate basal levels to cover hepatic gluconeogenesis and simulate the rapid, meal-related, bolus rise of insulin. Such physiologic basal-bolus dosing of insulin can be administered safely, achieving tighter glycemic control while reducing episodes of hypoglycemia. Insulin initiation and titration require understanding the pharmacodynamics of different insulin preparations in addition to a patient's glycemic profiles, effect of variable nutritional intake and mealtimes, physical activity, stress, timing of sleep cycles, and cultural habits. Educating and empowering patients to learn how their glucose responds to insulin, portion and content of meals, and physical activity can increase personal engagement in therapy, flexibility in eating patterns, and improved glycemic control. This Clinical Expert Series article is focused on optimizing insulin management (initiation, dosing, and titration) of gestational and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy.