Carp Cultivation Research Articles

Integrated Rice–Fish Culture Alters the Bacterioplankton Community and Its Assembly Processes

The rice–fish co-culture is an important model of carp farming in China; however, research on the dynamics and assembly of water bacterial communities in this system remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the dynamics and assembly of bacterial communities, as well as their correlation with environmental factors in paddy water. For these purposes, this study was divided into two groups: a rice–carp co-culture (WRC) group and a rice monoculture (WRM) group, with 20 rice fields in each group. After 60 days of farming, the concentrations of NH4+-N, NO2−-N, TN, and PO43− were significantly higher in the WRC group than those in the WRM group. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the Shannon index in the WRC group was significantly decreased compared with the WRM group. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria significantly increased, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes significantly decreased in the paddy water of the WRC group. The neutral community model (NCM) indicated that a random process played a dominant role in the construction of bacterial communities in the two groups, and common carp cultivation increased migration rates, thereby affecting community assembly. The co-occurrence network displayed that common carp cultivation led to looser interactions between bacterial communities. In addition, the contents of nutrients significantly affected the abundance of bacteria in paddy water. In summary, carp cultivation decreased the diversity of bacteria and changed the relative abundance of dominant bacteria, thereby affecting the stability and assembly of bacterial communities.

Integrated plankton and trace metal analysis as indicators of organic pollution threats from carp-cultured ponds to adjacent ecosystems: Implications for sustainability

Stawy Milickie (Milicz Ponds) is a natural reserve that has a great ecological importance as a Ramsar site and economic importance as one of the largest carp breeding centres in Europe. Continuous anthropogenic pressure on these large ecosystems can lead to a high disturbance on its natural ecology and sustainability. Phytoplankton, one of the most important indicators of any anthropogenic load, especially organic pollution have been studied in the present study. This is the first work ever from Milicz ponds, wherein the diversity, community structure and seasonal variability of phytoplankton with respect to changes in physicochemical parameters and trace metals have been studied. Periodic samples of water and phytoplankton were collected from four selected ponds of various sizes from October 2018 to September 2019. Of the four selected ponds one was unused for carp cultivation. The study reports the presence of 147 phytoplankton species in nine distinct taxonomic groups. The Genera based Algal pollution index indicated presence of organic pollution in both noncultured pond and carp-cultured pond. The heavy metals detected in the concentration order of Cd>Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb remained much higher than the safe limits of freshwater aquaculture ponds. The probable sources of these pollutants were identified as artificial feed used in the cultivation of carp and inundation from the river basin. This study emphasizes the urgent need for continuous qualitative and quantitative assessment and monitoring of water parameters, including plankton, in these ponds. This study highlights how the structure of microplankton communities, in conjunction with heavy metal analysis, serves as indicators of the spread of organic pollution in non-cultivated aquaculture environments. It strongly advocates for implementing sustainable measures to safeguard this vital ecosystem.

Infeksi Ektoparasit dan Korelasinya dengan Panjang, Berat, dan Faktor Kondisi Benih Ikan Mas Merah Najawa (Cyprinus carpio Linneaus)

One of the problems in commona carp farming activities is ectoparasite infection which is thought to correlate with length, weight and condition of the fish. The aims of the research were to determine the species, prevalence, intensity and dominance of ectoparasites and to determine the correlation between the number of ectoparasites and the length, weight and condition factors of Najawa red carp (Cyprinus carpio Linneaus) fingerling at BPTPB Cangkringan. The research used laboratory observation method on randomly selected fish samples. Sampling was carried out for 3 weeks and a total of 27 individuals were examined. Ectoparasite observations were carried out on mucus samples from the body surface and gill sheets microscopically. The length and weight of each fish sample were measured and the results were used to calculate the condition factor. The correlation relationship was calculated between the number of ectoparasites and the length, weight and condition factors of the fish. The research results showed that five ectoparasites were found to infect fish samples with varying prevalence and intensity values, namely Trichodina sp., Dactylogyrus sp., Gyrodactylus sp., Glochidium sp. and Vorticella sp. Trichodina sp. has the highest prevalence, intensity and dominance compared to other parasites. The number of ectoparasites has a positive correlation with the length and weight of fish in the low category. In addition, a low negative correlation was found between the number of ectoparasites and fish condition factor. The results of this study indicate that ectoparasites are a factor that can influence the productivity of Najawa red carp cultivation.

Comparative characteristics of the effect of probiotics Vetom 2 and Liquafed in growing rainbow trout in ST “Romanov” (Leningrad region)

In the conditions of modern industrial fish farms of various types, the risk of bacterial diseases increases. Various probiotic and immunomodulatory preparations are actively used in modern aquaculture. Especially popular are probiotics based on Bacillus subtilus, which are used in the cultivation of carp, sturgeon and salmon fish. Recently, a large positive experience has been accumulated in the use of Vetom 1.1 in fish farming (manufactured by the Scientific and Production Company Research Center, Novosibirsk). At the same time, fish farms actively use Vetom 2, created on the basis of dried spore biomass of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis bacteria. For use in aquaculture, LikvaFid seems to be promising, containing as active ingredients live cultures of the bacteria Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis (manufactured by LLC BIOTROF, St. Petersburg). Experimental work on the use of probiotics of domestic production LikvaFid and Vetom 2 was carried out at the fish-breeding enterprise Sole Trader Romanov (Leningrad region, Lopukhinka village). A one-year-old rainbow trout was chosen as the object of research. Vetom 2 and LikVafid were administered orally with food by irrigation at a dosage of 5 g/kg and 2 g/kg, respectively, in two courses, the duration of each course was 10 days, the interval between them was 40 days. An analysis of the results of the experimental work showed a statistically significant increase in body weight and length in the experimental groups, as well as a significant increase in the growth rate. The absolute increase in the experiment is 1.4–1.7 times higher than in the control. At the same time, the maximum indicators for almost all significant morpho-biological indicators were found in fish treated with the LiquaFeed probiotic. The relative growth rate in this group is 1.2 times higher than in the control. Research work confirms the beneficial effect of these preparations on the processes of fish digestion. Strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus megaterium, due to their probiotic activity, stimulate the growth of normal intestinal microflora. Improving the absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract, inhibiting the development of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, and stimulating the immune system contribute to a more active growth of rainbow trout.

Fish Cultivation Techniques for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linn.) Strain “Mantap” at Center for Freshwater Fish Cultivation (BBPBAT) Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia

The cultivation of Carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linn) in hatcheries can be approached through various methods, including traditional, semi-intensive, and intensive techniques. Presently, many hatchery operations still adhere to traditional practices. This activity aimed to actively engage with, study, apply and report advanced techniques in the breeding of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linn). This practical training was conducted between May 22, 2023, and July 14, 2023, at the Sukabumi Freshwater Aquaculture Center (BBPBAT). Data collection during the activity encompassed both primary and secondary sources. Natural spawning of Common Carp was executed with a male-to-female sex ratio of 2:1, utilizing 60 male broodstock with an average weight of 500 grams and 30 female broodstock weighing around 2,000 grams each. The results of this spawning procedure yielded a fertilization rate of 82.77% and a hatching rate of 68%. Subsequently, 600,000 larvae were obtained from the spawning process. These larvae were then transferred to a nursery pond with a stocking density of 300 individuals per square meter (300 individuals/m2). Over a span of 24 days in the nursery pond, a survival rate of 51.5% was achieved. This activity served as a hands-on exploration of advanced Common Carp breeding techniques at the BBPBAT facility, providing valuable insights into modern hatchery management.

Technological parameters of carp growing (Cyprinus carpio) at different stocking densities

This article presents a study of the technology of growing carp (Cyprinus carpio) using different stocking densities in feeding ponds. Carp is one of the most common and essential freshwater fish species for commercial farming and consumption. The study was conducted over several months, with an assessment of carp's growth, survival, and productivity when using different stocking densities in feeding ponds. Different stocking densities included low (sparse), medium, and high (dense) carp individuals per unit area. To experiment, four groups of carp individuals were kept in feeding ponds at different stocking densities from 2,000 to 3,500 specimens per hectare of water area. Using extensive planting material of carp with an average weight of 55 g makes it possible to obtain commercial carp with an average weight of 485 g to 650 g during a two-year cycle of cultivation in the conditions of the second fish farming zone without reducing fish production. At the same time, the largest concentration of carp was obtained in a pond with sparse planting of annuals – 2.0 thousand specimens/ha. An increase in the planting density of yearlings of carp to 3.5 thousand units/ha led to a decrease in the average daily weight of two-year-old carp to 510 g while maintaining a high fish production of 1122 kg/ha. At the same time, a hydrochemical analysis was carried out in the ponds, and the amount and biomass of the natural feed base (phyto-, zooplankton, and zoobenthos) were determined. The analysis of the research results indicates that the stocking density of carp has a significant impact on its productivity. The sparse stocking conditions promoted more significant growth and better development of the fish, which may be due to less competition for food and space. On the other hand, high stocking density led to a slight decrease in growth and did not affect survival and fish productivity. The results of this study have practical applications for fish farms engaged in the cultivation of carp. They emphasize the importance of an optimal balance between the number of fish, the availability of natural feed, and the area of the feeding ponds in order to achieve maximum growth and productivity with minimum costs of keeping and feeding the fish. Such research will help improve fish farming technologies and optimize production processes to ensure sustainable and efficient development of the industry.

THE EFFECT OF MUSTARD GREENS POWDER AND PELLETS ON THE GROWTH OF COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio)

Common carp is a fish consumption that is relatively easy to cultivate since it tends to be adaptive (easy to adapt to its environment and resistant to various types of diseases). One of the protein requirements for the growth of fish seeds can be obtained from mustard greens. Furthermore, the abundant availability of mustard greens in Kajoran Village can be an alternative feed if developed as carp feed. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of mustard greens powder on the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio); besides, to determine the best concentration of mustard greens powder on the growth of common carp. This study was conducted in January-February 2022. The research method used an experimental method with treatment P1 (control), P2 (mustard green powder 25%), P3 (50%), P4 (75%), and P5 (100%). The results of giving the concentration of mustard green powder for the growth of common carp show a significant difference and it can increase the growth of carp. Furthermore, the best treatment is achieved in the P3 treatment (50% mustard green powder) with an average weight gain of 1.120 g. From the results of this study, it is expected that the people of Kajoran Village can use mustard greens well for carp cultivation with a concentration of 50% pellets and 50% mustard green powder. In addition, further research is needed on the manufacture of pellets from mustard green powder to make it easier for farmers to feed.

Hematological indicators of the blood of males and females of the Ukrainian scaled carp breed

The research results on hematological indicators of males and females of the Ukrainian scaly breed of carp grown in the conditions of a fish farm in the Dnipropetrovsk region are given. In Ukraine, carp cultivation is becoming an increasingly popular method of commercial fish production. At the same time, the hydrochemical and temperature regimes of the reservoir have important practical significance for the average growth and development of fish since the intensity of respiration, metabolic processes, fish nutrition, motor activity, and resistance to various diseases depend on the chemical composition and temperature of the water. The process of formation of the hydrochemical composition of pond water occurs against the background of climatic changes. Therefore, control of temperature conditions and the physiological state of fish during carp cultivation is an important measure that ensures rational consumption of feed and high growth rates and, in the future, allows to plan of optimal cultivation technology. Therefore, the work aimed to investigate the hematological indicators of blood in males and females of the Ukrainian scaly breed of carp to control their physiological state in the conditions of the hydrochemical and temperature regime of the reservoir of the fish farm. It was established that the main hydrochemical parameters corresponded to the technological standards adopted in fish farming to cultivate carp fish. The hematological parameters of the blood of male and female carp were within the physiological norm. The determined blood composition is natural and characterizes changes in the body of fish according to the season, which reflects adaptation processes in the conditions of seasonal fluctuations in water temperature. Correlative relationships between carp blood's hematological parameters and their keeping temperature conditions were revealed. The pH of the medium (r = 0.28–0.34) has the most significant effect on hematological indicators of carp blood. A positive correlative relationship was established between water temperature and the level of hemoglobin, a color indicator, and the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the blood of fish, which was in the range of r = 0.21–0.26. There was a negative relationship between the water temperature indicator and the content of segmented nuclear neutrophils (r = 0.24). The variance analysis of the one-factor complex revealed a significant and most highly probable influence of the conditions of keeping carp on the hemoglobin content, the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and the color index of the carp's blood. The share of influence was from 56.14 to 76.90 %. The amplitude of water temperature is essential for favorable conditions for hydrophones and the formation of a natural feed base. In addition, the environment's temperature affects the speed of biological processes in fish. Therefore, the organization of carp feeding, considering scientifically based norms depending on the protein content in compound feed, water temperature, fish weight, and density of its landing, will contribute to ensuring high fish productivity and rational use of feed.

Особливості та перспективи використання рослинного білка в годівлі коропа (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) (огляд)

Purpose. Analysis of the state and prospects of the use of vegetable proteins of various methods of manufacture in carp feeding in view of their functional and technological characteristics as well as in accordance with their impact on fish productive parameters and the functional state of the fish body. Findings. The world resources of animal and vegetable protein were characterized, a comparative analysis of nutrition, digestibility and functional characteristic data of feed components was carried out. The protein needs of carp, the main object of aquaculture in Ukraine, were examined. It is noted that vegetable proteins are widely used in carp feeding, but there are a number of limiting factors for the complete replacement of animal proteins with vegetable ones. In particular, the main such factors are the content of anti-nutrients, low digestibility and unbalanced amino acid composition of feed components of plant origin. Modern approaches to the introduction of plant proteins into the composition of feeds have been analyzed, which allows increasing the efficiency of their use in animal husbandry in general, and in fish farming in particular. The expediency of using plant proteins processed by a technical method, single-cell proteins obtained by fermentation, concentrates produced by the extraction method, hydrolysates obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as whey-purified protein isolates in feed production were characterized. The effect of their use in fish feeding on the physiological and biochemical parameters of the fish body is considered. It is noted that the composition and digestibility of vegetable proteins may differ depending on the source and processing method. A comparison of the economic feasibility of feeding vegetable and animal proteins to different types of fish was made. The expediency and prospects of using vegetable protein in the conditions of aquaculture in Ukraine and in the cultivation of carp are outlined. Practical value. Modern approaches to the use of vegetable protein in fish feeding increase its biological value and availability of nutrients, which allows obtaining additional increases in the weight of fish, reduce production costs and improve the quality characteristics of the grown products. Keywords: vegetable protein feed, animal protein feed, aquaculture, carp, feeding, biological value, digestibility, productivity.

First Report of Argulus Ectoparasite from Koto Panjang Reservoir, Indonesia

Carp cultivation has been going on for a long time in the Koto Panjang Reservoir and the type of Argulus ectoparasite in this fish culture has not been reported. This initial research study aims to identify the morphology and characterize the DNA of the Argulus species in this reservoir. This research can be used as initial information material for the management of aquaculture fish health and early warning against water quality degradation. Argulus surveys were carried out on carp parent cages with coordinate positions 0°16′46.7” North and 100°51”26.2” East. Argulus specimens were collected from live and dead carp bodies (body surface, gills, operculum, caudal fin, pectoral fin, anal fin, pelvic fin, base of tail, and abdomen) using a spatula and stored in 96% ethanol for identification using standard literature and DNA barcoding techniques. The research results obtained 115 specimens of the genus Argulus from 49 live goldfish (2800-4900 mm and 200-1800 g) and 3 goldfish that died ± 3-4 days which were characterized by white gills and white mucus lumps between the scales. DNA characterization revealed that the name of this fish lice species (Argulus) could not be determined and had a close relationship with Argulus japonicus Shizuoka-2019 with an identity value of 79.22%.

Forward Chaining Methods in Expert Systems in the Prevention and Treatment of Carp Diseases

Goldfish is one of the various types of cultivated animals that are widely kept and then traded because many can be utilized from Goldfish. Farmers do not regularly check for diseases in carp, especially if farmers are still unfamiliar with the symptoms and types of diseases in carp cultivation, thus making goldfish susceptible to disease. This makes it difficult for farmers to handle diseases caused by symptoms due to limited knowledge. The limitation of experts in the field of goldfish cultivation is also one of the problems that are often encountered in various regions. This study aims to identify diseases and treatment methods in carp using the Forward Chaining method based on symptoms and to design an expert system in identifying diseases and treatment methods in carp. The data needed during this research is data on the types of symptoms and types of diseases based on symptoms in carp, symptom data and treatment data for making decisions that are sourced from carp cultivation experts from a vocational high school teacher (SMK) majoring in carp cultivation and the power obtained from the Southeast Aceh City Fisheries Service. Based on the data provided by the expert, the expert has a decision-making mode, which is to collect facts first to reach a conclusion or decision, so the Forward Chaining method can be used to conduct this research. The stages of data processing include preparing input data, expert decision tables, determining rules, conducting tracking processes, making decision trees and tracking results. The results obtained succeeded in finding the disease based on the existing symptoms and solutions and initial steps for handling goldfish diseases could be found. The results of trials conducted by comparing the data with the system that has been designed have a very good level of accuracy

Potential of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate against bacterial and viral pathogens isolated from gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) is an important fish species cultured worldwide. Bacterial septicemia and herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHND) were caused by Aeromonas hydrophila and cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) respectively, which were the main causes of mortality and economical loss in gibel carp production. With known pharmacological activities against certain gram-negative bacteria and herpesvirus, (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was tested here to evaluate its inhibitory activity against A. hydrophila and CyHV-2 pathogens isolated from gibel carp. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EGCG against four A. hydrophila strains ranged from 256 to 512 μg/mL and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined to be 1024 μg/mL. The growth curves of A. hydrophila A56 in the presence of various amounts of EGCG indicated that the concentration and treatment time of EGCG served as the two dominant factors for EGCG-mediated inhibitory effects in vitro. The bacterial load in liver, spleen and kidney tissues of gibel carps infected with 0.1 × LD50 A56 was significantly reduced after oral administration of EGCG (40 mg/kg body weight) 8 h in advance. The inactivation effect of CyHV-2 virus treated with 50 μg/mL EGCG for 2 h could reach 99.99%, and 70 μg/mL of EGCG could completely inactivate CyHV-2 in our infection and inhibition assays in vitro. These results collectively revealed the potential and broad-spectrum useage of EGCG in gibel carp cultivation against either bacterial or viral pathogen.

CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WOMEN'S INVOLVEMENT IN ILLEGAL CIRCULATION OF NARCOTICS

Research Objectives 1). To know and understand the background back women are involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics. 2). To know and understand the forms of women's involvement in illicit drug trafficking. 3). To find out the efforts made by the Women's Correctional Institution involved in the illicit trafficking of Narcotics (Drugs). The results of the research are the Correctional Institution in providing guidance to Narcotics Prisoners in Correctional Institutions, namely by carrying out many development program activities, namely independence programs, personality programs, national and state awareness programs, programs to reunite society so that inmates can return to being good human beings. useful for themselves family and religion and when they return to society, they can be accepted again. The programs are: First, there is an independence development program, where this program is carried out so that inmates can work and have their own skills for their provision. For example, opening a bicycle repair shop, carp cultivation, catfish farming, cricket cultivation, bird farming, tilapia cultivation, ginger cultivation, multicultural cultivation, cattle farming, goat farming, and for female prisoners there is also knitting and making handicrafts. Second, there is a personality development program, where this program is carried out so that the inmates can get closer to God, so that the inmates can restore good mentality so that when they leave they can be accepted back into society. Examples include mutual cooperation, helping each other, reminding each other about prayer and eating schedules. The three programs are awareness of the nation and state, where this program is carried out so that prisoners can love their homeland Indonesia again and can regenerate a sense of nationalism in them, for example, such as flag ceremonies, direction of relevant agencies on the 1945 constitution. Fourth, the program reunites the community, where this program is carried out so that the inmates when they leave the Penitentiary can be accepted back into the community, with all the knowledge that has been given in the Correctional Institution.

HELMINTH FAUNA OF THE COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO (LINNAEUS, 1758) FROM FISH FARMS OF BELARUS

The common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the widely cultured fish species in fish farms in The Republic of Belarus. The species proportion is 79.7% of total fish production by country. Helminthic invasions are the most common diseases of herbivorous fish. The research purpose is to study the helminth fauna of the common carp from fish farms of Belarus. The article provides literature and own research on the species composition of helminths and their prevalence of this introduced fish species. From 1950 to the present the helminth fauna of the common carp is represented by 19 species: 7 species of monogeneans (genus Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 – 3, genus Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 – 2, genus Diplozoon Nordmann, 1832 – 1, genus Eudiplozoon Khotenovskii, 1985 – 1), 4 species of cestodes (genus Caryophyllaeus Gmelin, 1790 – 1, genus Khawia Hsu, 1935 – 1, genus Neogryporhynchus Baer et Bona, 1960 – 1, genus Schyzocotyle Achmerov, 1960 – 1), 6 species of trematodes (genus Bucephalus Baer, 1827 – 1, genus Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 – 1, genus Diplostomum Nordmann, 1832 – 1, genus Tylodelphys Diesing, 1850 – 1, genus Ichthyocotylurus Odening, 1969 – 1, genus Sanguinicola Plehn, 1905 – 1), by ones of nematodes (genus Philometroides Yamaguti, 1935) and acanthocephalus (genus Acanthocephalus Koelreuter, 1771). During the parasitological examinations of the common carp from 5 fish farms in Belarus we have been established its helminths species composition (5 species) and their prevalence. Our findings suggest that carp cultivation in fish farms leads to reduced species composition of parasitic worms.

Global trends and prospects of carp cultivation

Recently, carp Cyprinus carpio L. (common carp) are grown in many countries of the world. Only in Europe there are about 30–35 breeds of this fish. Over the past centuries, it has been imported to most continents and 59 countries. According to the FAO, in 2018, the volume of carp production on a global scale among bony fish is in 4th place, behind the white amur, white carp and Nile tilapia, which is 7.7% or 4189.5 thousand tons. At the moment, the largest share in carp production belongs to Asian countries: China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Iran, India and Iraq. In European freshwater aquaculture, carp is still the main cultivated species. It accounts for about 32% of the total volume of aquaculture and 18% of the cost of production. 85% of its production is localized in Russia and in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. For the further development of the industry, it is necessary to optimize the technologies of cultivation, maintenance and feeding, for various climatic, environmental and socio-economic conditions. To develop environmentally friendly production in traditional areas of carp cultivation. Actively use integrated cultivation technologies to increase the productivity of reservoirs. It is required to carry out breeding work with existing and create new breeds of carp. The work should be carried out on the basis of genetic research based on the world experience of breeding. It is necessary to increase the resistance of carp to diseases by breeding methods by creating stable breeds and hybrids.

Assessment of the Fertilization Capacity of the Aquaculture Sediment for Wheat Grass as Sustainable Alternative Use.

Periodic removal of sediment from aquaculture ponds is practiced to maintain their productivity and animal welfare. The recovery of sediment as a plant fertilizer could alleviate the costs of sediment removal. The objective of this study was to test the effects of a dried sediment, extracted from an aquaculture pond used for common carp cultivation, on the growth and physiology of potted wheat grass and the quality of the juice obtained from wheat grass. The results showed that sediment application did not produce significant morphological changes, although the values for plant height (16.94–19.22 cm), leaf area (19.67–139.21 mm2), and biomass (3.39–4.26 g/plant) were higher in sediment-grown plants. However, at a physiological level, the effect was negative, decreasing photosynthesis (0.82–1.66 μmol CO2 m2s−1), fluorescence ΦPSII (0.737–0.782), and chlorophyll content (1.40–1.83 CCI). The juice yield was reduced in the sediment treatments (46–58 g/100 g), while the quality was improved by increasing the content of phenols (2.55–3.39 µg/mL gallic acid equivalent), flavonoids (1.41–1.85 µg/mL quercetin equivalent), and antioxidant activity (47.99–62.7% inhibition of; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The positive results obtained in this study can be attributed to the moderate nutrient content of the sediment and a negligible concentration of heavy metals.

Effect of probiotics Zoonorm and Subalin on the immunophysiological system and microbiocenosis of carp

Aquaculture is a fast-growing sector in Russia. To grow fish to a greater extent than for other agricultural objects, it is necessary to preserve and maintain natural habitat conditions. Minor changes in the aquatic environment, such as changes in pH, temperature fluctuations, and the presence of organic pollutants can lead to a decrease in the number of fish. Use of antibiotic drugs for the prevention and treatment of diseases in fish farming can lead to a change in the microbiocenosis of fish and the hydroecosystem, the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms and a change in the immunophysiological status of the fish organism. To date, a promising and effective therapeutic and prophylactic agent in fish farming is the use of probiotics, which have pronounced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, immunocorrecting and anti-inflammatory effect. As a result of our research, we have established the effectiveness of the use of preparations Subalin containing Bacillus subtilis and Zoonorm containing live bacteria Bifidobacterium bifidum in the cultivation of carp. A positive effect on the increase in body weight of fish was revealed, the level of contamination of parenchymal organs of fish with bacterial flora decreased, specific and nonspecific resistance increased.

POTENSI BUDIDAYA IKAN GURAME DI WANASIGRA CIAMIS MELALUI PEMBUATAN KOLAM BUNDAR

Carp cultivation can be done in the form of a round pond that can be done in the yard. The purpose of this activity is to improve the quality and quantity of carp using a round pond. The implementation of community service is carried out for 3 months, starting from August to October 2021. Activities are carried out starting from planning, namely collaborating with UMKM and the Wanasigra village head, then carrying out the making of a circular pond to evaluation. The conclusion after carrying out the service was that the service activity by making a round fish pond was responded positively by the training participants. Good potential to be developed because it has a positive impact and can be an additional income, and can be applied in their respective homes

Вирощування цьоголіток коропа із застосуванням суспензії хлорели (Chlorella (Beijerinck,1890))

Purpose. Investigate ecological conditions and determine fish productivity of ponds when growing young-of-the-year carp using a suspension of chlorella. Methodology. During the study, we used methods generally accepted in hydrochemistry, hydrobiology and fish farming. Findings. The article presents the results of the study on the use of chlorella suspension in the cultivation of carp. It was found that the use of chlorella suspension created favorable hydrochemical conditions resulting in intensive development of zooplankton, which had a positive effect on the growth of young-of-the-year carp and fish productivity of the pond. The development of the natural food supply was sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of juvenile carp. The average seasonal biomass of zooplankton in the experimental pond was 28.68 g/m3 that was 1.5 times higher than in the control. The share of cladocerans in the total biomass of zooplankton in the experimental pond was 76.6%, versus 36.8% in the control. The average biomass of zoobenthos for the growing season in the experimental was 1.3 times higher than in the control, and was formed by chironomid larvae, which are valuable in the food chain. Originality. The study investigated ecological conditions and fish productivity of growing ponds under conditions of the application of cattle manure and suspension of chlorella when growing carp in monoculture. Practical value. It was found that the use of chlorella suspension promotes the intensification of the development of zooplankton organisms in ponds. The obtained data can be used to develop practical recommendations for optimizing the conditions for growing carp seeds and increasing the biological productivity of ponds. Key words: nursery ponds, natural food supply, phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos, young-of-the-year carp, chlorella suspension, fish productivity.

Ефективність використання в годівлі коропа пребіотика на основі мананових олігоcахаридів

Purpose. Analysis of productive and economic indicators in the cultivation of age-1+ carp as a result of the use of prebiotics based on mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) in feeding. Methodology. Four ponds were used, two of which were experimental and two control ponds, which were stocked with age-1 scaly carp with an average weight of 76–77 g at a stocking density of 2200 specimens/ha. Fish of Experiment 1 and Control 1 were fed with extruded feed with a protein content of 23%, fish in Experiment 2 and Control 2 were fed with a grain mixture with a protein content of 19%. 0.05% prebiotic based on MOS "Actigen" was added to the diet of experimental groups of carp throughout the growing season. Optimal conditions for carp farming were ensured including control over oxygen, hydrochemical and hydrobiological regimes in ponds, which were measured according to the generally accepted methods in fish farming. Fishery and economic indicators of growing age-1+ were determined after harvesting fish in autumn. Findings. Major hydrochemical parameters in all ponds were within the normative values. The average seasonal biomass of forage organisms of zooplankton and zoobenthos during the growing season did not differ in the experimental ponds and amounted to 10.33-16.23 g/m3 and 1.23-2.96 g/m3. A positive effect of the use of prebiotics based on MOS in the feeding of age-1+ carp was established. When the prebiotic was given as a part of the extruded feed, the average weight of fish was higher by 11.5%, and fish productivity by 22.7% relative to the control group, while the cost of feed for cultivation was lower by 20%. When it was added to the grain mixture, these values were higher by 12.9%, 16.3% and 16.7%, respectively. The profit, as a result of the use of the prebiotic based on MOS in the composition of the extruded feed increased by 43.3% compared to Control 1, and by 19.1% compared to Control 2 when it was added to the grain mixture. Originality. For the first time, a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the use of the prebiotic based on MOS in the composition of extruded feed and grain mixtures was performed taking into account productivity and economic indicators. Practical value. The obtained results indicate the feasibility and effectiveness of the use of prebiotics based on MOS in the feeding of age-1+ carp. Introduction of experimental additives to feeds of different composition helps to obtain additional growth and increase the economic component in the cultivation of carp to marketable condition. Key words: carp, prebiotic, feed, productivity, efficiency, profit hydrochemical and hydrobiological indicators.