Cultivated Edible Research Articles

Potential Famine Food Resources: A Systematic Review of Wild and Cultivated Edible Plants in the Philippines

Potential Famine Food Resources: A Systematic Review of Wild and Cultivated Edible Plants in the Philippines

ՄԱԿՐՈՍԿՈՊԻԿ ՍՆԿԵՐԻ ԿԻՐԱՌՄԱՆ ՀԵՌԱՆԿԱՐՆԵՐԸ ԿՈՍՄԵՏՈԼՈԳԻԱՅՈՒՄ/PERSPECTIVES OF USAGE OF MACROFUNGI IN COSMETOLOGY

Macroscopic fungi, or macromycetes, which belong to the phylum Basidiomycota (class Agaricomycetes) and phylum Ascomycota (class Pezizomycetes), are well-known for their high nutritional value and pharmacological properties. Mycelium and fruiting bodies of wild and cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms, as natural source of bioactive compounds (β-glucans, terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, proteins, melanin, selenium, etc.) with medicinal and cosmetic effects (antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-radiation, regenerating, moisturizing, nourishing, etc.) are widely used to develop various biotech products. Presently, edible and medicinal mushrooms from different taxonomic and ecological groups are of great interest in the production of anti-aging cosmetic products. Currently, 19 species of mushrooms , as potential source of cosmetic bioingredients were identified in the territory of Armenia. The study of mushroom resources, the creation and storage of pure cultures of mushroom collections open up wide opportunities for their biotechnological cultivation and the development of mycocosmetology in Armenia.

Analysis of Biochemical and Genetic Variability of Pleurotus ostreatus Based on the β-Glucans and CDDP Markers.

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is still one of the most cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms. Despite its frequent cultivation around the world, there is currently just a little information available on the variability of strains in terms of the content of β-glucans in them. This work presents an extensive study of 60 strains in terms of the content of α-glucans and β-glucans in their caps and stipes. The authenticity of the production strains based on an analysis of the variability of their genome by CDDP (Conserved DNA-derived polymorphism) markers was confirmed, whereas identical CDDP profiles were identified between samples 45, 89, 95, and 96. Genetic variability of the analyzed production strains showed a high polymorphism and effective discriminative power of the used marking technique. Medium positive correlations were found among the CDDP profiles and β-glucan content in the group of strains that generated the same CDDP profiles, and low negative correlation was found among these profiles in the group of low β-glucan content strains. For the determination of glucans content, Mushroom and Yeast analytical enzymatic kit (Megazyme, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland) were used. The results clearly showed that the stipe contains on average 33% more β-glucans than the cap. The minimum detected β-glucan content in the stipe was in strain no. 72, specifically 22%, and the maximum in strain no. 43, specifically 56%, which after the conversion represents a difference of 155%. From the point of view of β-glucan content, the stated strain no. 43 appears to be very suitable for the commercial production of β-glucans under certain conditions.

Variation of Minerals Content and Some Bioactive Compound in Some Wild and Cultivated Edible Plants Grown Naturally in Kastamonu Region

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional and some bioactive compounds like pigment, total phenolic, amino acid, and ascorbic acid of nine species as Capsella-bursa pastoris L., Chenopodium album L., Echinophora tenuifolia L., Malva sylvestris L., Trachystemon orientalis L., Tragopon reticulatus L., and three woody species as Asparagus acutifolius L., Smilax excelsa L., and Vitis vinifera L., which are widely consumed in Kastamonu region. All species were taken from the local market in the second week of May 2019. According to the result, K was the most abundant macronutrient ranged from 20 470 to 65 410 mg kg-1, followed by Ca, Mg, and P. The amount of Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Co of samples Mn was in the range 100.4-3 280, 759.5-13 930, 77.6-4 298, 8.2-25.3, 9.40-25.4, 307-1 590 and 3.9-11.21 mg kg-1, respectively. In terms of chemical constituents, T. orientalis, V. vinifera, M. sylvestris, and T. reticulatus are the richest species with the high level of total chlorophyll, β-carotene, lycopene, phenolics, free amino acid, glycine betaine, ascorbic acid, but S. excelsa and C. album are two poorest species. As a result, T. orientalis, M. sylvestris, V. vinifera, and T. retiqulatus were the richest species in terms of total phenolics, amino acid, chlorophyll, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, but S. excelsa and C. album were the two poorest species. Considering all data, it can be said that these species were found significantly beneficial in terms of mineral sources have the potential to provide essential nutrients and antioxidant compounds to the consumers.

Different cultivation methods of Hericium erinaceus (Bull: Fr.) Pers. in Chhattisgarh

Among the cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms, Lion’s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceum (Bull. Fr.) Pers.) Is an important mushroom and grown in North America, Europe and Asia. It is also known as monkey head mushroom in China, and ‘cendawan bunga kobis’ in Malaysia. In nature, the fruit body grows out of the knotholes or wounds of a tree. The fresh, young fruit body is edible and is regarded as a delicacy. Different containers i.e. bottle, bucket and poly propylenebag methods were evaluated to see thier effect on spawn run and yield of H. erinaceus and poly propylene bag method was found superior then other methods to achieve maximum yield (191.33g) with 38.26% BE of H. erinaceus while least yield (107.0g) with 10.7% BE was observed on bucket methods.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes related to cadmium accumulation and tolerance in two almond mushroom (Agaricus brasiliensis) strains with contrasting cadmium tolerance.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal occurring in the environment naturally. Almond mushroom (Agaricus brasiliensis) is a well-known cultivated edible and medicinal mushroom. In the past few decades, Cd accumulation in A.brasiliensis has received increasing attention. However, the molecular mechanisms of Cd-accumulation in A. brasiliensis are still unclear. In this paper, a comparative transcriptome of two A.brasiliensis strains with contrasting Cd accumulation and tolerance was performed to identify Cd-responsive genes possibly responsible for low Cd-accumulation and high Cd-tolerance. Using low Cd-accumulating and Cd-tolerant (J77) and high Cd-accumulating and Cd-sensitive (J1) A.brasiliensis strains, we investigated 0, 2 and 5 mg L-1 Cd-effects on mycelium growth, Cd-accumulation and transcriptome revealed by RNA-Seq. A total of 57,884 unigenes were obtained. Far less Cd-responsive genes were identified in J77 mycelia than those in J1 mycelia (e.g., ABC transporters, ZIP Zn transporter, Glutathione S-transferase and Cation efflux (CE) family). The higher Cd-accumulation in J1 mycelia might be due to Cd-induced upregulation of ZIP Zn transporter. Cd impaired cell wall, cell cycle, DNA replication and repair, thus decreasing J1 mycelium growth. Cd-stimulated production of sulfur-containing compounds, polysaccharides, organic acids, trehalose, ATP and NADPH, and sequestration of Cd might be adaptive responses of J1 mycelia to the increased Cd-accumulation. DNA replication and repair had better stability under 2 mg L-1 Cd, but greater positive modifications under 5 mg L-1 Cd. Better stability of DNA replication and repair, better cell wall and cell cycle stability might account for the higher Cd-tolerance of J77 mycelia. Our findings provide a comprehensive set of DEGs influenced by Cd stress; and shed light on molecular mechanism of A.brasiliensis Cd accumulation and Cd tolerance.

Simultaneous extraction and separation of oil, proteins, and glucosinolates from Moringa oleifera seeds

Moringa oleifera is a worldwide cultivated edible and medicinal plant. Its seeds are rich in oil, proteins, and glucosinolates. A practical method was developed to simultaneously extract and separate the three groups of substances from M. oleifera seeds. Smashed seed material was loaded into columns with petroleum ether: ethanol 8:2 (PE-ethanol) and eluted sequentially with 4.8-fold PE-ethanol to extract oil, and 10.8-fold water to extract proteins and glucosinolates. More than 95% of oil, proteins, and glucosinolates were extracted. The extracts were separated automatically into ether (oil) phase and ethanol aqueous phase. The latter was further separated into proteins and glucosinolates by 70% ethanol precipitation. The main glucosinolate was identified by LC-MS as GLC (4-α-rhamnopyranosyloxy-benzyl glucosinolate). After purification, 22.3 g refined oil, 33.0 g proteins, and 5.5 g purified GLC from 100 g M. oleifera seeds were obtained. This study provides a simple and high-efficient method to utilize M. oleifera seeds.

Fungicolous fungi: terminology, diversity, distribution, evolution, and species checklist

Fungicolous fungi are a very large, diverse, ecological and trophic group of organisms that are associated with other fungi. This association occurs with species of different lineages across the fungal kingdom. They are recognized as symbionts, mycoparasites, saprotrophs, and even neutrals. Wherever fungi have been found, fungicolous taxa have also been found. Homogeneous environments favour the development of highly adapted and coevolved fungicolous species, which could have led to host-specificity aspects. As a primary consumer, fungicolous fungi decrease the turnaround time of certain nutrients in food webs, due to their special often-rapid life cycles. They may also significantly affect population dynamics and population sizes of their hosts in aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems. As mycoparasites of pathogenic fungi, some fungicolous fungi have been explored as biocontrol agents. They may also cause serious diseases of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms, decreasing both yield and quality. Fungicolous fungi could be used as model organisms that may help determine better understanding of species interactions, fungal evolution and divergence, and fungicolous mechanisms. This review summarizes our current understanding of fungicolous fungi, with a particular focus on the terminology, diversity, global distribution, and interaction with their hosts. We also provide a checklist including 1552 fungicolous fungal taxa so far recorded following the updated classification schemes. There is a need for further investigations on this ecologically important group of fungi to better understand their biology, ecological aspects, origin and divergence, host-specificity and application in biocontrol. Accurate identification of these fungi as pathogens and their significance in quarantine purposes on the mushroom industry need further evaluations so that efficient control measures can be developed for better disease management purposes.

Urban Community Garden Agrodiversity and Cultural Identity in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

Considerable research has examined the social, cultural, economic, and community benefits of urban gardening. Few studies, however, have empirically assessed factors that influence urban community garden agrodiversity or its relationship to these dimensions of gardening. We conducted an interdisciplinary study of agrodiversity and cultural identity, based certain markers of identity, including how people see themselves with respect to race, ethnicity, or place of origin, in community gardens in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We conducted fifty‐six semistructured interviews with gardeners with different cultural identities in eight community gardens on their motivations for urban community gardening during 2014. We conducted plant inventories of the corresponding garden plots and found 104 cultivated edible and ornamental species and 28 varieties representing 34 families. We find that although gardens with culturally diverse gardeners did not have higher species richness, the cultural identity of the gardeners influenced species selection and reason for gardening. Further, the structure, design and species composition of garden plots reflected the identities of garden members. These finding have implications for the recent institutionalization of urban agriculture into city land policies in Philadelphia and other cities in North America.

Lentinula edodes Genome Survey and Postharvest Transcriptome Analysis.

Lentinula edodes is a popular, cultivated edible and medicinal mushroom. Lentinula edodes is susceptible to postharvest problems, such as gill browning, fruiting body softening, and lentinan degradation. We constructed a de novo assembly draft genome sequence and performed gene prediction for Lentinula edodesDe novo assembly was carried out using short reads from paired-end and mate-paired libraries and by using long reads by PacBio, resulting in a contig number of 1,951 and an N50 of 1 Mb. Furthermore, we predicted genes by Augustus using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data from the whole life cycle of Lentinula edodes, resulting in 12,959 predicted genes. This analysis revealed that Lentinula edodes lacks lignin peroxidase. To reveal genes involved in the loss of quality of Lentinula edodes postharvest fruiting bodies, transcriptome analysis was carried out using serial analysis of gene expression (SuperSAGE). This analysis revealed that many cell wall-related enzymes are upregulated after harvest, such as β-1,3-1,6-glucan-degrading enzymes in glycoside hydrolase (GH) families GH5, GH16, GH30, GH55, and GH128, and thaumatin-like proteins. In addition, we found that several chitin-related genes are upregulated, such as putative chitinases in GH family 18, exochitinases in GH20, and a putative chitosanase in GH family 75. The results suggest that cell wall-degrading enzymes synergistically cooperate for rapid fruiting body autolysis. Many putative transcription factor genes were upregulated postharvest, such as genes containing high-mobility-group (HMG) domains and zinc finger domains. Several cell death-related proteins were also upregulated postharvest.IMPORTANCE Our data collectively suggest that there is a rapid fruiting body autolysis system in Lentinula edodes The genes for the loss of postharvest quality newly found in this research will be targets for the future breeding of strains that keep fresh longer than present strains. De novoLentinula edodes genome assembly data will be used for the construction of a complete Lentinula edodes chromosome map for future breeding.

Health Risk Assessment of Selected Dumpsites in Amata-Akpoha Community Using Cultivated Edible Plants

Health Risk Assessment of Selected Dumpsites in Amata-Akpoha Community Using Cultivated Edible Plants

Ecosystem services of allotment and community gardens: A Leipzig, Germany case study

Allotment gardens and community gardens provide important ecosystem services to urban communities, such as local climate and water regulation, as well as habitat provision for biodiversity. Using the city of Leipzig as a case study, we assess the effect of urban gardening type and intensity of management on ecosystem services and biodiversity by comparing allotment and community gardens. Employing a stratified sampling design, we assessed 30 allotment plots of different management intensity, including vacant plots, and six adjacent community gardens along a gradient of urbanity, using in-depth field surveys, remote sensing analyses and interviews. Our results show a bimodal relationship of overall vascular plant species richness with management intensity with highest species richness in medium intensively-managed plots, as they provide space for both cultivated edible and ornamental species as well as native, spontaneous species. In comparison to allotment gardens, community gardens provide a higher ratio of permeable soil surface and a slightly higher microbial soil activity, implying important differences in water regulation and nutrient cycling properties. With regard to climate regulation, old mature trees make a considerable contribution to above ground carbon storage, but are largely restricted to communal areas of the allotment estates due to code regulation. Based on our results, we discuss the impact of allotment gardening association codes and garden type and ways forward for gardeners and urban planners to promote biodiversity and ecosystem services provision.

Fatty Acid Profiling in Selected Cultivated Edible and Wild Medicinal Mushrooms in Southern United States

The fatty acid composition was determined in the cultivated edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus (white), and the wild medicinal mushrooms, Turkey-tail (Trametes versicolor), Artist Conk (Ganoderma applanatum) and Tinder Polypore (Fomes fomentarius). The most prominent fatty acids present in all of the species studied were palmitic (C16: 0), stearic (C18: 0), oleic (C18: 1), and linoleic acid (C18: 2n6). The amount of linoleic acid in the cultivated species ranged from 75.35 ± 1.54%; compared to 16.80 ± 1.54 to 30.30 ± 1.54% in the wild medicinal mushrooms. Unsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant in both the cultivated edible and the wild medicinal mushrooms studied, which varied from 79.74 ± 1.76 to 80.51 ± 1.75% and 58.35 ± 1.75 to 69.61 ± 1.75% respectively. The saturated fatty acid amounts ranged from 29.22 ± 1.73 to 41.65 ± 1.73% in the wild mushrooms and 19.49 ± 1.73 to 20.28 ± 1.73% in the cultivated mushrooms. Oleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in the wild mushrooms and varied from 20.66 ± 0.87 to 37.21 ± 0.87%. The n-6: n-3 ratios were (ranged between 5.78 ± 7.38 to 28.45 ± 7.38% in cultivated edible compared to 16.19 ± 7.38 to 55.42 ± 9.03% in the wild medicinal mushrooms) generally higher than the recommended value of 2:1 or 3:1 in human diets.

Evidence for amphithallism and broad geographical hybridization potential among Agaricus subrufescens isolates from Brazil, France, and Thailand

Agaricus subrufescens is a cultivated edible and medicinal mushroom. Its known geographical distribution encompasses the Americas, Europe, Oceania, and Asia. The objective of this study was to assess mating compatibility and interfertility of strains originating from Brazil, France, and Thailand. Progeny of each strain were analyed with codominant molecular markers. Multilocus genotype tests revealed that the three strains were amphithallic with percentages of heterokaryotic single spore progenies of 75 % for the Thai strain and around 40 % for the Brazilian and French strains. In mating tests A. subrufescens had a multiallelic unifactorial system of sexual incompatibility. The three parent strains were interfertile based on experimental pairings of single-spore isolates, the recovery of hybrid heterokaryons from compatible matings, and the ability of hybrids to produce mushrooms and fertile spores. This biological approach supports the inclusion of the European strains within the species and the extension of the geographical distribution range to Asia. Our data should help to develop breeding strategies and to better manage and exploit the diversity existing in A. subrufescens.

Agaricus subrufescens, a cultivated edible and medicinal mushroom, and its synonyms

Agaricus subrufescens Peck was cultivated first in the late 1800s in eastern North America. The type consists partly of cultivated material and partly of field-collected specimens. Once a popular market mushroom, the species faded from commerce in the early 20th century. More recently, a mushroom species growing wild in Brazil has been introduced into cultivation in Brazil, Japan and elsewhere. This Brazilian mushroom has been referred to by various names, most commonly as A. blazei Murrill (sensu Heinemann) and most recently as A. brasiliensis Wasser et al. The author first cultivated A. subrufescens in 1981 and has grown and studied Brazilian isolates since 1992. The species has an amphithallic pattern of reproduction. Based on DNA sequence analysis of the rDNA ITS region and on mating studies and genetic analysis of hybrid progeny, there is a strong case for conspecificity of the Brazilian mushrooms with A. subrufescens. Based on a study of the type and other data, the recent lectotypification of A. subrufescens is accepted. Data are presented on mushrooms of diverse geographical origins, including A. rufotegulis Nauta from western Europe, another apparent con-specific. A possible role for interpopulational hybridization in current populations of A. subrufescens is proposed. The agronomic history of the species is reviewed.

Agaricus subrufescens, a cultivated edible and medicinal mushroom, and its synonyms

Agaricus subrufescens Peck was cultivated first in the late 1800s in eastern North America. The type consists partly of cultivated material and partly of field-collected specimens. Once a popular market mushroom, the species faded from commerce in the early 20th century. More recently, a mushroom species growing wild in Brazil has been introduced into cultivation in Brazil, Japan and elsewhere. This Brazilian mushroom has been referred to by various names, most commonly as A. blazei Murrill (sensu Heinemann) and most recently as A. brasiliensis Wasser et al. The author first cultivated A. subrufescens in 1981 and has grown and studied Brazilian isolates since 1992. The species has an amphithallic pattern of reproduction. Based on DNA sequence analysis of the rDNA ITS region and on mating studies and genetic analysis of hybrid progeny, there is a strong case for conspecificity of the Brazilian mushrooms with A. subrufescens. Based on a study of the type and other data, the recent lectotypification of A. subrufescens is accepted. Data are presented on mushrooms of diverse geographical origins, including A. rufotegulis Nauta from western Europe, another apparent conspecific. A possible role for interpopulational hybridization in current populations of A. subrufescens is proposed. The agronomic history of the species is reviewed.

The Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms Industry in Australia

In 1998-1999, Australian production of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms was estimated to be 49,040 tonnes. Twenty companies are responsible for 75% of Australia's Agaricus spp. Mushroom production, with seven companies producing 50% of the total. The mushroom industry is very labor intensive and directly employs an estimated 2500 people throughout Australia. Import of edible and medicinal mushrooms in Australia has fallen from approximately 50% of the market in the mid-1970s to less than 9% in 1998-1999. Small quantities of mushroom product are exported from Australia, mainly to markets in Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Australian annual per capita consumption of edible and medicinal mushrooms jumped from 0.65 kg in 1974 to approximately 2.91 kg in 1998-1999.

World Production of Cultivated Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms in 1997 with Emphasis on Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing, in China

World Production of Cultivated Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms in 1997 with Emphasis on Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing, in China