Sour Cherry Cultivars Research Articles

Comparative Antioxidant Activity and Untargeted Metabolomic Analyses of Sour Cherry Cultivars Based on Ultra-Performance-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry.

This study was conducted for the comparative analysis of antioxidant activity and untargeted metabolomics of dark- and light-colored sour cherry cultivars grown in Canada. Based on our previous study, we selected four cultivars-'Heimann R', 'Gorsemska', V70142, and 'Montmorency'-to determine the untargeted metabolites and their role in antioxidant activities. A total of 473 metabolites were identified from four sour cherry genotypes using UPLC-ToF-MS. Untargeted metabolomics revealed the dominant chemical groups present in sour cherries. PCA showed that the diversity in sour cherry metabolites was due to the genotype differences indicating iditol, malic acid, chlorobenzene, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and pyroglutamic acid as the predominant contributors. The variable importance in the projection (VIP > 1.0) in partial least-squares-discriminant analysis described 20 biomarker metabolites representing the cherry metabolome profiles. A heatmap of Pearson's correlation analysis between the 20 biomarker metabolites and antioxidant activities identified seven antioxidant determinants that displayed the highest correlations with different types of antioxidant activities. TPC and TAC were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The total antioxidant activity was performed using three different assays (ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH). This study of correlating metabolomics and antioxidant activities elucidated that the higher nutritional value and biological functions of sour cherry genotypes can be useful for the development of nutraceutical and functional foods.

Effect of virus infection on the fruit quality of sour cherry cultivar Łutówka

A survey was carried out on a commercial sour cherry fruit orchard located in Lublin province in Poland to determine the influence of viruses on the fruit quality of sour cherry cv. Łutówka. Leaf samples from trees of sour cherry cv. Łutówka were tested for Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Little cherry virus 1 (LChV-1), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV-2), Cherry virus A (CVA), Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV), Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV) and Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV) using the RT-PCR technique. The results indicated that PNRSV and PNRSV+CVA infected the samples. PDV, LChV-1, LChV-2, CGRMV, CNRMV, CRLV, and CMLV were not detected in any of the tested sour cherry trees. The effect of virus infection on the chemical composition of sour cherry fruits was investigated. The anthocyanin, total phenolic and vitamin C contents, and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The total phenolic compound, vitamin C contents, and antioxidant activity were significantly higher in PNRSV- and PNRSV+CVA-infected than in virus-free sour cherry fruits. The total anthocyanin content in PNRSV- or PNRSV+CVA-infected fruits was lower than in control trees. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the world about the effect of PNRSV or PNRSV+CVA infection on the anthocyanin compounds, total polyphenolic compounds, vitamin C contents, and the antioxidant activity of sour cherry fruits.

Tree performances of eight rootstocks grafted with ‘Šumadinka’ sour cherry

Aim of study: This study was conducted to determine the suitability of seven clonal and one seedling rootstocks for grafting of sour cherry cv. ‘Šumadinka’ trough early tree growth, precocity, productivity and fruit quality. Aim of study: To evaluate the suitability of seven clonal rootstocks and one seedling rootstocks for grafting the sour cherry cv. ‘Šumadinka’ based on early tree development, precocity, productivity and fruit quality. Area of study: A sour cherry orchard in village Prislonica, Serbia, near Čačak city. Material and methods: The sour cherry cultivar ‘Šumadinka’ was grafted onto Colt, MaxMa 14, Krymsk 6, Adara, Cigančica, Gisela 5, Gisela 6 and Myrobalan rootstocks. Standard and validated procedures were used to measure tree growth, productivity (from 2017 to 2020), leaf area, fruit physical properties and fruit chemical composition (from 2019 to 2020). Main results: Significant differences were observed among rootstocks in leaf and petiole dimensions, leaf area, tree vigour, yield, fruit size, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, sugars and vitamin C contents, ripening and sweetness indexes. Trees grafted on Adara exhibited the highest tree vigour, while those on Gisela 6 produced the largest fruit size. On the other hand, Colt trees generally displayed the highest sugar content and sweetness index. Adara also showed improvements in fruit quality characteristics, whereas the properties associated with Myrobalan received the lowest evaluation scores. Research highlights: Adara rootstock demonstrated good adaptability to heavy and acidic soil conditions in Serbia, even though it was originally selected for cherry cultivation in heavy, waterlogged, and calcareous soils in Spain. This adaptability likely contributed to its higher vigour, yield, yield efficiency and good fruit quality.

The Quality Assessment of Sour Cherries Dried Using an Innovative Simultaneous Osmotic–Microwave–Vacuum Approach Based on Image Textures, Color Parameters, and Sensory Attributes

Sour cherries are a perishable raw material, and their preservation is needed to extend their availability to consumers. Improving drying techniques is desirable to ensure the highest quality of products. This study aimed to determine image textures from color channels R, G, B, L, a, b, X, Y, and Z; color parameters L*, a*, and b*; the color difference (ΔE) of raw materials and dried fruit; and the sensory attributes of dried sour cherry products prepared using an innovative approach. Three sour cherry cultivars, ‘Nefris’, ‘Debreceni Botermo’, and ‘Łutówka’, were used in the experiment. Sour cherries were subjected to freezing and pit removal before drying. The simultaneous osmotic–microwave–vacuum drying was carried out in one process lasting an hour and combining osmotic dehydration using a 40 °Bx sucrose solution and microwave–vacuum drying at microwave powers of 100 W for 900 s, 300 W for 900 s, 250 W for 900 s, and 0 W for stabilization for 900 s and a pressure of 30 ± 2 hPa. After drying, the quality assessment of products was performed using non-destructive image analysis and color measurements, as well as sensory analysis, including non-destructively and destructively assessed attributes. The highest changes in textures occurred for the GHMean (histogram’s mean for color channel G) (from 30.69 to 22.64) and LHMean (histogram’s mean for color channel L) (from 66.93 to 59.07) of images of the cultivar ‘Łutówka’, and the smallest changes were found for the cultivar ‘Nefris’. Drying had a statistically significant effect on the color parameters of the ‘Debreceni Botermo’ and ‘Łutówka’ sour cherries. The value of ΔE was the highest (10.44) for ‘Debreceni Botermo’ and the smallest (1.98) for ‘Nefris’. All cultivars of dried sour cherries had very high values of overall quality, reaching 8.9 for ‘Nefris’ and ‘Debreceni Botermo’ and 8.8 for ‘Łutówka’. The ‘Nefris’ sour cherry was characterized by the highest value of flavor of 9.0. All dried samples were attractive in terms of their external appearance. The sensory parameters related to taste, texture, and crunchiness were also satisfactory. Innovative simultaneous osmotic–microwave–vacuum drying allowed for the obtainment of dried sour cherries with a high quality, including acceptable sensory attributes.

The structure of the tetraploid sour cherry 'Schattenmorelle' (Prunus cerasus L.) genome reveals insights into its segmental allopolyploid nature.

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is an important allotetraploid cherry species that evolved in the Caspian Sea and Black Sea regions from a hybridization of the tetraploid ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall.) and an unreduced pollen of the diploid sweet cherry (P. avium L.) ancestor. Details of when and where the evolution of this species occurred are unclear, as well as the effect of hybridization on the genome structure. To gain insight, the genome of the sour cherry cultivar 'Schattenmorelle' was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeqTM and Oxford Nanopore long-read technologies, resulting in a ~629-Mbp pseudomolecule reference genome. The genome could be separated into two subgenomes, with subgenome PceS_a originating from P. avium and subgenome PceS_f originating from P. fruticosa. The genome also showed size reduction compared to ancestral species and traces of homoeologous sequence exchanges throughout. Comparative analysis confirmed that the genome of sour cherry is segmental allotetraploid and evolved very recently in the past.

Comparative analysis of physicochemical characteristics, bioactive components, and volatile profile of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus)

This study provides a detailed report on the physicochemical, bioactive components, and volatile profiles of diverse sour cherry ( Prunus cerasus) cultivars to identify the cultivar(s) containing high health-promoting components. Physiological characteristics (fruit weight, size dimensions, moisture, color attributes, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, maturity index, nutritional bioactive components (total phenolic, total anthocyanin content, and total flavonoids), antioxidant activity, and volatile profile of 10 sour-cherry cultivars, consisting of dark red Morello type and clear fruit flesh Amarelle type, were studied. The total phenolic content was in the range of 123.24–289.91 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g FW (fresh weight), total flavonoids (1340.23–2831.91 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g FW), and total anthocyanins (225.43–485.66 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (CGE)/100 g FW) in different sour-cherry cultivars, showing significant diversity in such health-promoting compounds. In vitro antioxidant activity assessed by ferric reducing antioxidant potential was observed in the range of 658.18–1483.37 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g FW and by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) at 384.36 and 931.85 mg TE/100 g FW. A total of 10 phenolic components, including five hydroxycinnamic acids, three flavonoids (flavanols), and one anthocyanin, have been identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hydroxycinnamic acids represented 40%–60% of total phenolic components, while flavonoids and anthocyanins amounted to 20% each in total phenolic composition. The volatile profile of sour-cherry cultivars revealed that aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, esters, monoterpenes, acids, sugars, and hydrocarbons were the predominant volatiles present in sour cherry.

Genome of tetraploid sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) 'Montmorency' identifies three distinct ancestral Prunus genomes.

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is a valuable fruit crop in the Rosaceae family and a hybrid between progenitors closely related to extant Prunus fruticosa (ground cherry) and Prunus avium (sweet cherry). Here we report a chromosome-scale genome assembly for sour cherry cultivar Montmorency, the predominant cultivar grown in the USA. We also generated a draft assembly of P. fruticosa to use alongside a published P. avium sequence for syntelog-based subgenome assignments for 'Montmorency' and provide compelling evidence P. fruticosa is also an allotetraploid. Using hierarchal k-mer clustering and phylogenomics, we show 'Montmorency' is trigenomic, containing two distinct subgenomes inherited from a P. fruticosa-like ancestor (A and A') and two copies of the same subgenome inherited from a P. avium-like ancestor (BB). The genome composition of 'Montmorency' is AA'BB and little-to-no recombination has occurred between progenitor subgenomes (A/A' and B). In Prunus, two known classes of genes are important to breeding strategies: the self-incompatibility loci (S-alleles), which determine compatible crosses, successful fertilization, and fruit set, and the Dormancy Associated MADS-box genes (DAMs), which strongly affect dormancy transitions and flowering time. The S-alleles and DAMs in 'Montmorency' and P. fruticosa were manually annotated and support subgenome assignments. Lastly, the hybridization event 'Montmorency' is descended from was estimated to have occurred less than 1.61 million years ago, making sour cherry a relatively recent allotetraploid. The 'Montmorency' genome highlights the evolutionary complexity of the genus Prunus and will inform future breeding strategies for sour cherry, comparative genomics in the Rosaceae, and questions regarding neopolyploidy.

Regulation of Yield, Fruit Size, and Leaf Mineral Nutrients of the ‘Šumadinka’ Sour Cherry Cultivar with Help of Rootstocks

Regulation of Yield, Fruit Size, and Leaf Mineral Nutrients of the ‘Šumadinka’ Sour Cherry Cultivar with Help of Rootstocks

Influence of Climate Change on the Phenological Stages at the Sour Cherry Genotypes

The present study establishes the influence of changes in climatic conditions on the development of ten sour cherry cultivars existing in the sour cherry germplasm fund from Research Station for Fruit Growing Iaşi, Romania. The first four phenological stages were taken in account: bud swelling (code 51 BBCH), bud burst (code 53), beginning of flowering (code 61) and end of flowering (code 69) over three different periods of time (2006-2008, 2009-2011 and 2019-2021). Were registered the number of days, the sum of active temperature (SAT), growing degree-days (GDD) as well as the correlation coefficient between the number of days and the sum of active temperature between phenological developmental stages, buds swelling and bud burst, bud burst and beginning of flowering and from beginning of flowering to the end of flowering. The results obtained in the three time periods (from 2006 to 2021) have statistically significant differences and were recorded especially at the phenophases of flowering. The study determined that the higher annual average temperature was (from 10.45℃ to 11.69℃), the more significant were the statistically differences. Thereby, phenological changes were a reaction to temperature what can be assumed also with the results of the present study.

Benchmarking analysis of CNN models for pits of sour cherry cultivars

Benchmarking analysis of CNN models for pits of sour cherry cultivars

Phenolic content and bioactivity of two sour cherry cultivars and their products

Bioactive compounds are produced as secondary metabolites in plants. Positive correlation between presence of bioactive compounds and health benefits of plants have been reported in many studies. Sour cherry contains high content of bioactive compounds, mostly polyphenols and anthocyanins. They are mostly consumed in fresh state, but are also used to produce jam, jelly, marmalade, juice, and syrup. Aim of this study was to evaluate total phenolic content, anthocyanins, as well as the antioxidant activity in two sour cherry cultivars and their products, jams and juice, prepared using traditional recipes. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. pH-Differential method was used to determine anthocyanin content. Marasca cultivar had higher content of phenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity than Oblačinska cultivar. Processing of sour cherries had a greater impact on the reduction of anthocyanin content but did not have significant effect on antioxidant activity.

Leaf spot resistance in sweet and sour cherries

Background. Cherry leaf spot (caused by the fungus Coccomyces hiemalis Higg.) has been one of the most harmful diseases of stone fruits for many years. The increasing genetic homogeneity of plant forms used in breeding promotes the acceleration of the pathogen’s adaptive microevolution and the overcoming of previously effective resistance genes. The structure of C. hiemalis populations from Krasnodar Territory in terms of their virulence to a set of differentiators and the effectiveness of new leaf spot resistance donors were studied.Materials and methods. The polymorphism in three populations of the fungus was assessed by the frequencies of virulence phenotypes which were identified using six differentiators. The resistance of new distant hybrids to 50 monopustular isolates was assessed in laboratory experiments.Results and conclusions. Five phenotypes of the fungus, differing in virulence to six cherry genotypes, were identified. An increase was observed in the frequencies of virulence phenotypes capable of strongly affecting donors used in breeding for resistance. Five hybrids are proposed to expand the genetic diversity of sour and sweet cherry cultivars resistant to C. hiemalis: 3-61-4-139, 3-39-5-47, 3-107-6-28, AI 5 B-D-2-4-27, and 3-76. They are protected by the leaf spot resistance genes that have been transferred from Prunus serrulata Lindl. The alleles of the resistance genes in these plants are not identical to the resistance alleles in the genotypes Seyanets No. 1, Mutant 561, ‘Almaz’, Kusumkent 8, Vetrovoe 11 (P. kurilensis Miyabe), and BG-35 (P. sargentii Rehd.), all used in breeding. Seedling 3-20-5-23 (P. serrulata × Northstar) was not resistant to a number of C. hiemalis clones. It is assumed that this genotype and Vetrovoe 11 (P. kurilensis) are protected by identical alleles of resistance genes, which differ from the alleles present in the five new hybrid forms.

Parental origins of the cultivated tetraploid sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)

Societal impact statementSour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is an agriculturally valuable tree that produces fruits used in a range of culinary dishes, beverages, and other products. The progenitor species and number of origins of sour cherry remain unresolved. Here, we performed phylogenetic analyses of plastid genomes and nuclear genes from nine wild species and three historically important sour cherry cultivars. Our analyses identified Prunus fruticosa and Prunus avium as the closest extant relatives of the progenitor species of tetraploid sour cherry. Furthermore, our analyses revealed P. fruticosa as the likely maternal contributor. These findings and transcriptomic datasets should serve as valuable new resources to guide future breeding efforts in sour cherry.

Comparative Assessment of Phytochemical Compounds and Antioxidant Properties of Kernel Oil from Eight Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) Cultivars.

New plant oils as a potential natural source of nutraceutical compounds are still being sought. The main components of eight cultivars (‘Koral’, ‘Lucyna’, ‘Montmorency’, ‘Naumburger’, ‘Wanda’, ‘Wigor’, ‘Wołyńska’, and ‘Wróble’) of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) grown in Poland, including crude fat, protein, and oil content, were evaluated. The extracted oils were analysed for chemical and biological activity. The oils had an average peroxide value of 1.49 mEq O2/kg, acid value of 1.20 mg KOH/g, a saponification value of 184 mg of KOH/g, and iodine value of 120 g I2/100 g of oil. The sour cherry oil contained linoleic (39.1–46.2%) and oleic (25.4–41.0%) acids as the major components with smaller concentrations of α-eleostearic acid (8.00–15.62%), palmitic acid (5.45–7.41%), and stearic acid (2.49–3.17%). The content of sterols and squalene varied significantly in all the studied cultivars and ranged between 336–973 mg/100 g and 66–102 mg/100 g of oil. The contents of total tocochromanols, polyphenols, and carotenoids were 119–164, 19.6–29.5, and 0.56–1.61 mg/100 g oil, respectively. The cultivar providing the highest amounts of oil and characterised by the highest content of PUFA (including linoleic acid), plant sterols, α-and β-tocopherol, as well as the highest total polyphenol and total carotenoids content was been found to be ‘Naumburger’. The antioxidant capacity of sour cherry kernel oils, measured using the DPPH• and ABTS•+ methods, ranged from 57.7 to 63.5 and from 38.2 to 43.2 mg trolox/100 g oil, respectively. The results of the present study provide important information about potential possibilities of application of Prunus cerasus kernel oils in cosmetic products and pharmaceuticals offering health benefits.

Quality Characteristics and Inhibitory Xanthine Oxidase Potential of 21 Sour Cherry (Prunus Cerasus L.) Varieties Cultivated in China.

This study aims to analyze the physicochemical characteristics and activities of 21 sour cherry cultivars in China. The evaluated accessions differ in several quality traits including weight, moisture, color, total soluble solids, and total acids. Glucose and malic acid were the predominant individual sugar and organic acid in all accessions. The potassium (K) and iron (Fe) were of the highest contents in Érid jubileum (453.887 mg/100 g FW) and Meili (2.988 mg/100 g FW), respectively. The contents of total phenolics (TP) were from 9.309 to 24.118 mg GAE/g DW, and total flavonoids (TF) were 8.935–27.198 mg RE/g DW, which were highly positively correlated (r = 0.892, p < 0.001). M-15, Érdi fubileum, and Érid jubileum showed the highest inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase, and the IC50 inhibitory were 2.619, 3.117, and 3.940 mg/ml, respectively. This work evaluated the quality and nutritional characteristics of 21 sour cherry cultivars grown in China and explored their potential as an innovative food ingredient for hyperuricemia by evaluating the inhibitory effects of xanthine oxidase. And these results provide valuable data and new ideas for the future sour cherry breeding program as well as a processing guide.

Discriminative Power of Geometric Parameters of Different Cultivars of Sour Cherry Pits Determined Using Machine Learning

The aim of this study was to develop models based on linear dimensions or shape factors, and the sets of combined linear dimensions and shape factors for discrimination of sour cherry pits of different cultivars (‘Debreceni botermo’, ‘Łutówka’, ‘Nefris’, ‘Kelleris’). The geometric parameters were calculated using image processing. The pits of different sour cherry cultivars statistically significantly differed in terms of selected dimensions and shape factors. The discriminative models built based on linear dimensions produced average accuracies of up to 95% for distinguishing the pit cultivars in the case of ‘Nefris’ vs. ‘Kelleris’ and 72% for all four cultivars. The average accuracies for the discriminative models built based on shape factors were up to 95% for the ‘Nefris’ and ‘Kelleris’ pits and 73% for four cultivars. The models combining the linear dimensions and shape factors produced accuracies reaching 96% for the ‘Nefris’ vs. ‘Kelleris’ pits and 75% for all cultivars. The geometric parameters with high discriminative power may be used for distinguishing different cultivars of sour cherry pits. It can be of great importance for practical applications. It may allow avoiding the adulteration and mixing of different cultivars.

Plum Pox Virus Strain C Isolates Can Reduce Sour Cherry Productivity.

The impact of plum pox virus (PPV) on sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) productivity has been studied by comparing the yield of PPV-infected and PPV-free fruit-bearing trees. A total of 152 16- to 17-year-old trees of nine cultivars and hybrids were surveyed in the production orchards (cultivar collection and hybrid testing plots) in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Sixty trees tested positive for PPV using ELISA and RT-PCR. Among them, 58 PPV isolates belonged to the strain C and the other 2 isolates to the strain CV. For the cultivars Sevastyanovskaya, Shakirovskaya, hybrids 88-2 and 80-8, the average (2012 to 2019) productivity of infected trees was 38% to 45% lower than for PPV-free trees of the same cultivar or hybrid. No ilarviruses (prunus necrotic ringspot virus, prune dwarf virus, apple mosaic virus, American plum line pattern virus) were detected in PPV-infected trees, suggesting that reduced cherry productivity was attributed to the PPV infection. Thus, it was shown for the first time that PPV can reduce the productivity of at least some sour cherry cultivars and hybrids, and strain C isolates are responsible for crop losses.

The effect of genotype and temperature interaction on pollen performance in the pistils of autochthonous sour cherry cultivar ‘Feketićka’

The effect of genotype and temperature interaction on pollen performance in the pistils of autochthonous sour cherry cultivar ‘Feketićka’

PHENOLOGICAL STAGES AND FRUIT QUALITY PARAMETERS OF SOUR CHERRY GENOTYPES IN ROMANIAN CONDITIONS

The paper presents some aspects regarding the influence of environmental factors in 2020 on the development and fruiting of local and foreign sour cherry cultivars. Phenological stages, fruit quality traits and other chemical parameters were studied. The swelling of the buds started with March 07th (`Țarina`), while the beginning of flowering varied during 11 days, taking place between April 8-19th to April 26th. Fruit`s weight have varied between 3.34 g (`Erdi Ipari`) and 6.28 g (`Erdi Bibor`), but of the stone between 0.20 g (`Erdi Ipari`) and 0.32 g (`Erdi Bibor`). Regarding the equatorial diameter, it varied between 16.98 mm and 22.37 mm for the varieties `Erdi Ipari` and respectively `Erdi Bibor`. The fruit ripening took place between June 3rd and 20th. The values of the soluble dry solids recorded data ranging from 13.84% (`Erdi Korai`) to 17.10% (`Erdi Bibor`). The studied sour cherry cultivars showed variability, but some were remarked through the size of the fruit and the high level of soluble dry substances, or by the degree of adaptability to the soil and climate conditions in Northeastern Romania.

Comparative analysis of sour cherry cultivars on their ecological and biological indicators

Sour cherries developed in the northern hemisphere, an alloploid hybrid of dwarf sour cherries (Prunus fruticosa) and bird cherries (P. avium), born in the confluence of the two species. However, the ecological and, above all, cold tolerance of the ancestor of cultivated sour cherries is higher than that of wild cherries (De Candolle, 1894; Rehder, 1954; Terpó, 1974; Iezzoni et al., 1991; Faust &amp; Surányi, 1997). The cultivation limits are in the northern hemisphere 38-44. degree. The Carpathian Basin, the Balkans and Asia Minor are considered to be the main birthplaces for sour cherries. The genetic and morphological diversity of sour cherries is greater than that of the basic species (Iezzoni et al. 1991; Faust &amp; Surányi, 1997). In the study, 472 sour cherry cultivars were compared based on 7 relative ecological indicators and 3 biological values. Compared to other Prunus species, we mostly found less variability in sour cherries - not counting their salt tolerance (SB). The partial similarity between open pollination (OP), frost tolerance (FR) and disease resistance (DR) - partly true in terms of varieties, but also reflected the effects of purposeful breeding and selection. The cultivars together - in comparison, showed balance, but in the highlighting, the differences of the 3 cultivar groups became significant. Indeed, the differences between the species of the former Hungarian cultural flora are clearly different (Surányi, 2004), which is also the case when comparing a large number of apricot (Surányi, 2014), plum (Surányi, 2015) and peach (Surányi, 2020) varieties.