Cultivars Of Different Groups Research Articles

Genetic Relatedness in Elite Cultivars of Moth Bean using Morpho-agronomic and Molecular Markers

Background: Moth bean is a very nutritive and hardy crop, especially for resource poor-arid agriculture. The limited use of cultivars in moth bean breeding resulted into narrow genetic base. This study aimed to diversify the conical genetic base and developimproved cultivars, through molecular (RAPD) and morpho-agronomic characterization of commercially elite moth bean cultivars. Methods: Elite moth bean cultivars (15) were evaluated for 11 morpho-agronomic traits. Eleven RAPD markers were used to amplify genomic DNA and perform molecular characterization.Clustering approach was used for grouping of the cultivars. Result: RAPD markers revealed high polymorphism in 15 elite moth bean cultivars. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values varied within the range of 0.45 to 0.88, with an average of 0.77. The number of alleles at different loci ranged from 4 to 16, with an average of 10 alleles per locus. When employing UPGMA-based cluster analysis, utilizing 11 morpho-agronomic traits, the cultivars were grouped into four clusters. However, when RAPD markers were used, the cultivars were grouped into five clusters. The Jaccard’s similarity coefficient and Manhattan dissimilarity coefficient fell within the ranges of 0.18 to 0.70 and 0.02 to 0.42, respectively. These values signify the degree of genetic variability within the cultivars. Furthermore, a Mantel test was conducted to examine the correlation between agronomic traits and the RAPD-based matrix. The results showed a negative correlation, but it was not statistically significant.The high PIC values and the successful amplification of multiple loci demonstrate the efficacy of RAPD markers in assessing genetic diversity in moth beans. The study revealed enormous genetic variation among cultivars and crosses can be attempted between cultivars of different groups to create better recombinants in moth bean breeding programmes.

Some prospects of growing and use of china aster for space greening in Podillia zone

Annual aster, also called China aster (Callistepsus chinensis (L.) Nees) is one of the priority ornamental flower plants for the introduction both in Ukraine and throughout the world. Domestic and foreign scientists are diverse in the study of this plant. Most of the works published during the last decades are devoted to the study and search for the most favorable agrotechnical techniques for aster cultivation under different conditions. The research was being carried out during 2016‑2017 on the territory of the Bio-stationary of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University with partial subsequent data processing at Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University. The purpose of the study was to identify the most adapted and resistant samples among the collection cultivars of China aster for their further breeding and greening of various objects of Vinnytsia region. The methods of field and laboratory research were applied in accordance with the basic methodological requirements. The prospects of growing cultivars of China aster (Callistepsus chinensis) in the green space of Vinnytsia region were analyzed. The demand for new cultivars of different groups of annual aster in ornamental gardening and the need to develop decorative cultivars resistant to diseases and adapted to the environment was proved. For the first time, biomorphological features of Chinese asters (Callistepsus chinensis), methods of reproduction and the most promising cultivars for their growing under conditions of Vinnytsia region and their further use in landscaping of various objects were investigated. A collection of cultivars of different groups of Chinese aster on the territory of the collection site of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University was produced and unified. Due to high ornamental qualities, economic and biological qualities of the studied cultivars, all of them are evaluated as well adapted to the edaphic and climatic conditions of Podillya and they are recommended as objects intended for the replenishment of the assortment of plants for greening, collection and exhibition funds as well as breeding activities. A diversity of colours and forms of inflorescence, various shapes and height of the bush enable to use China aster widely in the single linear plantations, group plantations, for the arrangement of mixborders and plant beds, on the rocky landscapes and borders, to create groups and flower beds.

Influence of crop establishment methods on yield, economics and water productivity of rice cultivars under upland and lowland production ecologies of Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field study on assessment of crop establishment methods on yield, economics and water productivity of rice cultivars under upland and lowland production ecologies was conducted during wet seasons (June–November) of 2012 and 2013 in Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The experiment was laid-out in a split-plot design (SPD) and replicated four times. The main-plot treatments included three crop establishment methods, viz. dry direct-seeded rice (DSR), system of rice intensification (SRI) and puddled transplanted rice (PTR). In sub-plots, five rice cultivars of different groups like aromatic (Improved Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Sugandh 5), inbreds (PNR 381 and Pusa 834) and hybrid (Arize 6444) were taken for their evaluations. These two sets of treatments were laid-out simultaneously in two production ecologies, upland and lowland during both years. In general, lowland ecology was found favourable for rice growth and yield and resulted in 13.2% higher grain yield as compared to upland ecology. Rice grown with SRI method produced 19.4 and 7.0% higher grain yield in 2012 and 20.6 and 7.1% higher in 2013, over DSR and PTR. However, PTR yielded 13.1 and 14.5% higher grain over DSR during 2012 and 2013, respectively. On an average, Arize 6444 produced 26.4, 26.9, 28.9 and 54.7% higher grain yield as compared to PS 5, P 834, PNR 381 and IPB1, respectively. Further, the interaction of production ecologies × crop establishment methods revealed that, in upland ecology, SRI recorded significantly higher grain yield as compared to PTR and DSR, but in lowland, grain yield resulting from SRI was similar to the yield obtained with PTR and significantly higher than DSR. The latter two methods (PTR and DSR) yielded alike in lowland ecology in both study years. The production ecologies × crop establishment methods × cultivars interaction on grain yield showed that the growing of Arize 6444 cultivar using SRI method in upland ecology resulted in the higher grain yield (8.87 t/ha). But the cost of production was also highest in SRI followed by PTR and DSR across production ecologies and cultivars. Cultivation of hybrid (Arize 6444) involved higher cost of production than all other cultivars. Irrespective of crop establishment methods and cultivars, gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were significantly higher in lowland compared to upland ecology. Owing to higher grain yield, SRI method fetched significantly higher gross returns and net returns over PTR and DSR. Average increase in net return with Arize 6444 was 68.8, 41.0, 37.7 and 33.1% over IPB 1, PNR 381, P 834 and PS 5, respectively. There was a saving of 30.7% water in SRI and 19.9% in DSR over PTR under upland ecology. Similarly in lowland ecology, water saving of 30.2% was observed in SRI and 21.2% in DSR over PTR. Due to higher yield and saving on water, SRI returned significantly higher total water productivity (TWP) (5.9 kg/ha-mm) as compared to DSR (3.5 kg/ha-mm) and PTR (3.6 kg/ha-mm) under upland ecology. In lowland ecology, also SRI (6.2 kg/ha-mm) resulted in higher TWP as compared to other two methods. However, DSR gave significantly higher TWP as compared to PTR. Among cultivars, hybrid Arize 6444 recorded the highest TWP in both upland and lowland production ecologies across crop establishment methods. Hence, growing of hybrid Arize 6444 with SRI method can enhance rice productivity and water-use efficiency in lowland and upland production ecologies of Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains and in other similar regions.

Identification of two types of differentiation in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) detected by polymorphism of isozymes and hybrid sterility

Magnitudes of genetic variation within each of major varietal groups of cultivated rice were surveyed in terms of isozyme polymorphism and allelic differentiation of hybrid sterility loci, both of which are considered to have litt le selective value. Allelic differences for 20 isozyme loci were examined in a total of 337 accessions, including Indica and Japonica rices. Aus cultivars from India, Javanica cultivars and both landraces and cultivars from China. Eleven out of the 20 isozyme loci were polymorphic. The Aus cultivars contained more alleles per locus than others. The hybrid sterilities in the crosses among Chinese cultivars, Indica and Japonica cultivars were mainly controlled by locus S-5, whereas the hybrid sterilities of Aus cultivars, when they were crossed to Indica, Japonica or Javanica cultivars, were found to be controlled by allelic interaction at hybrid sterility loci S-5, S-7, S-9 and S-15. Also in terms of the number of alleles at S-5 and S-7, Aus cultivars contained more alleles than others. While the Aus group showed an extreme diversity for both hybrid sterility alleles and isozymes, modern cultivars from the south of YangZi River in China were classified into Indica type and those from the north were into Japonica, which were almost the same as those in Japan. On the basis of the measured polymorphism the Indica-Japonica differentiation was explained by founder effects, i.e., through selection and distribution of two original sources each with a unique set of markers. Contrastingly, the continuous and pronounced diversity in the Aus group was attributed to the absence of such a process. The intermediate groups in Yunnan province and Tai-hu Lake region of China are considered to be isolated from such founder effects, retaining an intermediate diversity in terms of isozymes and hybrid sterility genes. Since hybrid sterility hampers the exchange of genes between cultivars of different groups, the understanding of its genetic basis will be important in rice breeding, particularly in hybrid rice breeding.

Increase of potato genetic resources in their center of diversity: the role of natural outcrossing and selection by the Andean farmer

The Andean farmer conserves and maintains the existing genetic diversity of potato cultivars by means of clonal propagation of tubers. However, surveys of traditional farms showed that botanical seed propagation was used for disease elimination, stock rejuvenation and the creation of new cultivars. Electrophoretic surveys based on 542 tubers collected from 18 markets sampled in the Cusco area disclosed a total of 229 different cultivars from diploid, triploid and tetraploid forms of Solanum tuberosum L. These could be classified by isozyme cluster analysis into four major groups and six minor groups. However, they did not agree with groups based on flesh or skin color. It is therefore concluded that all genotypes belong to a single, large gene pool with considerable gene flow between cultivars of different groups. When the samples were grouped by the three most common tuber skin colors, namely red/pink (‘Q'ompis type’), purple (‘Yana Imilla’ type), and yellowish/brown (‘Yuraq Kusi’ type), similar allozymes were observed in all three classes. The structure of the isozymic phenotypes within each group indicate that they may have been derived as segregants after outcrossing of diverse parental types. In order to provide further evidence for the origin of new types by hybridization, two segregating diploid progenies were generated by crossing purple by yellow skin types. In the resulting F1, most of the tuber phenotypes observed in the Andean varieties were reproduced in these crosses. It can be concluded that the Andean potatoes form a large and plastic gene pool amplified and renovated by outcrossing followed in some cases by human selection of desirable phenotypes.