Cultivar Tainung Research Articles

Indicadores técnicos e econômicos do mamoeiro aos fatores de produção água e composto orgânico

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze technical and economic indicators of responses of papaya (Carica papaya L.) to the production factors water and organic compost, in a rural property with characteristic of family farming in the Semiarid region of Brazil. The study was conducted from August 2019 to July 2020, in the first crop cycle, in the municipality of Pentecoste, Ceara, Brazil. A Formosa papaya crop (cultivar Tainung 1) was established with spacing of 2.5 × 2.5 m, and irrigated by a micro-sprinkler localized system. A randomized block design was used, with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. The primary treatments consisted of four irrigation water depths (60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of the crop evapotranspiration), and the secondary treatments consisted of four organic compost rates (0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of the required rate for the crop). The irrigation water productivity of 5.38 R$ (BRL) m-3, related to the requirements of the production factors, on average, is five-fold the reference value for papaya crops under conventional production system. Rural credit allows the farmer to reach a social reproduction level with a papaya crop area that can be, on average, half of that needed under conditions without financing.

Physicochemical and sensory properties of papaya fruits of elite lines and hybrids

This study aimed to evaluate papaya elite lines and hybrids as to fruit physicochemical and sensory characteristics, thus identifying the most promising ones for the market. Fruits from improved genotypes of the Solo group (CMF H10.60, CMF L78, and UC 14) and Formosa group (CMF L10, UC 10, and UC 12) were evaluated, and the commercial cultivars Golden and Tainung nº 1 were used as controls. The following physical and physicochemical evaluations were performed: fruit length and diameter, fruit inner cavity diameter, fruit weight, fruit and pulp firmness, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, Ratio (soluble solids and titratable acidit relation), and firmness of peeled and unpeeled ripe fruits. Sensory tests were performed with 50 papaya consumers. In general, the improved genotypes of the Solo and Formosa groups showed similar physical and physicochemical characteristics to the Golden and Tainung n° 1 controls. The CMF L78 line of the Solo group and the UC10 hybrid of the Formosa group showed similar fruit firmness and ratio characteristics compared to both commercial cultivars. The three new genotypes in the Solo group showed superior sensory characteristics to the commercial cultivar Golden. The internal preference mapping of this group revealed a higher preference for the genotypes UC 14 and CMF L78, for having fruits with more intense color, stronger flavor, and firmer texture than the others. In the Formosa group, the UC 10 genotype outperformed the cultivar Tainung nº 1, with a global acceptance percentage of 96.15%, due to a more intense aroma, color, and flavor. The CMF L78 line of the Solo group and the UC 10 hybrid of the Formosa group have excellent physicochemical and sensory characteristics and are therefore promising alternatives to replace both commercial cultivars (Golden and Tainung nº 1).

Transformation and characterization of transgenic rice and Cleome spinosa plants carrying the maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genomic DNA

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a key enzyme in the C4 photosynthetic pathway for the initial fixation of atmospheric CO2 into the four-carbon (C4) acid, oxaloacetate. Here, we report that a vector carrying the intact maize C4pepc gene was used to transform C3 monocot japonica rice cultivar Tainung 67 (TNG67) which is an important cultivar in Taiwan, and C3 dicot Cleome spinosa which is closely related to the C4 dicot Cleome gynandra, via an Agrobacterium-mediated method. In total, 29 transgenic rice and 4 transgenic C. spinosa plants were obtained. Genomic PCR and southern blot analyses revealed that the maize pepc and selective antibiotic resistant genes were present in almost all randomly-selected transgenic plants but not in wild-type plants. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that maize pepc mRNA was detected in transgenic plants. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of 110 kDa maize PEPC protein in transgenic plants but not in wild-type plants. Furthermore, higher PEPC enzyme activities were detected in transgenic rice plants than in transgenic C. spinosa plants. Taken together, we clearly demonstrated monocot maize C4pepc gene is functional in both C3 monocot rice and C3 dicot C. spinosa plants. Two T5 homozygous rice lines, each harboring a single insertion of maize pepc gene, showed 7- to 9.4-fold and 40–54% PEPC enzyme activity as compared to the untransformed rice and maize, respectively. These stable transgenic rice lines will be valuable material for studying the effect of maize PEPC on rice photosynthesis under different conditions.

English

The major objectives of this study were to identify spectral characteristics associated with rice yield and to establish their quantitative relationships. Field experiments were conducted at Shi-Ko experimental farm of TARI’s Chiayi Station, during 2001 to 2005. Rice cultivar Tainung 67 (Oryza sativa L.), the major cultivar grown in Taiwan, was used in the study. Various levels of rice yield were obtained via nitrogen application treatments. Canopy reflectance spectra were measured during entire growth period and dynamic changes of characteristic spectrum were analyzed. Relationships among rice yields and characteristic spectrum were studied to establish yield estimation models suitable for remote sensing purposes. Spectrum analysis indicated that the changes of canopy reflectance spectrum were least during booting stages. Therefore, the canopy reflectance spectra during this period were selected for model development. Two multiple regression models, constituting of band ratios (NIR/RED and NIR/GRN) were then constructed to estimate rice yields for first and second crops separately. Results of the validation experiments indicated that the derived regression equations successfully predicted rice yield using canopy reflectance measured at booting stage unless other severe stresses occurred afterward. Key words: Rice yield, canopy reflectance, prediction model.

Evaluation of cover-cropping managements on productivity and N-utilization efficiency of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), under different nitrogen fertilization rates and soil types

Biomass productivity, nitrogen recovery fraction and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) cultivar Tainung 2 were tested, under three Lens culinaries treatments (incorporated, harvested before the sowing of the energy crop and mono-cropping) and four nitrogen dressings (0, 50, 100 and 150kgha−1), in two field experiments carried out on a fertile, clayey to loamy soil, and on a sandy soil of moderate fertility, in central Greece, over the period 2007–2009. The obtained results showed a positive response in L. culinaries cover cropping on kenaf total yield, on both experimental sites. Total dry biomass fluctuated from 16.07 to 21.46tha−1 for incorporated plots and from 13.63 to 16.55tha−1 for control treatments (relied only on applications of N-fertilization) for sandy soil, and from 14.98 to 19.28tha−1 in case of legume incorporation and from 12.34 to 16.69tha−1 for control plots, for clayey soil, respectively. The evaluated NUE was 76kgkg−1, for sandy soil, and 72kgkg−1, for clay soil. The recovery fraction escalated from 41% in control plots to 70% in plots with previous L. culinaries cultivation for sandy soil, while for clayey soil an increase of 20% was recorded, indicating a prominent effect of legume cover-cropping management.

Abscisic acid-induced hydrogen peroxide is required for anthocyanin accumulation in leaves of rice seedlings

The role of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced anthocyanin accumulation in detached and intact leaves of rice seedlings was investigated. Treatment with ABA resulted in an accumulation of anthocyanins in detached rice leaves. Dimethylthiourea, a chemical trap for H(2)O(2), was observed to be effective in inhibiting ABA-induced accumulation of anthocyanins. Inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (diphenyleneiodonium chloride and imidazole), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (wortmannin and LY 294002), and a donor of nitric oxide (N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone), which have previously been shown to prevent ABA-induced H(2)O(2) accumulation in detached rice leaves, inhibited ABA-induced anthocyanin increase. Exogenous application of H(2)O(2), however, was found to increase the anthocyanin content of detached rice leaves. In terms of H(2)O(2) accumulation, intact (attached) leaves of rice seedlings of cultivar Taichung Native 1 (TN1) are ABA sensitive and those of cultivar Tainung 67 (TNG67) are ABA insensitive. Upon treatment with ABA, H(2)O(2) and anthocyanins accumulated in leaves of TN1 seedlings but not in leaves of TNG67. Our results, obtained from detached and intact leaves of rice seedlings, suggest that H(2)O(2) is involved in ABA-induced anthocyanin accumulation in this species.

The participation of hydrogen peroxide in methyl jasmonate-induced NH 4+ accumulation in rice leaves

Ammonium is a central intermediate in the nitrogen metabolism of plants. We have previously shown that methyl jasmonate (MJ) not only increases the content of H(2)O(2), but also causes NH(4)(+) accumulation in rice leaves. More recently, H(2)O(2) is thought to constitute a general signal molecule participating in the recognition of and the response to stress factors. In this study, we examined the role of H(2)O(2) as a link between MJ and subsequent NH(4)(+) accumulation in detached rice leaves. MJ treatment resulted in an accumulation of NH(4)(+) in detached rice leaves, which was preceded by a decrease in the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and an increase in the specific activities of protease and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). GS, PAL, and protease appear to be the enzymes responsible for the accumulation of NH(4)(+) in MJ-treated detached rice leaves. Dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a chemical trap for H(2)O(2), was observed to be effective in inhibiting MJ-induced NH(4)(+) accumulation in detached rice leaves. Scavengers of free radicals (sodium benzoate, SB, and glutathione, GSH), nitric oxide donor (N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone, PBN), the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (diphenyleneiodonium chloride, DPI, and imidazole, IMD), and inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (wortmannin, WM, and LY 294002, LY), which have previously been shown to prevent MJ-induced H(2)O(2) production in detached rice leaves, inhibited MJ-induced NH(4)(+) accumulation. Similarly, changes in enzymes responsible for NH(4)(+) accumulation induced by MJ were observed to be inhibited by DMTU, SB, GSH, PBN DPI, IMD, WM, or LY. Seedlings of rice cultivar Taichung Native 1 (TN1) are jasmonic acid (JA)-sensitive and those of cultivar Tainung 67 (TNG67) are JA-insensitive. On treatment with JA, H(2)O(2) accumulated in the leaves of TN1 seedlings but not in the leaves of TNG67. Ethylene action inhibitor, silver thiosulfate, was observed to inhibit MJ- and abscisic acid-induced accumulation of NH(4)(+) and changes in enzymes responsible for NH(4)(+) accumulation in detached rice leaves, suggesting that the action of MJ and ABA is ethylene dependent.

Yield and grain uniformity in contrasting rice genotypes suitable for different growth environments

In this study, the effect of crop season on yield and grain weight uniformity was examined in field-grown rice cultivar Tainung 67 and its sodium azide-induced mutant SA419 in 2000 and 2001. In spring, Tainung 67 had greater yield (7.2 mg ha −1) than SA419 (6.2 mg ha −1). Marked yield decline (averaged 27% decline) was found in Tainung 67 when it was grown in autumn. The yield decline resulting from season change was only 5.9% for SA419. The greater yield of SA419 than Tainung 67 in autumn was due to its higher net assimilation rate and better dry matter partitioning during grain filling. The distribution patterns of grain weight differed between the tested genotypes, with greater grain weight variations for Tainung 67 than SA419. Significant panicle branch effects on the distribution pattern of grain weight were also found between Tainung 67 and SA419 with greater variation for the former than the latter. SA419 has several agronomic traits, such as heavier 1000-grain weight and more uniform grain development within a panicle, that makes it a genotype with superior grain quality than Tainung 67.

Hydrogen peroxide is involved in methyl jasmonate‐induced senescence of rice leaves

The role of H2O2 in the senescence of detached rice leaves induced by methyl jasmonate (MJ) was investigated. MJ treatment resulted in H2O2 production in detached rice leaves, which was prior to the occurrence of leaf senescence. Dimethylthiourea, a chemical trap of H2O2, was observed to be effective in inhibiting MJ‐induced senescence and MJ‐increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in detached rice leaves. Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) and imidazole (IMD), inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, prevented MJ‐induced H2O2 production, suggesting that NADPH oxidase is a H2O2‐generating enzyme in MJ‐treated detached rice leaves. DPI and IMD also inhibited MJ‐promoted senescence and MJ‐increased MDA content in detached rice leaves. Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitors wortmannin (WM) or LY 294002 (LY) inhibited MJ‐induced H2O2 production and senescence of detached rice leaves. Exogenous H2O2 reversed the inhibitory effect of WM or LY. In terms of leaf senescence, it was observed that rice seedlings of cultivar Taichung Native 1 (TN1) are jasmonic acid (JA)‐sensitive and those of cultivar Tainung 67 (TNG67) are JA‐insensitive. On treatment with JA, H2O2 accumulated in the leaves of TN1 seedlings but not in the leaves of TNG67. Evidence was also provided to show that MJ‐induced H2O2 production in detached rice leaves is abscisic acid (ABA)‐independent. Ethylene action inhibitor, silver thiosulfate, was observed to inhibit MJ‐ and ABA‐induced H2O2 production and senescence of detached rice leaves, suggesting that the action of MJ and ABA is ethylene‐dependent.

Nitro‐blue tetrazolium staining of starch‐synthesizing enzymes in developing rice grains

AbstractAn in situ nitro‐blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining method was used to locate the activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in developing grains of field grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Tainung 67 and its early ripening mutant SA 419. The results indicated that all the tested enzymes, including sucrose synthase, invertase, hexokinase, ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase, UDP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch synthase, were detectable in developing rice endosperms by using NBT staining. The activity of these enzymes was also measurable by using chemical assays. The expression of enzyme activity, as indicated by the formation of blue formazan precipitate, in growing grain of Tainung 67 were visualized in entire endosperm at 11 days after anthesis (DAA). However, NBT staining shifted from central to peripheral region of endosperm after 18 DAA, and the staining disappeared at 25 DAA. Similar staining patterns were also observed in the growing grains of mutant SA 419, but the shift of staining from central to peripheral endosperm occurred at 11 DAA. Electron microscopy examinations showed that the growing patterns of starch granules, sampled from central and peripheral regions of endosperm, varied between two cultivars, with SA 419 growing faster than Tainung 67. Both cultivars showed that the shifts of NBT staining pattern coincided with the changes in the growing pattern of starch granules located in central and peripheral regions of endosperms. The NBT staining results showed that the activities of sucrose to starch conversion enzymes in mutant SA 419 declined and disappeared earlier than its wild‐type Tainung 67 and therefore it ripened earlier than cultivar Tainung 67. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

Predicting Rice Yield Using Canopy Reflectance Measured at Booting Stage

Abilities to estimate rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields within fields from remote sensing images is not only fundamental to applications of precision agriculture, but can also be very useful to food provisions management. Major objectives of this study were to identify spectral characteristics associated with rice yield and to establish their quantitative relationships. Field experiments were conducted at Shi‐Ko experimental farm of TARI's Chiayi Station during 1999–2001. Rice cultivar Tainung 67, the major cultivar grown in Taiwan, was used in the study. Various levels of rice yield were obtained via N application treatments. Canopy reflectance spectra were measured during entire growth period, and dynamic changes of characteristic spectrum were analyzed. Relationships among rice yields and characteristic spectrum were studied to establish yield estimation models suitable for remote sensing purposes. Spectrum analysis indicated that the changes of canopy reflectance spectrum were least during booting stages. Therefore, the canopy reflectance spectra during this period were selected for model development. Two multiple regression models, constituting of band ratios (NIR/RED and NIR/GRN), were then constructed to estimate rice yields for first and second crops separately. Results of the validation experiments indicated that the derived regression equations successfully predicted rice yield using canopy reflectance measured at booting stage unless other severe stresses occurred afterward.

Multiple Shoot Regeneration from Young Shoots of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)

A method was developed to initiate multiple shoots from the young shoot of kenaf. Young shoots along with the cotyledons were excised from ten-day old aseptically germinated seeds and pre-cultured for two weeks in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzyl adenine (BA) or a combination of BA and kinetin. After two weeks in culture, elongated shoots were excised above the cotyledonary nodes and cultured on fresh medium of the same composition. Multiple shoots were initiated within eight weeks. The number of shoots varied among cultivars. The highest number of shoots (11/explant) occured in cultivar Tainung 2 (T2) cultured in MS medium supplemented with 8.8 μM BA. Concentrations of BA higher than 8.8 μM had a negative effect on the number of shoots. Furthermore, callus growth was initiated from which morphologically abnormal shoots were induced. Kinetin had a significant effect only on cultivar Everglades 41 (E41). Shoot elongation and rooting were obtained simultaneously in half strength MS basal medium with no plant growth regulators. About 98% of the rooted plants were grown to maturity under greenhouse conditions. This method was successful with all four genotypes tested. However, significant genotypic variations were observed among the genotypes.

Effects of grain position on the panicle on starch biosynthetic enzyme activity in developing grains of rice cultivar Tainung 67 and its NaN3-induced mutant

The content of starch and the activities of enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis were examined in developing grains of field grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Enzyme activities were monitored throughout the grain filling period of cultivar Tainung 67 and its NaN3-induced mutant SA419. The activities of most of the grain enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis increased and reached their maxima during the initial period of grain development, then gradually declined towards the later stages of grain filling. Both Tainung 67 and SA419 showed different starch and amylose accumulation patterns in different grain positions. In cultivar Tainung 67, reduced activities of grain enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis, particularly during the early phase of grain filling, were related to the decreased starch accumulation for the grains located on proximal secondary branches as compared with the grains located on distal primary branches. The decreased amylose contents in the grains of Tainung 67 located on proximal secondary branches were attributable to their lower granule bound starch synthase and starch debranching enzyme activities at early and mid phases of grain filling. In mutant SA419, no significant changes were observed in the activities of grain enzymes involved in sucrose to starch conversion between the grains located on distal primary and proximal secondary branches of the panicle. As a result, grain setting position was found to have little effect on the contents of starch and amylose for these developing grains located on different branches. Thus, the mutant SA419 did have some agronomic and physiological traits that were superior to its wild type cultivar Tainung 67.

Starch biosynthesizing enzymes in developing grains of rice cultivar Tainung 67 and its sodium azide-induced rice mutant

The relationships between the rate of starch accumulation and the activities of enzymes involving starch biosynthesis in developing grains of field grown rice ( Oryza sativa) cultivar Tainung 67 and its sodium azide-induced mutant SA419 were investigated and compared throughout the grain filling period. The results indicated that the activities of most of the grain enzymes involving sugar–starch conversion rose and reached their maximum between 7 and 14 days after anthesis (DAA), but declined rapidly after 21 DAA. The changes in the rate of starch accumulation correlated well with the changes in the activities of sucrose synthase (SUS), invertase, hexokinase, AGPglucose pyrophosphorylase, UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglucomutase, soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule bound starch synthase (GBSS), starch-branching enzyme (SBE) and starch debranching enzyme (SDBE), during the grain filling period. The rapid grain-fill and shorter period of grain filling in mutant SA419, as compared with Tainung 67, were associated with its higher activity of starch synthesizing at the early phase of grain growth. The lower amylose content of SA419 grains (8%) in comparison with Tainung 67 grains (20%) was possibly due to their inferiority to synthesize amylose through GBSS and SDBE.

Effect of location and cultivar on kenaf yield components

A two-year research study was established to determine the effect of kenaf cultivars and locations on yield components. Data relative to stalk yield have shown that plant height was a dominant yield component. Moreover, height attainment was dependent upon location, which was affected by temperature and the length of the growing period. The cultivar Tainung #2 tended to show slightly higher yield by 2 t/ha than other cultivars at the three locations. Plant populations which were all above 130 000/ha had a low, non-significant relationship (low R 2) to stalk yield. No significant differences were detected for the average stem diameter among cultivars at the Mississippi and Missouri locations, but these were significant in Oklahoma. The average bast percentage showed significant differences among cultivars at the Oklahoma and Missouri locations, but not at the Mississippi location.