Related Cultivars Research Articles

Genome-wide discovery of polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers through comparative analysis of closely related hami melon cultivars

Genome-wide discovery of polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers through comparative analysis of closely related hami melon cultivars

Workflow for development of CAPS markers with one type of restriction enzyme to identify citrus cultivars

Given the ease of propagating fruit tree species through cloning, the economic viability of their breeding programs hinges on protecting breeders' rights. This necessitates the development of highly accurate DNA markers for cultivar identification. Here, we present a methodology for the rapid design of cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers to discriminate newly bred Japanese citrus cultivars from genetically related cultivars. We first compared the performance of ddRAD-seq and MIG-seq in citrus germplasm. The ddRAD-seq libraries generated using EcoRI and HindIII restriction enzymes yielded the highest number of polymorphisms. Subsequently, ddRAD-seq with EcoRI and HindIII was employed to analyze 29 citrus cultivars and thus identify 331,801 genome-wide polymorphisms. A semi-automated bioinformatics pipeline was then utilized to identify candidate CAPS markers, resulting in the discovery of 14,072 potential markers. Of these candidates, 52 were chosen for validation based on their recognition by the PstI restriction enzyme. This evaluation resulted in the development of 11 highly discriminative CAPS markers. Remarkably, a combination of only six such markers was sufficient to differentiate newly bred cultivars from their genetically related parents. The single restriction enzyme employed for these markers facilitates straightforward multiplexing. Finally, a combination of one multiplex marker testing two loci and four singleplex markers was successfully selected that completely discriminated the cultivars other than the bud sports used in this study. The pipeline established here extends beyond citrus and has the potential to simplify marker development and cultivar protection in various plant species.

A Complex Approach to Control Black Dot Disease in Potato

In recent years, skin blemish diseases of potato (including black dot (BD) caused by Colletotricum coccodes) have begun to be important for global potato marketing, since consumers often reject tubers with an imperfect appearance, which results in financial losses caused by the disposal of unwanted potatoes. Like for many non-fatal plant diseases, BD severity may depend on the immune status of plants influenced by other infectious agents. Using a set of 98 potato cultivars differing in their late blight (LB) resistance, we examined the correlation between the intensity of their infection with LB determined by their LB resistance and the occurrence of the BD disease under field conditions with a high background level of both diseases. Using LB-susceptible (Arizona) and moderately susceptible (Sante) cultivars, we also evaluated the effect of a crop protection against LB on BD development under the same field conditions. A strong negative correlation (r = −0.81, p < 0.05) between the LB resistance and the BD occurrence has been revealed. An experiment using the two cultivars, chemically protected against LB, showed a significant reduction in BD occurrence of 30% (cv. Arizona) and 20% (cv. Sante) compared to the untreated controls; the total yield and marketability of potatoes increased by 103.6 and 62.5% for cv. Arizona and by 65.9 and 43.8% for cv. Sante. The reduction in the LB affection of potato is one of the key factors improving the immune status of potato cultivars in relation to BD infection, so methods of LB protection should be included in a complex approach to BD control.

Sweet basil cultivars resistant to downy mildew evaluated under open field conditions

Sweet basil is the most widely grown herb in the U.S. Downy mildew is the most common disease. Management is necessary because there is no tolerance for disease symptoms on leaves marketed for fresh consumption. Host resistance is a preferred management practice. Research was initiated to evaluate cultivars bred to be resistant to downy mildew when they started to become commercialized. Five replicated experiments were conducted between 2018 and 2022 with field-grown basil exposed to naturally-occurring wind-dispersed sporangiospores of Peronospora belbahrii. Eleonora, which is one of the first resistant cultivars commercialized, exhibited limited suppression in this study (26 and 34% control based on AUDPC for incidence of leaves with symptoms compared to a susceptible cultivar). Amazel, the related cultivar Pesto Besto, and Prospera plus related cultivars from Genesis Seeds provided excellent to complete suppression (usually 100%). They have resistance gene Pb1. The four Rutgers DMR cultivars (Devotion, Obsession, Passion, and Thunderstruck) provided good to excellent control with some yearly variation (46–99% control). The recommended management program for downy mildew in field-grown sweet basil in an integrated management program with fungicides applied to resistant cultivar(s), plus weekly checking the crop for symptoms as well as staying current on knowledge about changes in the pathogen, commercialization of new resistant cultivars, and registration of new fungicides.

Analysis of Vine Nutrition and Productivity Based on Statistical Indicators

Different fertilization systems, methods and techniques result in differences in plant nutrition, with variations in the mineral element contents in the leaves and values of physiological, yield, and production quality indices. This results in large datasets that are often relatively difficult to interpret. Starting from these aspects, the present study analyzed data on the state of plant nutrition (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg content in leaves, in % of dry matter; Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn content in leaves, in mg/kg of dry matter), physiological indices (chlorophyll leaf content—Chl; leaf area—LA), yield (kg/vine, t/ha), and grape berry quality (sugar and acidity content in berries) of the ‘Burgund mare’ grape cultivar in relation to organic, mineral and foliar fertilization. According to a PCA multivariate analysis, four groups of components were obtained: PC1 including five factors, with positive action in the case of K (r = 0.963), P (r = 0.770) and Cu (r = 0.752), and negative action in the case of Mg (r = −0.940) and Mn (r = −0.759); PC2 including three factors, with positive action for Chl (r = 0.938), LA (r = 0.938) and Ca (r = 0.722); PC3 including one factor (N), with negative action (r = −0.916); and PC4 including two factors, with positive action for Fe (r = 0.869) and Zn (r = 0.761). Based on the one-sample t test (parametric) and the Wilcoxon test (non-parametric) and a threshold value of α = 0.05, the differences between the index values for fertilization variants T2–T13 compared with those for the control variant (T1) were verified. Significant differences were recorded in PC1 for P, Mg and Cu; in PC2 for Chl, LA and Ca; and in PC3 for N. Insignificant differences were recorded in PC1 for K and Mn and in PC4 for Fe and Zn. In the case of the productivity elements and quality indices, significant differences were recorded.

Influence of Nitrogen Fertilisation Level and Weather Conditions on Yield and Quantitative Profile of Anti-Nutritional Compounds in Grain of Selected Rye Cultivars

Cultivar, habitat conditions and agrotechnology have an influence on the yield and chemical composition of rye grain. The main anti-nutritional substances present in rye grain include alkylresorcinols, water-soluble pentosans and trypsin inhibitors. The aim of this study was to determine the variability in yield and the concentration of anti-nutritional compounds in the grain of selected winter rye cultivars in relation to nitrogen fertilisation levels and weather conditions. Field studies were conducted at the Experimental Station of IUNG-PIB in Osiny (Poland) in two growing seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020). The experiment was located on pseudo-polylic soil using the randomised sub-block method in three replications. The first factor of the experiment was the level of nitrogen fertilisation (0, 70 and 140 kg N∙ha−1) and the second was the population (Dańkowskie Skand, Piastowskie) and hybrid (KWS Vinetto, SU Performer) winter rye cultivars. The study showed that the yield of winter rye depended on the genotype and the level of nitrogen fertilisation. The hybrid cultivars yield ed 17.9% higher in relation to the population cultivars. The content of anti-nutritional compounds in rye grain depended significantly on genotype, level of nitrogen fertilisation and weather conditions. The reason for the higher synthesis of anti-nutrients in rye grain was the stressful weather conditions occurring in the 2019/2020 season. Nitrogen fertilisation influenced the content of alkylresorcinols, water-soluble pentosans and trypsin inhibitor activity in grain. The interaction of cultivar and fertilisation was also found to shape the content of the aforementioned anti-nutrients.

Content of selected polyphenolic compounds in four Sambucus nigra l. cultivars in relation to their antimicrobial activity

European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) fruits constitute a valuable source of biologically active compounds useful in the pharmaceutical industry. We aimed to determine the content of chosen polyphenolic compounds in fruit extracts from four cultivars of elderberry (Alleso, Korsor, Sampo, Samyl) and their relation to antibacterial and antifungal activity. The content of polyphenols was determined with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while antimicrobial activity, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal (MBC) or fungicidal (MFC) concentration, was studied with the use of microbroth dilution method. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of concentrations of cyanidin glycosides, caffeic and quercetin derivatives depending on the plant cultivar. The extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus spp. (MIC = 0.313 – 0.625 mg/mL) and Helicobacter pylori (MIC = 0.313 – 1.25 mg/mL) and antifungal against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis (MIC = 0.313 – 2.5 mg/mL). Results showed that the concentration of cyanidin glycosides, caffeic and quercetin derivatives depended on the analyzed S. nigra L. cultivar and pointed towards a correlation between their high content and antimicrobial activity. These results support the idea that elderberry fruits contain bioactive compounds providing them significant antimicrobial potential.

Effect of Hybridization on the Nutrient Compositions of Two Cultivars of Solanum aethiopicum L. (Solanaceae) Found in Anambra State

The desire for modification of valuable crop species for human nutritional fulfilment and economic growth is essential. Two cultivars of Solanum aethiopicum L. found in Anambra State were hybridized to raise an F1 that might combine the attributes of the parental lines for enhancement in yield and biochemical contents for health nutritional requirements. The emasculation method was adopted, using Solanum aethiopicum var “Anara Adazi as the female parent and transference of functional pollen from Solanum aethiopicum var “Anara” to the stigmas of the emasculated plant at the correct time. Nutrient analysis of the fruits of F1 and the parental plants was carried out using the standard method. Analysis of variance was used for data analysis. Results revealed that parental plants and F1 contained investigated nutrients in varied amounts. Ash content, crude fiber and protein were higher in the fruit of F1 hybrid (10.90±0.11, 21.50±1.51, and 5.01±0.24) respectively when compared to the fruits of the parental plants. Data obtained indicated that when two Solanum aethiopicum plants of different but closely related cultivars are crossbred, a new hybrid that possesses enhanced characteristics of the two parent plants are produced. Results of the nutrients analysis demonstrated that hybridization could significantly increase food nutrients in eggplant (S. aethiopicum).

High-quality maple genome reveals duplication-facilitated leaf color diversity

Acer truncatum is a horticultural tree species with individuals that display either yellow or red leaves in autumn, giving it high ornamental and economic value. 'Lihong' of A. truncatum is an excellent cultivar due to its characteristic of having autumn leaves that turn a bright and beautiful shade of red, while its closely related cultivar 'Bunge' does not. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the color change in the cultivar 'Lihong' is still unclear. Here, we assembled a high-quality genome sequence of Acer truncatum 'Lihong' (genome size = 688 Mb, scaffold N50 = 9.14 Mb) with 28,438 protein-coding genes predicted. Through comparative genomic analysis, we found that 'Lihong' had experienced more tandem duplication events although it’s a high degree of collinearity with 'Bunge'. Especially, the expansion of key enzymes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway was significantly uneven between the two varieties, with 'Lihong' genome containing a significantly higher number of tandem/dispersed duplication key genes. Further transcriptomic, metabolomic, and molecular functional analyses demonstrated that several UFGT genes, mainly resulting from tandem/dispersed duplication, followed by the promoter sequence variation, may contribute greatly to the leaf color phenotype, which provides new insights into the mechanism of divergent anthocyanin accumulation process in the 'Lihong' and 'Bunge' with yellow leaves in autumn. Further, constitutive expression of two UFGT genes, which showed higher expression in 'Lihong', elevated the anthocyanin content. We proposed that the small-scale duplication events could contribute to phenotype innovation.

Evaluation of Zinc Concentrations in Fruit from Various Pear Strains and Cultivars in China for Establishing a Standard for Zinc-Enriched Pears

Zinc (Zn)-enriched pears, which are derived from genetically related cultivars or crops fortified using agronomic methods, have the potential to partly satisfy the human demand for Zn nutrition and diversify consumer choices. However, a standard for the Zn fortification level in pears is lacking, and the disparity in literature-reported fruit Zn concentrations can vary by substantial amounts. Before investigating the Zn concentrations in fruits of the main pear cultivars in China, common sample preparation methods were compared. Among the pre-treatment methods tested, the freeze-dry technique had a greater degree of discrete variation, whereas oven drying (fresh weight) was the optimal method for determining fruit Zn concentrations. Based on the optimal method, no significant distribution patterns of fruit Zn concentration were found among the regions and strains examined. The averaged pulp Zn concentration in all 26 cultivars was 0.72 mg kg−1, with the Hongxiangsu, Jinfeng, and 420 cultivars having the highest concentrations. Combined with the findings from our previous field experiments on Zn-fortified pears, a Zn concentration of ≥0.90 mg kg−1 is the suggested standard for pear enrichment. These results help us to better understand pear Zn nutrition levels and facilitate the marketisation of the fortified fruit.

Simple Sequence Repeat Fingerprint Identification of Essential-Oil-Bearing Rosa rugosa via High-Resolution Melting (HRM) Analysis.

Oil-bearing Rosa rugosa are popular in the essential oil and perfume markets. The similar botanical characteristics between high-oil-yield or low-oil-yield cultivars are confusing and it is hard for farmers or breeders to identify the high-oil-yield cultivar by phenotype difference. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) can construct accurate DNA fingerprints quickly, which was shown to be effective for identification of closely related cultivars of R. rugosa. Optimization of HRM-SSR indicated that the 10 µL HRM reaction mixture containing 20 ng of genomic DNA of R. rugosa and 0.75 µL of 10 µmol/L of each primer with an annealing temperature of 64 °C was a robust SSR genotyping protocol. Using this protocol, 9 polymorphic SSR markers with 3-9 genotypes among the 19 R. rugosa cultivars were identified. The top three polymorphic makers SSR9, SSR12 and SSR19 constructed a fingerprint of all cultivars, and the rare insertion in the flanking sequences of the repeat motif of SSR19 generated three characteristic genotypes of three high-oil-yield cultivars. These results may be economical and practical for the identification of high-oil-yield R. rugosa and be helpful for the selection and breeding of oil-bearing roses.

Morphological and Molecular Characterisation of Nineteen (19) Tomato Cultivars from Northern Nigeria

Tomato is an autogamous vegetable crop whose genetic variability has been reduced by selection and breeding processes. Characterisation of tomato germplasm, therefore, aids the documentation of the genetic variability existing in a population. To morphologically characterise tomato varieties from Northern Nigeria, and molecularly characterise the varieties using (Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers, nineteen (19) tomato varieties were collected from major markets in seven states in Northern Nigeria using a purposive sampling method. Tomato seeds were extracted, prepared, sowed in screen houses and morphologically characterised using cross-sectional shapes, core, pericarp, matured fruit colour, overall fruit shape, size and firmness. Leaves of tomato seedlings four weeks after sowing were pooled and used for genomic DNA extraction. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed and PCR products were visualized through electrophoresis. SSR fragment analysis was scored as the presence or absence of a specific fragment size from the Electropherograms.
 Results showed that 44% of the colour of tomato core was white, 17% were red and pink, 5% were orange and yellow and 11% were variants of other colours, showing wide variations in the qualitative traits. Similarities among the nineteen tomato samples ranged from 14 (Dan India with Derica sweet, Kaduna Tangino, Nassarawa Roma 1 and 2, Niger Roma2, UTC01 and UTC 02) to 86% (between Mai mara and Derica small). SSR gave three unique SSR bands that identified and characterised the cultivars. 
 The result of this study revealed genetic diversity within a group of tomato genotypes of different origins cultivated in Northern Nigeria using molecular (SSR) analysis. This confirmed the efficacy of the SSR markers as highly variable markers that detect the codominant single locus and are suitable to distinguish between the genetically related cultivars.

Alkaline and acidic soil constraints on iron accumulation by Rice cultivars in relation to several physio-biochemical parameters

Agricultural production is severely limited by an iron deficiency. Alkaline soils increase iron deficiency in rice crops, consequently leading to nutrient deficiencies in humans. Adding iron to rice enhances both its elemental composition and the nutritional value it offers humans through the food chain. The purpose of the current pot experiment was to investigate the impact of Fe treatment in alkaline (pH 7.5) and acidic (pH 5.5) soils to introduce iron-rich rice. Iron was applied to the plants in the soil in the form of an aqueous solution of FeSO4 with five different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mM). The results obtained from the current study demonstrated a significant increase in Fe content in Oryza sativa with the application of iron in both alkaline and acidic pH soils. Specifically, Basmati-515, one of the rice cultivars tested, exhibited a notable 13% increase in iron total accumulation per plant and an 11% increase in root-to-shoot ratio in acidic soil. In contrast to Basmati-198, which demonstrated maximum response in alkaline soil, Basmati-515 exhibited notable increases in all parameters, including a 31% increase in dry weight, 16% increase in total chlorophyll content, an 11% increase in CAT (catalase) activity, 7% increase in APX (ascorbate peroxidase) activity, 26% increase in POD (peroxidase) activity, and a remarkable 92% increase in SOD (superoxide dismutase) in acidic soil. In alkaline soil, Basmati-198 exhibited respective decreases of 40% and 39% in MDA and H2O2 content, whereas Basmati-515 demonstrated a more significant decrease of 50% and 67% in MDA and H2O2 in acidic soil. These results emphasize the potential for targeted soil management strategies to improve iron nutrition and address iron deficiency in agricultural systems. By considering soil conditions, it is possible to enhance iron content and promote its availability in alkaline and acidic soils, ultimately contributing to improved crop nutrition and human health.

Evaluation of durum wheat cultivars under certified organic production in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico

Durum wheat cultivars Don Lupe Oro C2020 and the regional check CIRNO C2008, and Baroyeca Oro C2013 and the check, were evaluated for grain yield during the crop seasons 2021-2022 and 2022-2023, respectively, in a plot with organic certification, at the Norman E. Borlaug Experimental Station in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico. For the first season, land preparation consisted of three passes of harrowing, leveling, and making beds 80 cm apart with three rows. Fertilizer was not applied since the previous crop was chickpea which had been fertilized with 5 t ha-1 of poultry manure. Sowing was carried out on December 2, 2021, with a seed density of 120 kg ha-1; one pre-sowing and three complementary irrigations were applied. For 2022-2023, the land was managed as in the previous season, except for the application of the granulated compost BIDA. Sowing was carried out on November 23, 2022, with a seed density of 100 kg ha-1 in beds with two rows. One pre-sowing and four complementary irrigations were applied. Don Lupe Oro C2020 showed an average of 5.051 t ha-1, while CIRNO C2008 5.641. Baroyeca Oro C2013 showed an average grain yield of 6.904 t ha-1, while the check 8.056. Despite the lower yield of both cultivars in relation to CIRNO C2008, they are resistant to leaf rust and the average b Minolta value of the pigment of semolina is 30.8, therefore, they are good candidates to be cultivated under organic agriculture.

The Behavior of some Table Grapevine Cultivars in Relation to Phomopsis Viticola (Sacc.) Attack in Târnave Vineyard

Phomopsis viticola (Sacc) causes excoriosis (Phomopsis cane and leaf spot), this results in high loses in grape production and in severe cases, death of the grapevine. The symptoms are as follows: the base of affected canes swells and blackens, and the scarred cortex may tear in longitudinal streaks, these canes are extremely fragile and easily break beneath their own load, other canes can completely dry. Data was collected and calculated (Phomopsis viticola AD, attack degree on leaves and canes) for the years 2021 and 2022, from the following cultivars: Kodryanka, Arkadia, Muscat New York, Moldova, Original, Muscat Poeloeske, and Muscat bleu as Vitis interspecific crosses cultivars, Victoria, Muscat Hamburg, Timpuriu de Cluj. Splendid and Transilvania as Vitis vinifera cultivars..Data comparison was done using the StatView software, ANOVA and ANCOVA test. In the present research work, it was demonstrated that in Tîrnave vineyard different table grapes cultivars behave differently to Phomopsis viticola (Sacc) attack.

Phenotypic variability evaluation and genetic variation in F2 intraspecific hybrids of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using retrotransposon-based markers

Abstract. Setiawan AB, Zahidah QA, Kaltsum DN, Purwantoro A. 2023. Phenotypic variability evaluation and genetic variation in F2 intraspecific hybrids of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using retrotransposon-based markers. Biodiversitas 24: 2596-2604. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) has a narrow genetic base compared to other Cucumis species. The genetic base of the cucumber can be improved by crossing two distantly related cultivars from different geographical locations. This study aimed to evaluate phenotypic variability and investigate genetic variation of F2 cucumber population using two retrotransposon-based markers, namely Inter Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP)andInter-SINE Amplified Polymorphism(ISAP). Two parental lines and the selected 59 genotypes from F2 population were subjected to PCR analysis for DNA profiling. The phenotypic variation of F2 genotypes revealed significant diversity in fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit radian, pedicel length, fruit length, and fruit ratio (length-diameter). The genetic variation of the F2 hybrids was successfully detected and discriminated by IRAP and ISAP markers. Both IRAP and ISAP markers showed high heterozygosity ranged from 0.4021 to 0.4997, with an average of 0.4649 and moderate polymorphic information content ranged from 0.3489 to 0.3929 with an average of 0.3648. Cluster analysis showed that the F2 population and parental lines were grouped into two major clusters with a similarity coefficient ranged from 0.67 to 0.96. These findings imply that the F2 population is highly segregated and can be utilized to create new cultivars of cucumber.

Polyphenolic Acid Changes in Stem Cuttings of Rosa Cultivars in Relation to Phenological Stage and Rooting Enhancers

Biostimulants and rooting enhancers, i.e., auxins, affect many aspects of plant development. The experiment in this paper focused on the response of single-node rose semi-woody cuttings to rhizogenesis-enhancing preparations based on plant extracts in terms of changes in polyphenolic acid content. The shoots were cut at four stages of flowering development: (i) flower buds closed, (ii) open flower, (iii) immediately after petal shedding, (iv) 7–14 days after petal shedding. The experimental material consisted of six old, once-flowering rose cultivars (‘Duchesse d’Angoulême’, ‘Hurdals’, ‘Maiden’s Blush’, ‘Mousseuse Rouge’, Rosa beggeriana ‘Polstjårnan’, R. helenae ‘Semiplena’). The following rooting-enhancers were applied: commercial powder containing (i) 0.4% indolebutyric acid (IBA) or (ii) 0.2% naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or commercial plant-extract mixtures named in the experiment, i.e., (iii) Seaweed Preparation, (iv) Humic Preparation, and (v) Plant Preparation, and (vi) the control cuttings, which remained untreated. The level of polyphenolic acids was determined before and after rooting. The content of polyphenolic acids had a tendency to decrease during the period of rhizogenesis for all cultivars and all phenological stages. Changes in polyphenolics were affected by all the rooting enhancers, but the contents of these compounds before and after rooting was not found to unambiguously correlate with either the final rooting percentage or quality of cuttings.

Differential Display Reverse Transcription and Variance on Protein Profile Between Susceptible and Resistant Musa Cultivars in Relation to Infestation by Odoiporus longicollis

Differential Display Reverse Transcription and Variance on Protein Profile Between Susceptible and Resistant Musa Cultivars in Relation to Infestation by Odoiporus longicollis

Solar Irradiance in the emergence and the initial development of Arabica coffee seedlings in the south of Goiás

The photosynthesis is considered the greatest physiological process of growth, being essential to the supply of raw material for the development of plants. This work was developed with the objective of evaluating shading meshes (35%, 50%, 80% light retention mesh and in full sun), in the emergence and development of Arabica coffee seedlings (Acaiá do Cerrado, Catuaí Amarelo and Mundo Novo), with three replications, totaling 36 experimental units. The plot consisted of 4 plants, totaling 144 plants. Initially, the percentage of seedling emergence and the emergence speed index (IVE) were evaluated. At 180 days, the plant height, stem diameter of the seedlings, leaf area index of the first fully expanded pair of leaves, root length and number of leaf pairs were evaluated, as well as dry and fresh root and shoot. It was concluded that the 35% shading mesh was the one that best favored the IVE of coffee seedlings. There was no significant difference between the shading grids and between the cultivars in relation to the percentage of seedling emergence and the initial development of seedlings for any of the characteristics evaluated. The production of coffee seedlings in full sun is not recommended in the southern region of the state of Goiás.

Kin Recognition in an Herbicide-Resistant Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) Biotype.

Despite increasing evidence of kin recognition in natural and crop plants, there is a lack of knowledge of kin recognition in herbicide-resistant weeds that are escalating in cropping systems. Here, we identified a penoxsulam-resistant barnyardgrass biotype with the ability for kin recognition from two biotypes of penoxsulam-susceptible barnyardgrass and normal barnyardgrass at different levels of relatedness. When grown with closely related penoxsulam-susceptible barnyardgrass, penoxsulam-resistant barnyardgrass reduced root growth and distribution, lowering belowground competition, and advanced flowering and increased seed production, enhancing reproductive effectiveness. However, such kin recognition responses were not occurred in the presence of distantly related normal barnyardgrass. Root segregation, soil activated carbon amendment, and root exudates incubation indicated chemically-mediated kin recognition among barnyardgrass biotypes. Interestingly, penoxsulam-resistant barnyardgrass significantly reduced a putative signaling (-)-loliolide production in the presence of closely related biotype but increased production when growing with distantly related biotype and more distantly related interspecific allelopathic rice cultivar. Importantly, genetically identical penoxsulam-resistant and -susceptible barnyardgrass biotypes synergistically interact to influence the action of allelopathic rice cultivar. Therefore, kin recognition in plants could also occur at the herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass biotype level, and intraspecific kin recognition may facilitate cooperation between genetically related biotypes to compete with interspecific rice, offering many potential implications and applications in paddy systems.